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Accurate determination of nutrients in food is becoming increasingly important. Minerals and other trace elements can be determined by a variety of highly sensitive methods, but complete mineralization of the sample is essential for correct quantification. Hydrogen peroxide is a key reagent for destruction of organic matter in conjunction with sulfuric acid. Unfortunately, commercial hydrogen peroxide is often stabilized with phosphate containing substances in amounts that can severely impair downstream phosphate determination. We propose a method to reduce phosphate content of commercial hydrogen peroxide by using the ion exchange resin IRA-400. Results show that hydrogen peroxide treated with the resin has minimal loss in strength but only 10 % of the original phosphate content. Furthermore, scaling up of the method can potentially allow for treatment of higher volumes of hydrogen peroxide and more stringent binding conditions for production of hydrogen peroxide with even lower phosphate content., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2025. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Fe-based metal-organic frameworks (Fe-MOFs) have been used to catalyze the degradation of organic pollutants; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we prepared Fe-MOF catalysts featuring a three-dimensional ordered structure and active Fe-N 4 coordination centers using self-designed polypyrazole compounds as ligands. Because the coordination centers are similar to the classical single-atom Fe-N 4 active neutral structure, Fe-MOFs exhibit excellent performance in activating hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for the degradation of antibiotics. Moreover, the two adjacent nitrogen atoms in pyrazole strengthen the interaction with active neutral Fe, thereby enhancing the efficiency and selectivity of the catalytic sites. In the presence Fe-MOF/H 2 O 2 , a free radical process involving hydroxyl radicals (OH) is activated to achieve a degradation rate of 98.36 % for tetracycline (TC) within 10 min. In a Fe-MOF/PMS system, 97.01 % of TC can be degraded within 10 min through a non-free radical process with singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) as the primary active species. The high degradation efficiency of Fe-MOF is primarily attributed to its highly catalytically active structure, which exerts a van der Waals force effect on the pollutants, thereby facilitating electron transfer between the pollutants and active centers. This shortens the distance between the pollutants and Fe catalytic center, enhances electron transfer, and promotes the chemical adsorption of H 2 O 2 and PMS to form FeN 4 -H 2 O 2 and FeN 4 -PMS, respectively. Additionally, the strong coordination within the Fe-N 4 pyrazole structure significantly suppresses Fe leaching, facilitating a stable adsorption configuration., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Senescence in renal cells has attracted wide attention as the critical factor promoting renal fibrosis and chronic kidney disease. Establishing a reliable cellular model is essential to study mechanisms underlying renal cell senescence. Herein, we compared various inducers to define the most suitable senescence inducer for HK-2 proximal tubular cells. These inducers included hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), high-temperature (HT), glucose, mannitol and hydroxyurea (HU). To screen for optimal concentration/level, the highest concentration/level of each inducer that did not increase cell death (to avoid severe toxicity) was selected for senescence induction and comparative analysis using the two most appropriate markers for HK-2 cell senescence as recently established. The data revealed that 0.4 mM, 43 °C, 80 mM, 80 mM and 100 μM were the optimal concentrations/levels of H 2 O 2 , HT, glucose, mannitol and HU, respectively. Comparative analysis using optimal concentration/level of each marker revealed that 0.4 mM H 2 O 2 , HT at 43 °C, 80 mM glucose and 80 mM mannitol were the weak senescence inducers. The most effective inducer for HK-2 senescence was 100 μM HU, which provided the greatest fold-changes of cell area and granularity when compared with other stimuli in a time-dependent manner. Based on these data comparing H 2 O 2 , HT, glucose, mannitol and HU at their optimal concentrations/levels, 100 μM HU seems to be most effective for senescence induction in HK-2 cells for in vitro study of proximal renal tubular cells., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The accurate monitoring of sulfide ion concentrations is vital for ensuring food safety, but current detection methods are often cumbersome and confined to laboratories. This study introduces an innovative paper-based colorimetric sensor that leverages the peroxidase-like activity of cobalt tetrasulfonate phthalocyanine (CoTsPc) for rapid, sensitive, and selective sulfide ion quantification. The underlying mechanism relies on the interaction between cobalt and sulfide ions, modulating the catalytic efficiency of CoTsPc and triggering a visible color change when 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) and hydrogen peroxide are present. By controlling solvent evaporation, the reaction kinetics are standardized, enabling reproducible and accurate colorimetric measurements. Experimental results show that adding sulfide ions to the TMB-H₂O₂ reaction system causes a gradual decrease in color intensity on the paper substrate. This change verifies effectiveness of the sensor, highlighting its potential for reliable sulfide ion detection in food safety applications, while providing a simple and portable alternative to conventional methods., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The therapeutic outcomes of medications were restricted by the colonic mucosal barrier during the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC). Micro/nanomotors can overcome the mucus barriers to reach deep colorectal tumors. In this study, we constructed a novel microsized PLGA-Pt micromotor (MM) driven by hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) to enhance drug delivery to the CRC tissues and achieve effective antitumor therapy. The PLGA-Pt MMs actively traversed the colonic mucosal barrier with the assist of gas propulsion, while continuously releasing Pt 2+ ions within the tumor microenvironment. In vitro studies revealed that the PLGA-Pt MMs exhibited rapid movement in the presence of H 2 O 2 , achieving superior colonic mucosal penetration. It effectively delivered Pt 2+ ions to the nuclei, forming DNA-Pt adducts that induced significant DNA damage and apoptosis of CRC cells. In vivo studies showed the PLGA-Pt MM significantly suppressed orthotopic tumor growth and activated antitumor immunity, enhancing the therapeutic effect against CRC. This study presents a micromotor capable of overcoming mucosal barriers for efficient treatment of orthotopic CRC., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Aquaculture water with antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is escalating due to the horizontal gene transfer. Non-antibiotic stressors specifically found, including those from fishery feed and disinfectants, are potential co-selectors. However, the mechanisms underlying this process remains unclear. Intragenus and intergenus conjugative transfer systems of the antibiotic-resistant plasmid RP4 were established to examine conjugative transfer frequency under exposure to five widely used non-antibiotic factors in aquaculture water: iodine, oxolinic acid, NO 2 -N, NO 3 -N and H 2 O 2 and four different recipient bacteria: E. coli HB101, Citrobacter portucalensis SG1, Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio alginolyticus. The study found that low concentrations of non-antibiotic factors significantly promoted conjugative transfer, whereas high concentrations inhibited it. Moreover, the conjugation transfer efficiencies were significantly different with different bacterial species within (E. coli HB101 ∼ 10 -3 %) or cross genera (C. portucalensis SG1 ∼10 -5 %, V. harveyi ∼1 %). Besides, excessive exposure concentrations inhibited the expression of related genes and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Regulation of multiple related genes and ROS-induced SOS responses are common primary mechanisms. However, the mechanisms of non-antibiotic factors differ from those of standard antibiotics, with direct changes in cell membrane permeability potentially playing a dominant role. Additionally, variations among non-antibiotic factors and the specific characteristics of bacterial species contribute to differences in conjugation mechanisms. Notably, this study found that non-antibiotic factors could increase the frequency of intergeneric conjugation beyond that of intrageneric conjugation. Furthermore, non-antibiotic factors influenced by multiple transport systems may raise the risk of unintended cross-resistance, significantly amplifying the potential for resistance gene spread. This study underscores the significance of non-antibiotic factors in the propagation of ARGs, highlighting their role in advancing aquaculture development and protecting human health., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To investigate the effects of long non-coding RNA KLHL7-AS1 (LncRNA KLHL7-AS1) on the proliferation and apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells under oxidative stress and its mechanisms. Methods: Human nucleus pulposus cells (HUM-iCell-s012) were divided into 4 groups, and unoxidized nucleus pulposus cells were transfected with an empty pcDNA vector (pcDNA-control) to serve as the blank control group. Based on previous studies on oxidative stress-induced nucleus pulposus cell senescence and preliminary experiments, oxidative stress was induced by treating nucleus pulposus cells with 400 μmol/L H 2 O 2 . Oxidized nucleus pulposus cells were transfected with pcDNA-control, KLHL7-AS1 interfering RNA (siRNA-KLHL7-AS1), or KLHL7-AS1 overexpression plasmid (pcDNA-KLHL7-AS1), forming the model control group (H 2 O 2 +pcDNA-control), the model silencing group (H 2 O 2 +siRNA-KLHL7-AS1), and the model overexpression group (H 2 O 2 +pcDNA-KLHL7-AS1), respectively. Following these treatments, KLHL7-AS1 expression levels, cell proliferation, cell apoptosis were measured and compared among the groups, and the expression levels of B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) and BCL-2-associated X protein (BAX) in the groups of cells were compared too ( n =3). Results: The expression of KLHL7-AS1 in the model control group was significantly higher than that in the blank control group (7.716±0.851 vs 0.996±0.086, P <0.001). Furthermore, the expression of KLHL7-AS1 in the model overexpression group was markedly higher than that in the model silencing group (19.592±1.747 vs 4.222±0.039, P <0.001). Compared to the blank control group, the model silencing group showed no significant change in cell viability (0.125±0.006 vs 0.127±0.010, P =0.390), an increased apoptosis rate (17.2%±1.7% vs 11.5%±1.0%, P <0.05), elevated BCL-2 protein expression (0.897±0.025 vs 0.730±0.026, P <0.05), and reduced BAX protein expression (0.250±0.030 vs 0.523±0.015, P <0.05). In comparison to the model control group, the model silencing group exhibited increased cell viability (0.125±0.006 vs 0.076±0.008), reduced apoptosis rates (17.2%±1.7% vs 30.7%±2.3%), elevated BCL-2 protein expression (0.730±0.026 vs 0.440±0.036), and decreased BAX protein expression (0.523±0.015 vs 0.723±0.021) (all P <0.001). In comparison to the model silencing group, the model overexpression group showed reduced cell viability (0.125±0.006 vs 0.039±0.006), increased apoptosis rates (43.1%±1.9% vs 17.2%±1.7%), decreased BCL-2 protein expression (0.227±0.021 vs 0.730±0.026), and increased BAX protein expression (1.147±0.035 vs 0.523±0.015) (all P <0.001). Conclusions: Downregulation of KLHL7-AS1 expression promotes the proliferation of nucleus pulposus cells and inhibits their apoptosis, it may involve the regulation of BCL-2 and BAX protein synthesis, potentially delays the progression of intervertebral disc degeneration.

