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This article presents frequency regulation of an interconnected three-area power system (Thermal + Wind + Hydro). Fractional Order PID (FOPID) and Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers are applied as subsidiary regulators to control the electrical power interconnected system at the time of sudden load variation. To accomplish this study, Genetic Algorithm (GA), Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO), Sine Cosine Inspired Algorithm (SCIA) and Atom Search Inspired Algorithm (ASIA) are implemented to optimize the secondary regulators' gains (PID and FOPID) by considering various cost functions such as Integral Absolute Error (IAE), Integral Time Absolute Error (ITAE), Integral Square Error (ISE), and Integral Time Square Error (ITSE). Performance analysis in this work is conducted using various cost functions based on GA, GWO, SCIA and ASIA. The comparative analysis of the attained results reveals that GWO-PID and ASIA-PID settle at (83.83 s) and (30.31 s), respectively and ASIA-FOPID at (25.12 s). The controllers based on ITSE as a cost function outperform the comptrollers with other cost functions (ISE, IAE and ITAE). In addition, the ISE-based GA-PID and SCIA-PID settle at (113.92 s) and (35.1 s), respectively and SCIA-FOPID at (24.78 s). The ISE-based regulators yield improved response equated to other cost functions (ITSE, IAE and ITAE) optimized controllers. The robustness test also is carried out to validate the effectiveness of the proposed optimization techniques by changing the system parameters within ± 25% and ± 50% from their nominal values as well as changing the load pattern., (© 2023. Springer Nature Limited.)

The materials used in electrical and electronic applications have great importance and broader applications, but they have severe electromagnetic interference (EMI). These materials have extensive applications in broadcasting, medical industries, research, defence sectors, communication and similar fields. The EMI can be addressed by using effective EMI shielding materials. This review presents a detailed, comprehensive description for making electromagnetic interference shielding material by recycling various wastes. It starts with highlighting the overview of electromagnetic interference shielding (EMI) and its theoretical aspects. It provides a comprehensive and detailed understanding of recent trends in the novel approaches towards fabricating EMI shielding from industrial waste, agricultural waste and other miscellaneous wastes. This paper critically reviews the works related to the recycling of wastes like red mud (waste from the aluminium refining industry), ground tyre rubber, tea waste (biowaste) from tea industries, bagasse (waste from sugar cane industry), peanut and hazelnut shells (agricultural waste), waste tissue paper and polyethylene and other miscellaneous wastes like hydrocarbon carbon black and ash for the fabrication of highly effective electromagnetic (EM) interference shielding materials. Highly effective results have been reported using red mud showing maximum efficiency of 51.4 dB in X-band range, various agricultural waste displaying reflection loss of up to - 87.117 dB (in the range 0.01 to 20 GHz) and miscellaneous waste giving EMI SE of 80 dB in X-band frequency. A separate section is dedicated to emphasizing future work and recommendations., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)