Search

Antibody-based immunotherapies play a pivotal role in cancer research with efficient achievements in tumor suppression. Tumor survival is assisted by modulation of immune checkpoints to create imbalances between immune cells and cancer cell's environment. The modulation results in T-cell signal inhibition ultimately inert its proliferation and activation against various tumor cells. PD-L1, a 40 kDa transmembrane protein of B7 family, binds with PD-1 on the membrane of T cells which results in inhibition of T-cell proliferation and activation. PD-L1/PD-1 pathway has generated novel target sites for antibodies that can block PD-L1/PD-1 interactions. The blockage results in T-cell proliferation and tumor cell suppression. The PD-L1 immune checkpoint strategies' development, expression and regulations, signal inhibitions, and developmental stages of PD-L1/PD-1 antibodies are briefly discussed here in this review. All this information will provide a base for new therapeutic development against PD-L1 and PD-1 immune checkpoint interactions and will make available promising treatment options., (© 2020 John Wiley & Sons A/S.)

Background & Objective: Fractures of the distal radius are common with a variable prognosis in case of intra articular extension. The available options include Plaster, External fixation, Prefabricated Splintage using Ligamentotaxis, K-wire fixation, and open reduction internal fixation with T-plate without an as yet clear advantage of one over the others. If these fractures are allowed to collapse, radial shortening, angulation and articular incongruity may cause permanent deformity and loss of function. This limited small scale study was intended to compare the functional results of treatment of these fractures with a T plate and K-wires., Methods: This was a prospective experimental study conducted at department of Orthopedics of PGMI/Lahore General Hospital, Lahore. Total 30 patients were included and randomized into two groups of 15 patients each. Group-A patients were treated with Krischner's wires and Group-B patients were treated with a T-Plate with open reduction. Informed consent was taken. Post operative follow up was done for 12 weeks for the outcome parameters (Green and O'Brien score)., Results: Mean age of patients in Group-A and B was 36.13±9.81 and 44.73±7.86 years respectively. In Group-A there were 10 male and 5 female patients and in Group-B there were 8 male and seven female patients respectively. In Group-A nine patients presented with Fernandez type-II and six patients presented with Fernandez type-III fracture. While in Group-B 10 patients presented with Fernandez type-II and five patients presented with Fernandez type-III fracture. Among Group-A patient's final outcome was excellent in 86.67% patients while in Group-B only 53.33% patients had excellent outcome at three months follow up., Conclusion: Percutaneous Kirschner's wires appeared to be more effective as compared to T-Plate fixation in terms of functional outcome for treating intra-articular distal radius fractures., Competing Interests: Declaration of interest: None.