Quantum well defect-modified single-walled carbon nanotubes are nanomaterials with wide-ranging applications in biosensing, imaging, quantum computing, and catalysis. The most common method for covalent functionalization of nanotubes for biosensing applications involves reactions with aryl diazonium salts to generate sp 3 aryl defect sites, commonly followed by wrapping with single-stranded DNA for aqueous dispersion. We describe herein a rapid aryl diazonium functionalization reaction directly compatible with DNA-wrapped nanotubes, mediated by hydrogen peroxide. The reaction uses mild aqueous conditions at physiological pH and can be easily monitored in real-time via fluorescence analysis to control the degree of functionalization. Overall, this reaction greatly simplifies the production of covalently functionalized DNA-wrapped carbon nanotubes, expanding their potential for industrial and biomedical applications.

A nitrosyl complex of Co(II)-porphyrinate, [Co II (TTMPP 2- )(NO)], 1 [TTMPPH 2 =5,10,15,20-tetrakis(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)porphyrin] having {Co(NO)} 8 configuration has been synthesized and characterized spectroscopically as well as structurally. Complex 1 in dichloromethane:acetonitrile (1 : 4, v/v) solution at -40 °C reacts with hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) to result in the corresponding nitrite (NO 2 - ) complex, [Co III (TTMPP 2- )(NO 2 - )], 2. The formation of a Co(III)-peroxynitrite intermediate is presumed in this reaction based on the characteristic phenol ring nitration test. From spectroscopic studies, formation of [Co IV =O] species followed by a Co(III)-porphyrin radical complex was observed during the course of the reaction., (© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

The photocatalytic H 2 O 2 and H 2 production are the utmost encouraging paths to overcome the imminent energy crisis. For accomplishing these goals the photocatalysts needs to be stable, trap photons and superior exciton separation, yet these properties are scanty for aqueous stable UiO-66-NH 2 . Hence, UiO-66-NH 2 is armed with inexpensive Carbon nanoparticles that were incorporated through facile solvothermal procedure are employed towards photocatalytic H 2 and H 2 O 2 production. The UC-2 composite exhibits improved photocatalytic activity, which was ascribed to the composites capacity to suppress exciton re-combination, enhanced photon capture and to facilitate quicker charge transfer that was observed from UV-Vis DRS, EIS, PL, TRPL and transient photocurrent analysis. Composite UC-2 exhibits an H 2 O 2 generation rate of 33.2 μmol h -1 in an O 2 saturated conditions with isopropyl alcohol and water underneath visible light irradiation. This H 2 O 2 generation rate was nearly three folds higher than the pristine UiO-66-NH 2 MOF. Moreover, the produced materials were subjected to a photocatalytic H 2 evolution research, and similar results were obtained, indicating that UC-2 has the maximum H 2 evolution capacity at 298.1 μmol h -1 . Typically, the light trapping tendency, remarkable electron transfer capacity and electron capture capacity of the carbon NPs based co-catalyst aids to improve the overall photo-reaction performance thereby producing superior photocatalytic H 2 O 2 and H 2 as a sustainable energy alternative., (© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Phenolic compounds discharged in environmental water are required to remove as soon as possible by using the effective methods such as peroxidase catalyzed oxidation to avoid harm to human health. The crude peroxidase is sectionally salted out of potato starch processing wastewater by 40-70% saturated ammonium sulphate, and used to catalyze oxidation of 2,4-dichlorophenol by hydrogen peroxide. Results show that the potato peroxidase has a fine catalytic effect on the oxidation of hydrogen peroxide at 20-50 ℃ and pH 3-10. In just 10 min, 98% of phenol compound can be effectively removed from 1 mL of reaction system containing 1.0 mmol/L 2,4-dichlorophenol, 1.2 mmol/L H 2 O 2 and 50 U/mL peroxidase at pH 6. Obviously, this peroxidase catalyzed oxidation is a green, rapid and effective way, having great potential for removing 2-4-dichlorophenol from polluted water bodies.

Age-related cataracts (ARCs) are associated with increased oxidative stress and cellular senescence. Our objective is to investigate the function of Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) within ARCs. In ARCs tissues and H 2 O 2 -treated lens epithelial cells (LECs), the expression levels of SIRT1 were examined. Senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining was employed to evaluate cellular senescence. The Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was employed to measure viability. A wound healing assay was performed to assess migratory capacity in LECs. Oxidative stress-related indicators were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Additionally, the Coxpresdb and GeneCards databases were utilized to identify downstream pathways of SIRT1 in ARCs. The expression levels of protein and mRNA were detected using western blot and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, respectively. The expression of SIRT1 was downregulated in ARCs tissues with an increase in reactive oxygen species. In H 2 O 2 -induced LECs, SIRT1 was downregulated and its overexpression inhibited oxidative stress and cellular senescence while promoting viability and migration. Furthermore, FoxO1/TLR4 pathway was screened out as the key pathway of SIRT1, which was activated in H 2 O 2 -induced LECs senescence. Overexpression of SIRT1 suppressed FoxO1/TLR4 pathway. Further research demonstrated that the activation of FoxO1/TLR4 pathway reversed the inhibitory role of SIRT1 in oxidative stress-induced cellular senescence and the promotion effect of SIRT1 on viability and migration in H 2 O 2 -induced LECs. SIRT1 inhibits oxidative stress-induced cellular senescence and promotes the viability and migration in H 2 O 2 -induced LECs via suppressing FoxO1/TLR4 pathway., (© 2025 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

The high cost and often complex synthesis procedure of new highly selective electrocatalysts (particularly those based on noble metals) for H 2 O 2 production are daunting obstacles to penetration of this technology into the wastewater treatment market. In this work, a simple direct thermal method has been employed to synthesize Sn-doped carbon electrocatalysts, which showed an electron transfer number of 2.04 and outstanding two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) selectivity of up to 98.0 %. Physicochemical characterization revealed that this material contains 1.53 % pyrrolic nitrogen, which is beneficial for the production of H 2 O 2 , and -C≡N functional group, which is advantageous for H + transport. Moreover, the high volume ratio of mesopores to micropores is known to favor the quick escape of H 2 O 2 from the electrode surface, thus minimizing its further oxidation. A purpose-made gas-diffusion electrode (GDE) was prepared, yielding 20.4 mM H 2 O 2 under optimal electrolysis conditions. The drug diphenhydramine was selected for the first time as model organic pollutant to evaluate the performance of an electrochemical advanced oxidation process. In conventional electro-Fenton process (pH 3), complete degradation was achieved in only 15 min at 10 mA cm -2 , whereas at natural pH 5.9 and 33.3 mA cm -2 , almost overall drug removal was reached in 120 min., (© 2024 The Authors. ChemSusChem published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Oxidation of thiol proteins and redox signaling occur in cells exposed to H 2 O 2 but mechanisms are unclear. We used redox proteomics to seek evidence of oxidation of specific proteins either by a mechanism involving reaction of H 2 O 2 with CO 2 /bicarbonate to give the more reactive peroxymonocarbonate, or via a relay involving peroxiredoxins (Prdxs). Changes in oxidation state of specific Cys-SH residues on treating Jurkat T lymphoma cells with H 2 O 2 were measured by isotopically labeling reduced thiols and analysis by mass spectrometry. The effects of bicarbonate and of knocking out either Prdx1 or Prdx2 were examined. Approximately 14,000 Cys-peptides were detected, of which ∼1 % underwent 2-10 fold loss in thiol content with H 2 O 2 . Those showing the most oxidation were not affected by the presence of bicarbonate or knockout of either Prdx. Consistent with previous evidence that bicarbonate potentiates inactivation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, the GAPDH active site Cys residues were significantly more sensitive to H 2 O 2 when bicarbonate was present. Several other proteins were identified as promising candidates for further investigation. Although we identified some potential protein candidates for Prdx-dependent oxidation, most of the significant differences between KO and WT cells were seen in proteins for which H 2 O 2 unexpectedly increased their CysSH content over untreated cells. We conclude that facilitation of protein oxidation by bicarbonate or Prdx-mediated relays is restricted to a small number of proteins and is insufficient to explain the majority of the oxidation of the cell thiols that occured in response to H 2 O 2 ., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) deficiency is caused by genetic abnormalities that impair its biosynthesis and recycling, which trigger neurochemical, metabolic, and redox imbalances. Low BH4 levels are also associated with hypoxia, reperfusion reoxygenation, endothelial dysfunction, and other conditions that are not genetically determined. The exact cause of changes in BH4 in nongenetic disorders is not entirely understood, but a role for oxidant species has been implicated. The oxidation of BH4 generates several products, including 7,8-dihydrobiopterin (BH2), the accumulation of which is predicted in cells with low dihydrofolate reductase activity. The relative efficiency of oxidant species at causing variations in BH4/BH2 levels in cells furnished with several antioxidant enzymes has not yet been systematically analyzed. This study examined the quantitative changes of BH4/BH2 in cells challenged with several oxidants. We showed that BH2 is not a major product of treatments with hydrogen peroxide or RSL3, as indicated by the moderate effect of dihydrofolate reductase-inhibitor methotrexate on the accumulation of BH2. However, we found a net loss in BH4/BH2, suggesting that products other than BH2 were generated. These reactions were further examined in NOX4-expressing HEK cells producing hydrogen peroxide. These cells showed slightly decreased BH4/BH2 ratios compared with HEK wild-type cells, and, again, methotrexate treatment moderately increased BH2 levels. In contrast, peroxynitrite-producing RAW 264.7 cells showed dramatically decreased BH4 levels without BH2 accumulation. Following the activation of peroxynitrite production with PMA in lipopolysaccharide-treated cells, we also found a significant time-dependent decline in GTPCH-I protein levels. We conclude that hydrogen peroxide is the least effective oxidant species at decreasing intracellular BH4 levels, while peroxynitrite is highly effective by targeting GTPCH-I and BH4 directly. Moreover, we conclude that BH4/BH2 levels are not a determinant of RSL3 cytotoxicity., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

The composite pollution is an increasingly severe challenge in the field of water treatment. Especially, microplastics (MPs) contamination and Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa) were verified that they could synergistically pose a serious threat to safety of drinking water. Therefore, developing effective removal technology is an urgent task. In this study, the simultaneous removal of M. aeruginosa and polystyrene (PS, a typical plastic matter) was investigated by H 2 O 2 enhanced Fe(II) coagulation. The results demonstrated that the removal rate of both algae and PS can reach over 90%. It was also demonstrated that the PS removal efficiency increased from 23.3% to 97.3% with the increase of M. aeruginosa biomass from 0 cells/mL to 0.5 × 10 6  cells/mL. The possible reason might be that the addition of algal cells raises the number of contaminant particles, which greatly increases the floc size during the coagulation process. It makes MPs easier to be trapped by sweep flocculation in this process. Additionally, naturally weathered polystyrene (NWPS) exhibited higher removal rate than virgin PS, due to more original functional groups, larger particle size (d 50 9.75 μm-11.25 μm), and a lower absolute zeta potential (-34.15 mV to -30.1 mV). Furthermore, low Fe residue level and AOM (algal organic matter) control was simultaneously achieved in this process (TOC <1 mg/L, MCs <1 μg/L). Therefore, this study suggests that the H 2 O 2 -Fe(II) process is an efficient and green technology for the removal of M. aeruginosa and PS composite pollutants without secondary pollution, which is promising technology in drinking water treatment plant., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This study compares several methods, such as sodium chlorite, nitric acid, and hydrogen peroxide treatments with alkali pre-treatments, for efficiency of extracting cellulose from spent ground coffee. The extracted cellulose was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), x-ray diffractometry (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), colour analysis, chemical composition, and particle size analysis. FTIR confirmed the removal of non-cellulosic components from coffee, which correlates with chemical composition and colour analysis results. The highest cellulose content (96.7 %) and the highest whiteness index (71.24) were obtained for the cellulose materials extracted using nitric acid-sodium chlorite and sodium chlorite with alkali pre-treatments, respectively. XRD data reveals that the treated coffee presented exhibited a higher crystallinity index compared to the untreated one. The highest increase in crystallinity index (from 54.9 % to 66.3 %) was achieved for the cellulose extracted using a 20 % hydrogen peroxide treatment with alkali pre-treatment. The maximum degradation temperature of the spent ground coffee increased from 292.0 to 310.5 °C after treatment with 10 wt% hydrogen peroxide and alkali pre-treatment. In summary, these findings highlight the great potential of spent ground coffee as a source of cellulose., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The RNA chaperone Hfq plays a pivotal role in many bacteria, acting as a regulator of gene expression and promoting interaction between mRNA-sRNA pairs in Gram-negative bacteria. However, in Gram-positive bacteria this protein is expendable for riboregulation, and the main function of Hfq remains elusive. This work unveils a novel function for Hfq in the oxidative stress response of the human pathogen Listeria monocytogenes, a Gram-positive bacterium responsible for the infectious disease listeriosis. Disruption of hfq gene (Δhfq) results in a hypersensitive phenotype towards hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), in which sub-inhibitory concentrations of this reactive oxygen species (ROS) severely impair growth and viability of L. monocytogenes EGD-e. A Δhfq-complemented strain does not show this phenotype. This Hfq-dependent regulation of oxidative stress seems specific for H 2 O 2 , as exposure to superoxides caused no differences. We demonstrate that Hfq has a dual regulatory role in the expression of catalase (kat), the key enzyme involved in H 2 O 2 detoxification. Hfq influences kat transcription under non-stress conditions by modulating the levels of the transcriptional repressor PerR, and also acts post-transcriptionally by stabilizing kat mRNA under H 2 O 2 -induced stress. Indeed, enzymatic assays revealed reduced catalase activity in Δhfq cell extracts, a result unrelated to differences in cellular iron content. Bacterial infection triggers immune cells to produce massive amounts of ROS, like H 2 O 2 . We show that inactivation of Hfq increases susceptibility to macrophage killing, connecting Hfq with the stress resistance and virulence of L. monocytogenes EGD-e. Overall, these findings advance the understanding of Hfq function within Gram-positive bacteria, revealing for the first time that Hfq is a novel regulator of catalase expression. This paves the way for the study of yet unknown oxidative stress response pathways regulated by Hfq in other pathogens., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyze the characteristics and trends of publications in clinical trials on tooth bleaching through a bibliometric and altmetric analysis., Methods: A search was conducted in September 2024 on Web of Science Core Collection (WoS-CC) and Scopus. Two researchers selected articles and extracted key study characteristics. VOSviewer was used to generate bibliometric networks. Dimensions was consulted to measure altmetric data., Results: 416 studies were included, published between 1990 and 2024. The most cited study obtained 164 citations on WoS-CC and 201 on Scopus. The studies predominantly investigated bleaching efficacy (n = 232), often employing double-blind designs (n = 146), conducted in adults (n = 403), randomized (n = 307), and mainly using hydrogen peroxide (n = 200) for at-home vital dental bleaching (n = 199). The majority of the articles were published by Brazilian authors (n = 165), with Loguercio AD (n = 70) and Reis A (n = 56) being the most frequent authors. The manufacturer FGM led with the highest number of investigated products (n = 153), particularly highlighting Whiteness HP Maxx 35 % (n = 40). VOSviewer revealed significant collaborations among authors and keywords. According to Dimensions, users of Mendeley and news outlets have shown great interest in whitening clinical trials., Conclusion: This study highlighted a growing trend in clinical trials on tooth bleaching over 30 years, with a strong predominance of studies conducted in Brazil that primarily investigated bleaching efficacy through double-blind designs in adults using hydrogen peroxide., Clinical Significance: Clinical trials on tooth bleaching represent one of the highest levels of scientific evidence guiding clinical practice, thus requiring thorough evaluation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This research presents a novel electrochemical approach for the selective measurement of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides, which is pivotal in many fields. The study details the development of an advanced sensor using a one-pot, one-step synthesis to embed platinum nanoparticles within a 3D-polymeric matrix of poly (brilliant green) on screen-printed carbon electrodes. The modified surfaces were characterized using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results obtained by amperometry showed that, at 0.1 V, only H 2 O 2 produced an electrochemical signal, while, at higher potential (0.5 V), all the hydroperoxides tested exhibited an electrochemical signal. Sensitivities obtained for H 2 O 2 by flow injection analysis were 431 ± 3 and 465 ± 4 μC mM -1 at 0.1 and 0.5 V, respectively, with detection limits (S/N = 3) 116 and 30 nM, respectively. For organic hydroperoxides, sensitivities ranged from 22.3 to 32.6 μC mM -1 at 0.5 V, and limits of detection from 1.15 to 5.95 μM. Chemometric analysis indicated the sensor can satisfactorily measure H 2 O 2 in the presence of the organic hydroperoxides herein analysed. The proposed sensor showed excellent properties in terms of repeatability, reproducibility and stability, with minimal interference. The reliability of the sensor was verified by measuring hydroperoxides spiked in aqueous extracts from real air quality monitoring filters. These features highlight the suitability of the sensor for hydroperoxide measurement and underscore its reliability as a practical tool for real-world applications., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

An inverse-micelle sol-gel method was used to prepare Ti and Fe-doped mesoporous silica catalysts, and they were utilized for selective oxidation of styrene to benzaldehyde. The amorphous peak of silica was confirmed by XRD and there were no peaks related to Ti or Fe oxides. Results indicate that the metals were homogeneously distributed in the silica matrix, leading to higher surface area and pore volume. Introduction of Ti species into mesoporous silica improved the total catalyst acidity and catalytic data revealed that the oxidation activity of Ti-doped mesoporous silica (Ti-MS) catalyst achieved 93% styrene conversion and 91% benzaldehyde selectivity under optimized conditions. Formic acid, phenylacetaldehyde, acetophenone and epoxy-styrene are all minor products of this reaction. The acid strength and the use of appropriate solvents and oxidants are crucial to achieving high styrene conversion and benzaldehyde yield. The catalysts were reusable up to 4 cycles without loss of activity., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The present work investigated the application of UVC combined with electrogenerated H 2 O 2 (UVC/e-H 2 O 2 ) for BTA degradation using a Printex L6 carbon-based (PL6C) gas diffusion electrode (GDE). The studies were carried out by analyzing the influence of the current density, pH and initial BTA concentration in the contaminant degradation process. Under optimal conditions using 0.05 mol L -1 K 2 SO 4 as supporting electrolyte, BTA removal was evaluated in different water matrices. In all cases, 100% of BTA elimination was reached in the first 15 minutes of treatment under the UVC/e-H 2 O 2 process, while mineralization rates ranging between 59.2 and 78.0% were obtained after 90 minutes of electrolysis. The active species O 2 • - and e - played an important role in the BTA removal. The toxicity test conducted on the river water sample post-treatment using the Lactuca sativa L seeds showed that the BTA by-products had low toxicity. The results obtained from the LC-ESI-MS/MS analyses showed the same BTA degradation by-products when the BTA-containing water matrices were treated using the UVC/e-H 2 O 2 and photo-electro-Fenton processes. The PL6C-GDE developed in the study exhibited high efficiency when applied for H 2 O 2 electrogeneration and BTA degradation. Additionally, the electrode demonstrated remarkable stability and durability, enabling the generation of reproducible data for up to 81 hours of continuous operation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have participated in all step of manuscript, since design, analysis up to interpretation of the data. Have no conflict of interest. In addition, this manuscript has not been submitted to, nor is under review at, another journal or other publishing similar., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Aseptic filling of biopharmaceutical products requires a grade A cleanroom environment, preferably ensured by isolators in grade C surroundings. Isolators are decontaminated before the start of filling processes using vaporized hydrogen peroxide (VHP) and filling starts at pre-defined residual VHP levels (e.g., below 0.5 ppm) depending on product sensitivity towards VHP oxidation. Manufacturing equipment and consumables, including filling assemblies, are exposed to VHP during or after the decontamination cycle or after line interruptions. We studied the VHP uptake by tubing in a lab-scale model isolator to evaluate the impact of tubing properties including contact material, tubing dimensions, suppliers, and VHP exposure (concentration and exposure time). Quantifying the release of H 2 O 2 from the tubing into solution using an Amplex Red Hydrogen Peroxide Assay, showed that H 2 O 2 concentrations decreased linearly with an increase in wall thickness and increased with higher surface to volume ratio. We further conclude that thermoplastic elastomer and thermoplastic vulcanizate tubing did not show any measurable VHP uptake for the tested conditions, whereas significant VHP uptake occurred in different platinum cured silicone tubing depending on tubing material and supplier. We further verified the results in a GMP manufacturing isolator setting. Based on our findings, we recommend to evaluate VHP uptake of filling tubing used for fill-finish manufacturing in isolators, to reduce the risk of oxidation for active pharmaceutical ingredients or excipients., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Flooding is a widespread natural disaster that causes tremendous yield losses of global food production. Rice is the only cereal capable of growing in aquatic environments. Direct seeding by which seedlings grow underwater is an important cultivation method for reducing rice production cost. Hypoxic germination tolerance and root growth in waterlogged soil are key traits for rice adaptability to flooded environments. Alternative oxidase (AOX) is a non-ATP-producing terminal oxidase in the plant mitochondrial electron transport chain, but its role in hypoxia tolerance had been unclear. We have discovered that AOX1a is necessary and sufficient to promote germination/coleoptile elongation and root development in rice under flooding/hypoxia. Hypoxia enhances endogenous H 2 O 2 accumulation, and H 2 O 2 in turn activates an ensemble of regulatory genes including AOX1a to facilitate the conversion of deleterious reactive oxygen species to H 2 O 2 in rice under hypoxia. We show that AOX1a and H 2 O 2 act interdependently to coordinate three key downstream events, that is, glycolysis/fermentation for minimal ATP production, root aerenchyma development and lateral root emergence under hypoxia. Moreover, we reveal that ectopic AOX1a expression promotes vigorous root and plant growth, and increases grain yield under regular irrigation conditions. Our discoveries provide new insights into a unique sensor-second messenger pair in which AOX1a acts as the sensor perceiving low oxygen tension, while H 2 O 2 accumulation serves as the second messenger triggering downstream root development in rice against hypoxia stress. This work also reveals AOX1a genetic manipulation and H 2 O 2 pretreatment as potential targets for improving flooding tolerance in rice and other crops., (© 2024 The Author(s). Plant Biotechnology Journal published by Society for Experimental Biology and The Association of Applied Biologists and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Environmental global changes are dramatically affecting agroecosystems. Insects have been shown to present various responses to multi-stress conditions (i.e., increase in temperature and exposure to contaminants). However, there is a knowledge gap on how temperature can modulate the hormetic effects in individuals sublethally exposed to chemical stressors. Here, we investigated how temperature (15, 20, 25, and 28 °C) modulates the effects of lethal and sublethal exposure to insecticides (imidacloprid) on the longevity, fecundity, and oxidative stress of a pest insect, the aphid Mysus persicae. Our results showed additive and interactive effects of temperature and insecticide on the stimulatory and oxidative responses of the insect pest. Overall, imidacloprid was 2.4-fold less toxic at 15 °C (3.547 μg/ml) than at 20 °C (1.482 μg/ml) and 24.6 to 19.8-fold less toxic than at 25 °C (0.144 μg/ml) and 28 °C (0.179 μg/ml) respectively. Furthermore, although the exposure of female aphids to most sublethal concentrations resulted in a decrease in their longevity and fecundity compared to the control, some of the sublethal concentrations produced positive effects in these parameters for the exposed individuals. The magnitude of induced sublethal effects varied between temperatures and occurred in similar ranges of low concentrations at temperatures 15 °C and 20 °C, and at temperatures 25 °C and 28 °C. Additionally, imidacloprid low concentrations induced a temperature-dependent production of reactive oxygen species in exposed insects at 12 and 24 h after exposure indicating oxidative stress. Our study supplies valuable data on how temperature modulates pesticide-mediated hormesis that can alter ecological interactions and functions within agroecosystems with potential implications in pest management., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Inflammation responses and oxidative stress adversely affect testicular function, reducing fertility. Melatonin exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, the molecular mechanism by which melatonin alleviates inflammation and oxidative stress in Leydig cells of the Min pig testis remains unclear. To investigate this, primary Leydig cells were isolated from 7-day-ld Min pigs' testes and treated with LPS, H 2 O 2 and melatonin, respectively. The results showed that co-treatment with melatonin and LPS significantly decreased the expression of TLR4, NF-κB, IL-6 and IL-1β compared to LPS group. Co-treatment with melatonin and H 2 O 2 significantly mitigated reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde levels. Melatonin also enhanced glutathione and superoxide dismutase levels and upregulated the mRNA expression levels of Nrf2, Keap1, HO-1 and NQO1. In the co-treatment group of melatonin, LPS, and SIRT1 inhibitor, the secretion of IL-6 and IL-1β and the mRNA expression levels of TLR4 and NF-κB were elevated significantly compared to the control group and the melatonin-LPS co-treatment group. In the combined treatment group of melatonin, H 2 O 2 and a SIRT1 inhibitor, ROS levels increased significantly, while the expression of Nrf2, Keap1, HO-1 and NQO1 were decreased significantly compared to the control group and the melatonin-H 2 O 2 co-treatment group. Furthermore, mRNA expression levels of testosterone synthesis-related genes StAR, CYP11A1, 3β-HSD, CYP17A1 and 17β-HSD significantly decreased following H 2 O 2 treatment, which was alleviated by co-treatment with H 2 O 2 and melatonin, but not by the addition of SIRT1 inhibitor. In conclusion, melatonin exhibits the capability to ameliorate inflammatory responses, oxidative stress and testosterone secretion in Leydig cells via the SIRT1 pathway., Competing Interests: Declaration of interest statement The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Hemoglobin subunits, which form the well-characterized, tetrameric, oxygen-carrying protein, have recently been described to be expressed in various non-canonical cell types. However, the exact function of hemoglobin subunits within these cells remains to be fully elucidated. Herein, we report for the first time, the expression of hemoglobin alpha-a1 (Hba-a1) in T-lymphocytes and describe its role as a mitochondrial-associated antioxidant. Within naïve T-lymphocytes, Hba-a1 mRNA and HBA protein are present and highly induced by redox perturbations, particularly those arising from the mitochondria. Additionally, preliminary data using a T-lymphocyte specific Hba-a1 knock-out mouse model indicated that the loss of Hba-a1 led to an exacerbated production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and inflammatory cytokines after a stress challenge, further supporting the role of HBA acting to buffer the mitochondrial redox environment. Interestingly, we observed Hba-a1 expression to be significantly upregulated or downregulated depending on T-lymphocyte polarization and metabolic state, which appeared to be controlled by both transcriptional regulation and chromatin remodeling. Altogether, these data suggest Hba-a1 may function as a crucial mitochondrial-associated antioxidant and appears to possess critical and complex functions related to T-lymphocyte activation and differentiation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interests The authors have declared that no conflict of interest exists., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Oil pollution poses significant harm to both the ecological environment and human health. The primary sources of oil pollutants in soil are leaks that occur during the extraction, transportation, and production phases. In the face of the severe situation of global soil pollution, chemical oxidation technology has shown potential in the remediation of oil-contaminated soil. However, most current research on chemical oxidation technology remains in the laboratory stage, with limited discussion on its characteristics and application conditions in the actual treatment of oil-contaminated sites. To address this gap, this paper applies bibliometric methods to analyze the development trends of chemical oxidation technology and provides a comprehensive review from the perspective of its real-world applications in remediating oil-contaminated soil. It explores commonly used activators, enhancement measures, and key influencing factors of advanced oxidation processes, focusing particularly on those based on hydrogen peroxide and persulfate. The study highlights significant advantages, such as improving remediation efficiency, reducing treatment time, and compatibility with other remediation methods. Nevertheless, challenges remain, including soil acidification, limited pollutant targeting, and high operational costs. To address these issues, this paper proposes innovative directions such as the development of green and efficient activators, optimization of oxidant application strategies, and integration of chemical oxidation with other remediation technologies. These findings aim to establish a robust theoretical foundation and provide strong technical support for future chemical oxidation treatments of such soils. Through this research, we aspire to develop more scientific and effective strategies and methods for the remediation of oil-contaminated soil., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval: Not applicable. Consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Talisia esculenta is a fruit tree commonly found in various regions of Brazil. Its fruit is consumed by the local population, and the leaves are used in infusions within traditional Brazilian medicine. These infusions are employed to alleviate pathological conditions such as rheumatic diseases and hypertension, both of which are strongly linked to oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. The investigation of plant extracts represents a promising field of research, as bioactive compounds abundant in plants exhibit pharmacological effects against a variety of pathological conditions., Aim of the Study: To investigate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activities, and toxicity of the infusion and hydroethanolic extracts of T. esculenta leaves (IF and HF) and fruit peels (IC and HC)., Materials and Methods: Initially, the cytotoxicity and the effects of the extracts on oxidative stress in RAW264.7 macrophages were assessed through exposure to H₂O₂, as well as their impact on NO production in RAW264.7 macrophages exposed to LPS. Additionally, the toxicity and ROS production in zebrafish larvae were evaluated using two oxidative stress inducers: H₂O₂ and CuSO₄ combined with ascorbate., Results: The MTT assay indicated that the extracts exhibited low cytotoxicity, with HF and IF demonstrating protective effects against H₂O₂ exposure. HC reduced NO production in macrophages by 30%. The zebrafish analysis showed that all four T. esculenta extracts (100 μg/mL) were non-toxic, as they did not affect the survival, heart rate, or body size of the animals. Furthermore, all extracts were capable of reducing ROS levels in zebrafish larvae exposed to the H₂O₂ stressor. Notably, ROS reduction by HF, IF, and HC extracts exceeded 50% compared to the positive control (H₂O₂ alone). T. esculenta extracts also demonstrated a significant ability to reduce ROS levels in zebrafish larvae exposed to CuSO₄, with a 70% reduction observed for leaf extracts and over 30% for fruit peel extracts., Conclusion: This study demonstrated that T. esculenta extracts exhibit significant activity against oxidative damage and contain components with anti-inflammatory properties. Among the extracts, those obtained from leaves were the most effective in providing oxidative protection, supporting the traditional use of leaf infusions., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest X The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Katia Castanho Scortecci reports financial support was provided by Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte. Katia castanho scortecci reports financial support was provided by National Council for Scientific and Technological Development. Maria Lucia da Silva Cordeiro reports financial support was provided by Coordination of Higher Education Personnel Improvement. Ariana Pereira da Silva reports financial support was provided by Coordination of Higher Education Personnel Improvement. Maylla Maria Correia Leite Silva reports financial support was provided by Coordination of Higher Education Personnel Improvement. Hugo Alexandre Oliveira Rocha reports financial support was provided by National Council for Scientific and Technological Development. Weslley de Souza Paiva reports financial support was provided by National Council for Scientific and Technological Development. Ana Carolina Luchiari reports financial support was provided by National Council for Scientific and Technological Development. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) finds wide application in disinfection, chemical production, and bleaching owing to its sustainability and ease of storage compared to hydrogen. However, the current industrial engineering practices for producing photocatalysts used in H 2 O 2 generation face challenges such as low yields with organic catalysts and high costs associated with inorganic catalysts. In light of these challenges, we investigate a viable method utilizing a simple condensation reflux technique to synthesize pure organic heterojunction photocatalysts featuring a π-π stacked structure derived from graphitized carbon nitride (melem) and meso-tetrakis (4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin, enabling efficient H 2 O 2 production without the necessity of sacrificial agents. The synthesized catalyst demonstrates an impressive H 2 O 2 production rate of 106 mmol/h.g.L under seawater conditions and 77.67 mmol/h.g.L under pure water conditions in ambient air. Coupling to a solar evaporator, an H 2 O 2 concentration reaches 0.88 wt%. Transient absorption spectroscopy revealed ultrafast charge separation which enabled efficient photocatalysis., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

As an efficient, sustainable, and environmentally friendly semiconductor material, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) can generate hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) by photocatalysis, attracting wide attention in recent years. Herein, the effects of hydroxyl, methoxyl, and vinyl groups of imide-linked two-dimensional (2D) COFs on the photocatalytic production of H 2 O 2 were studied theoretically and experimentally. The introduction of vinyl groups greatly promotes the photogenerated charge separation and migration of COFs, providing more oxygen adsorption sites, stronger proton affinity, and lower intermediate binding energy, which effectively facilitates the rapid conversion of oxygen to H 2 O 2 . Further, we have integrated the properties of the photocatalytic in situ generation of H 2 O 2 by COFs and the continuous consumption of H 2 O 2 by unspecific peroxygenases (UPOs) to construct a mild and simple photoenzyme coupling system that can achieve selective activation of C-H bonds without the need of any external oxidants or sacrificial agents. This simple, stable, and compatible photoenzyme system avoids irreversible enzyme damage caused by excessive exogenous H 2 O 2 and the utilization of sacrificial agents, thus providing an efficient and green pathway for fine chemical synthesis. This system not only breaks the restriction of continuous exogenous H 2 O 2 supplementation on the UPO catalytic system but also provides a new practical application direction for semiconductor photocatalytic H 2 O 2 production.

We identified a novel mutant of Bombyx mori, designated as male-absent oily (genetic symbol: om). The larval integument of this mutant is translucent due to a lack of uric acid in the integument. This mutation is Z-linked, and as mutant females are infertile, it is impossible to obtain om homozygous males. Using positional cloning combined with RNA-seq analysis, we identified a 1-bp deletion in the B. mori peroxiredoxin 6 (BmPrx6) gene. CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of BmPrx6 resulted in a translucent larval integument, indicating BmPrx6 as the causative gene for the om locus. Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH)/xanthine oxidase (XO) is a key enzyme for uric acid synthesis. Injection of bovine XO into om mutants rescued the translucent phenotype, indicating that om is a mutant with defective XDH activity. To investigate XDH in B. mori, we generated a FLAG-tagged XDH gene using the CRISPR/Cas9 knock-in approach. Western blot analysis of XDH in om mutants revealed that BmPrx6 is crucial for the posttranslational activation of XDH. The role of BmPrx6 in regulating XDH activity is discussed., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors wish to declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2025. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Quadruple perovskite oxides have received extensive attention in electronics and catalysis, owing to their cation-ordering structure and intriguing physical properties. However, their repertoires still remain limited. In particular, piezoelectricity from quadruple perovskites has been rarely reported due to the frustrated symmetry-breaking transition in A-site-ordered perovskite structures, disabling their piezoelectric applications. Herein, we report a feasible strategy to achieve piezoelectricity in CaCu 3 Ti 4 O 12 (CCTO) quadruple perovskite via cation defect engineering, specifically through a thermal-driven selective cation exsolution strategy to introduce Cu vacancies. The introduction of Cu point defects in CCTO locally destabilizes the constrained tilted TiO 6 octahedra framework, relaxing the octahedral tilting and inducing structural heterogeneity which, in turn, disrupts the high symmetry of the pristine cubic phase. As a result, the defective CCTO with localized asymmetry exhibits intense polarization and a robust piezoelectricity of 7 pC N -1 . The created piezoelectricity is further validated by its application as a piezo-photocatalyst, enabling efficient charge separation and transfer with a 2.5-times increment in the lifetime of photoexcitations. This enhancement leads to a 3.86- and 31-fold increase in the production of hydrogen peroxide and reactive oxygen species compared with individual piezocatalysis and photocatalysis, respectively. This study establishes a pathway to engineer piezoelectricity in quadruple perovskites, potentially unlocking a wide range of applications in modern microelectronics beyond the demonstrated piezo-photocatalysis.

The most well-known hydroxyl radical ( • OH)-generating system is the classic iron-mediated Fenton reaction. Thiourea has been considered as an efficient • OH scavenger and is frequently used to study the role of • OH in various biochemical and medical research studies. Here we found that the highly reactive • OH can be produced from thiourea and H 2 O 2 through a metal-independent pathway, as measured by electron spin resonance (ESR) secondary radical spin-trapping and fluorescent methods. The major reaction intermediates from thiourea/H 2 O 2 were identified as formamidinesulfenic acid and formamidinesulfinic acid, with urea and sulfate as the major final products. Taken together, the underlying molecular mechanism for the unprecedented • OH production from thiourea/H 2 O 2 was proposed: thiourea is initially attacked by H 2 O 2 to produce the transient intermediates formamidinesulfenic acid and then formamidinesulfinic acid, which further react with H 2 O 2 to produce their corresponding hydroperoxyl intermediates, which can decompose homolytically to generate • OH and the final products. Analogous • OH production and oxidative DNA damage were also observed with other thiourea derivatives and H 2 O 2 . This is the first report on metal-independent • OH production from the well-known • OH scavenging thioureas and H 2 O 2 , which may have important biochemical, environmental, and medical implications for future study of thiourea compounds.

Background: Fistula-in-ano is an abnormal tunnel formation linking the anal canal with the perineum and perianal skin. Multiple imagining methods are available to evaluate it, among which magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most advanced noninvasive preoperative method. However, it is limited in its visualization function., Aim: To investigate the use of intraluminal MRI for perianal fistulas via a novel direct MRI fistulography method., Methods: We mixed 3% hydrogen peroxide (HP) with gadolinium for HPMRI fistulography, retrospectively analyzing 60 cases of complex/recurrent fistula-in-ano using physical examination, trans-perineal ultrasonography (TPUS), low-spatial-resolution MRI, and high-resolution direct HPMRI fistulography. We assessed detection rates of fistula tracks, internal openings, their relationship with anal sphincters, and perianal abscesses using statistical analyses, including interobserver agreement (Kappa statistic), and compared results with intraoperative findings., Results: Surgical confirmation in 60 cases showed that high-resolution direct HPMRI fistulography provided superior detection rates for internal openings (153) and fistula tracks (162) compared to physical exams, TPUS, and low-spatial-resolution MRI ( Z > 5.7, P < 0.05). The effectiveness of physical examination and TPUS was also inferior to that of our method for detecting perianal abscesses (54) ( Z = 6.773, 3.694, P < 0.05), whereas that of low-spatial-resolution MRI was not significantly different ( Z = 1.851, P = 0.06). High-resolution direct HPMRI fistulography also achieved the highest interobserver agreement (Kappa: 0.89, 0.85, and 0.80), while low-spatial-resolution MRI showed moderate agreement (Kappa: 0.78, 0.74, and 0.69). TPUS and physical examination had lower agreement (Kappa range: 0.33-0.63)., Conclusion: High-resolution direct HPMRI fistulography enhances the visualization of recurrent and complex fistula-in-ano, including branched fistulas, allowing for precise planning and improved surgical outcomes., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article., (©The Author(s) 2025. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: This randomized controlled clinical trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of peroxide-based mouthrinse on whitening treatment. The patient's satisfaction and treatment longevity were also assessed., Material and Methods: Participants (N = 45) were randomly allocated to three different groups: WM (Whitening mouthrinse - 2.5% hydrogen peroxide); PM (Placebo mouthrinse - 0% hydrogen peroxide); and WG (Whitening gel - 10% carbamide peroxide). The treatment was performed twice daily for 30 s over 90 days for WM and PM and once daily for 2 h over 14 days for WG. Tooth color was evaluated with shade guides (ΔSGU) and with a spectrophotometer (ΔE 00 and WI D ) after 14, 30, 60, 90, 120 days, and 2 years. Tooth sensitivity, gingival condition, and patient satisfaction were also evaluated., Results: WG resulted in the highest color change over time for visual (ΔSGU) and objective (ΔE 00 and WI D ) analyses. With WM, significant visual color alteration was detected in the 60-day assessment compared with PM. After 2 years, no color rebound was observed for the treatments. A very low intensity of sensitivity was found for WM and WG. No gingival irritation was detected. All the participants were satisfied with the whitening treatment outcomes., Conclusions: The peroxide-based mouthrinse effectively changed tooth color, with relevant effect detected after 60 days of use. However, the whitening result obtained with the conventional carbamide peroxide gel treatment was more pronounced. No relevant adverse effects were observed, and the outcomes were maintained for 2 years., Clinical Significance: Peroxide-based mouthrinse is an effective alternative whitening treatment, although it promotes less color change compared with the conventional at-home technique without inducing significant adverse effects. Patients should be warned about the prolonged treatment and the need for compliance., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) production through photocatalytic O 2 reduction reaction (ORR) is a mild and cost-efficient alternative to the anthraquinone oxidation strategy. Of note, singlet state oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) plays a crucial role in ORR. Herein, a hollow TiO 2 @TpPa (TOTP) S-scheme heterojunction by the Schiff base reactions involving 1,3,5-triformylphloroglucinol (Tp) and paraphenylenediamine (Pa) for efficient photocatalytic H 2 O 2 production in deionized water has been developed. Upon irradiation, rapid phototautomerization of TaPa from enol to keto form expands π-electron delocalization, facilitating effective conversion of the triplet excited state and consequent generation of 1 O 2 . This mechanism is supported by time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectral analysis. Additionally, density functional theory calculations, in situ irradiated X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy reveal superior separation of photogenerated carriers in the TOTP S-scheme composites. In deionized water, the TOTP2.4 S-scheme heterojunction exhibits exceptional H 2 O 2 production activity, yielding 891 µmol g -1 h -1 , underscoring the critical role of 1 O 2 in the process. This research offers insights into the S-scheme heterojunctions and emphasizes the pivotal role of 1 O 2 in enhancing H 2 O 2 production efficiency., (© 2025 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Pairing photocatalytic 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline semi-dehydrogenation reaction (THIQ-SDR) with two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e- ORR) is a green solar to chemical strategy by simultaneously utilizing the photo-excited electrons and holes. However, it is still short of high-efficiency photocatalyst to drive two reactions above. In the present work, crystalline pyrene-thiourea/urea covalent organic frameworks (COF-Py-S and -O) were synthesized and demonstrated as high-performance metal-free photocatalysts. In particular, COF-Py-S exhibited higher 2e- ORR to H2O2 yield rate of ~19 mmol g-1 h-1 under visible light and finally solid H2O2 products (Na2CO3•1.5H2O2) was collected after long-time irradiation. Under natural sunlight conditions, the H2O2 production rate over COF-Py-S further increased to ~51 mmol g-1 h-1, among the best organic photocatalysts. COF-Py-S also showed high THIQ-SDR conversion (~100%) with 3,4-dihydroisoquinoline (DHIQ) selectivity of ~92%. Theoretical calculations reveal stronger electron push-pull effect of COF-Py-S than COF-Py-O, enhancing its photoinduced charge carries, and a four-step 2e- ORR mechanism with thiourea as the active sites has been confirmed as well as the mechanism of THIQ-SDR to DHIQ, featuring lower energy barriers for O2 adsorption and *HOOH desorption over thiourea units. This work provides a paired photosynthesis strategy of H2O2 and DHIQ over high-efficiency pyrene-(thio)urea COF photocatalysts with electron push-pull effect., (© 2025 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Microalgal exopolysaccharides (EPS) possess significant functional benefits across various industrial sectors, but their commercial feasibility is constrained by inefficient synthesis and poorly understood synthesis mechanisms. This study found that 1.25 mmol/L sodium bisulfite promoted EPS accumulation to 224.78 mg/L by Auxenochlorella protothecoides. Inhibiting endogenous H 2 O 2 blocked the sodium bisulfite-induced increase in EPS content and reversed the upregulation of EPS biosynthesis-related genes, underscoring the involvement of H 2 O 2 signaling in microalgal EPS accumulation. Furthermore, omics analyses revealed a reconfiguration of metabolites in carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, facilitating the reallocation of carbon flux. Specifically, sodium bisulfite reduced protein storage while enhancing carbohydrate anabolism for EPS precursors, redirecting carbon towards EPS accumulation. This process acted as a defense against oxidative stress, aided by increased lipid and starch production. Collectively, the findings boosted microalgal EPS production and elucidated the mechanisms involving cellular H 2 O 2 signaling and carbon redistribution, providing theoretical support for large-scale microalgal EPS production., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) is a critical signaling molecule with significant roles in various physiological processes in plants. Understanding its regulation through in situ monitoring could offer deeper insights into plant responses and stress mechanisms. In this study, we developed a microneedle electrochemical sensor to monitor H 2 O 2 in situ, offering deeper insights into plant stress responses. The sensor features a platinum wire (100 µm diameter) modified with graphene oxide (GO) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as the working electrode, an Ag/AgCl wire (100 µm diameter) as the reference electrode, and an untreated platinum wire (100 µm diameter) as the counter electrode. This innovative design enhances sensitivity and selectivity through the high catalytic activity of AuNPs, increased surface area from GO, and the superior conductivity of platinum. Operating at a low potential of -0.2 V to minimize interference, the sensor detects H 2 O 2 concentrations from 10 to 1000 µM with high accuracy. In situ monitoring of H 2 O 2 dynamics in tomato stems under the wounding stimulation reveals that H 2 O 2 concentration increases as the sensor approaches the wound site, indicating localized production and transport of H 2 O 2 . This approach not only improves H 2 O 2 monitoring in plant systems but also paves the way for exploring its generation, transport, and elimination mechanisms., Competing Interests: Declarations. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE part of Springer Nature.)

This study evaluated the impact of using calcium hydroxide or antioxidant agents on the bond strength of adhesive restorations to bleached dentin. A total of 40 teeth were prepared and allocated into eight groups, first divided according to the surface treatment after bleaching (no treatment or application of calcium hydroxide, 10% sodium ascorbate, or 5% sodium thiosulfate for 10 minutes) and then according to the time of final restoration after treatment (immediate or after 7 days). Sodium perborate with 20% hydrogen peroxide was applied for 3 weeks using a developed artificial pulp chamber, with peroxide replacements provided every week. Composite resin restoration was performed, followed by a microtensile test. Then, specimens were analyzed using a stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests (P < .05). The bond strength of nonbleached teeth was similar to the groups restored after 7 days of bleaching (P < .05). The lowest bond strength values were seen in groups restored immediately after bleaching (P < .05). In all groups, there was a considerable predominance of adhesive fractures. Delaying the final restoration of teeth submitted to nonvital bleaching by 7 days increased the bond strength. The immediate restoration of bleached teeth after using 10% sodium ascorbate or 5% sodium thiosulfate for 10 minutes showed unsatisfactory results. Irrespective of the dentin protocol applied before adhesion, bond strength values will be satisfactory when delaying the final restoration and unsatisfactory when immediately performing the final restoration. Therefore, after nonvital tooth bleaching, clinicians should always delay the final restoration for a minimum period of 7 days.

Background: Intervertebral disc degeneration disease (IVDD) is a major cause of disability and reduced work productivity worldwide. Annulus fibrosus degeneration is a key contributor to IVDD, yet its mechanisms remain poorly understood. Autophagy, a vital process for cellular homeostasis, involves the lysosomal degradation of cytoplasmic proteins and organelles. This study aimed to investigate the role of autophagy in IVDD using a hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 )-induced model of rat annulus fibrosus cells (AFCs)., Methods: AFCs were exposed to H 2 O 2 to model oxidative stress-induced degeneration. Protein expression levels of collagen I, collagen II, MMP3, and MMP13 were quantified. GEO database analysis identified alterations in miR-2355-5p expression, and its regulatory role on the mTOR pathway and autophagy was assessed. Statistical tests were used to evaluate changes in protein expression and pathway activation., Results: H 2 O 2 exposure reduced collagen I and collagen II expression to approximately 50% of baseline levels, while MMP3 and MMP13 expression increased twofold. Activation of autophagy restored collagen I and II expression and decreased MMP3 and MMP13 levels. GEO analysis revealed significant alterations in miR-2355-5p expression, confirming its role in regulating the mTOR pathway and autophagy., Conclusions: Autophagy, mediated by the miR-2355-5p/mTOR pathway, plays a protective role in AFCs degeneration. These findings suggest a potential therapeutic target for mitigating IVDD progression., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

In this study, carbon dots doped with silver and nitrogen (Ag,N-CDs) were synthesized and their application in chemiluminescence (CL) was investigated using the potassium ferricyanide/hydrogen peroxide (K 3 Fe(CN) 6 /H 2 O 2 ) reaction. Theoretical calculations reveal that Ag doping facilitates a lower excitation energy. The experimental conditions influencing the CL reaction were examined and optimized. The resulting Ag,N-CDs-based CL method demonstrated impressive capabilities in detection of Cu(II) within a linear calibration range of 40.0 nM-8.0 μM, with a commendable detection limit of 3.1 nM. In extensive validation experiments, recoveries and relative standard deviations for water, plasma, and tea samples consistently fell within the range of 97.0-103.0 % and 1.03-4.19 %, respectively. These outcomes underscore that the CL method based Ag,N-CDs is an excellent tool for the detection of Cu(II)., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Oxidative stress (OS) refers to the disruption in the balance between free radical generation and antioxidant defenses, leading to potential tissue damage. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can interact with biological components, triggering processes like protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation, or DNA damage, resulting in the generation of several volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Recently, VOCs provided new insight into cellular metabolism and can serve as potential biomarkers. The objective is to investigate the impact of OS on cell metabolism by analyzing the release or alterations of VOCs in the headspace of differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. An OS model in differentiated 3T3-L1 cell lines was constructed using hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) treatment. The effect of OS on cell metabolism was analyzed by detecting VOCs in the headspace of the cells using solid phase micro extraction (SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS). Our findings indicate that H 2 O 2 concentrations exceeding 300 µM induce significant OS, leading to adipocyte apoptosis, as evidenced by various assays. Of the twenty VOCs identified, ten were upregulated in the cells. VOCs such as diphenyl ether, 1,3,5-trioxane, 5-methyl tridecane, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, and 2,4-di-tert-butyl phenol emerged as potential biomarkers for OS. This study demonstrates that elevated OS alters VOC profiles in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, providing insights into the effects of OS on adipose tissue and identifying potential OS biomarkers., Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Ice plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L.) is a halophyte and an inducible CAM plant. Ice plant seedlings display moderate salt tolerance, with root growth unaffected by 200 mM NaCl treatments, though hypocotyl elongation is hindered in salt-stressed etiolated seedlings. Superoxide anion accumulation was prominent in cotyledons and primary leaves but decreased in root tissues over time, with no significant effect from salt treatment. Hydrogen peroxide levels initially surged in both control and salt-treated seedlings, with higher and more persistent accumulation in the salt-treated seedlings. The activities of H 2 O 2 -scavenging ascorbate-glutathione cycle enzymes ascorbate peroxidase (APX), monodehydroascorbate reductase, and dehydroascorbate reductase increased, while guaiacol-dependent peroxidase activity decreased and catalase activity showed no change, indicating APX activity as the primary response to salt stress. Salt-induced APX activities were detected mainly in the microsomal fraction for light-grown seedlings and the cytosolic fraction for etiolated seedlings, highlighting plastids as the primary site of ROS accumulation under salt stress. An RNA-seq analysis of etiolated seedlings revealed about 8% unigenes showing more than a four-fold change in expression after a 6-h 200 mM NaCl treatment. GO enrichment analysis indicated that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with increased transcript abundance were associated with ion transport, antioxidant activity, and stress responses, while DEGs with decreased transcript abundance were linked to metabolic and biosynthesis processes such as ribosomal protein synthesis and cell wall formation. This indicates that salt stress hinders growth but enhances ion homeostasis and stress response mechanisms. The expression of all eight APX genes were induced by a 48-hour salt treatment, with varying expression patterns. For class III peroxidase family, 14 out of 53 identified unigenes qualified as DEGs. The time-course expression patterns revealed that the transcript levels of McPrx4.1, McPrx12.1, and McPrx12.3 increased, while McPrx60.3 decreased. These findings highlight the distinct roles of class III peroxidases in balancing plant growth and stress responses, advancing our understanding of the mechanisms behind salt tolerance in halophytes. This study comprehensively analyzed changes in gene expression, antioxidant enzyme activity, and ROS accumulation in ice plant seedlings. Unveiling these responses will advance our understanding of the growth-stress balance in the intrinsic salt tolerance in halophytes., Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interests: All authors declare that they have no competing interests to declare. The founding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the results., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

The two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e - ORR) is a pivotal pathway for the distributed production of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ). In nature, enzymes containing manganese (Mn) centers can convert reactive oxygen species into H 2 O 2 . However, Mn-based heterogeneous catalysts for 2e - ORR are scarcely reported. Herein, we developed a nature-inspired single-atom electrocatalyst comprising N, O co-coordinated Mn sites, utilizing carbon dots as the modulation platform (Mn CD/C). As-synthesized Mn CD/C exhibited exceptional 2e - ORR activity with an onset potential of 0.786 V and a maximum H 2 O 2 selectivity of 95.8 %. Impressively, Mn CD/C continuously produced 0.1 M H 2 O 2 solution at 200 mA/cm 2 for 50 h in the flow cell, with negligible loss in activity and H 2 O 2 faradaic efficiency, demonstrating practical application potential. The enhanced activity was attributed to the incorporation of Mn atomic sites into the carbon dots. Theoretical calculations revealed that the N, O co-coordinated structure, combined with abundant oxygen-containing functional groups on the carbon dots, optimized the binding strength of intermediate *OOH at the Mn sites to the apex of the catalytic activity volcano. This work illustrates that carbon dots can serve as a versatile platform for modulating the microenvironment of single-atom catalysts and for the rational design of nature-inspired catalysts., (© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Objectives: This study aimed to determine whether incorporating nanostructured additives into bleaching agents enhances efficacy and reduces side effects while identifying gaps for further investigation., Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in electronic databases, including PubMed/Medline, Embase, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science. Two reviewers independently screened articles based on predefined criteria, resolving discrepancies through discussion or consultation with a third reviewer. Data extraction focused on key details, including study design, interventions, and outcomes., Results: Twenty-one articles were reviewed, consisting of nine clinical studies, one in vivo/in situ study, and 11 in vitro studies on tooth bleaching protocols. Hydrogen peroxide was the most commonly used bleaching agent. The primary nanostructured additives studied were titanium dioxide nanoparticles, polymeric carbamide peroxide nanoparticles, chitosan nanoparticles, nano-hydroxyapatite, SiO2/MgO/Fe2O3 nanocomposite spheres, and nano-bioactive glass. Most studies demonstrated an enhanced bleaching effect, reduced bleaching sensitivity, decreased cytotoxicity, reduced hydrogen peroxide penetration into the pulp chamber, and protection of the tooth surface against mineral and structural loss when nanostructured additives were incorporated into the bleaching agent., Conclusions: Incorporating nanostructured additives into tooth-bleaching agents improved efficacy and reduced side effects, especially with titanium oxide nanoparticles. Further clinical studies and systematic reviews are needed to establish strong evidence for safe clinical practice., Clinical Relevance: Including nanostructured additives in bleaching agents, such as titanium oxide nanoparticles, might be a valuable approach to enhancing the bleaching potential while reducing bleaching sensitivity and cytotoxicity, offering safer alternatives for clinical protocols., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethical approval: Not applicable. Informed consent: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Tonoplast intrinsic proteins (TIPs) are the channel-forming proteins predominantly found in the tonoplast of plant cells. Despite the identification of TIPs in numerous plant species, very less is known about the precise role of different TIP subgroups. In the present study, two genes belonging to the TIP3 subgroup were studied to understand tissue-specific role and solute transport activity. The soybean GmTIP3-1 and GmTIP3-2 were found to be expressed exclusively in seeds. Unlike rest of the aquaporins (AQPs), the expression of GmTIP3s gradually increased during seed maturation. The GmTIP3s also show higher expression during the initiation of seed germination, suggesting their potential role in the solute transport during seed maturation and germination. Further, GmTIP3-1 and GmTIP3-2 were functionally characterised to understand the structure, pore morphology, pore hydrophobicity, sub-cellular localization, and solute specificity. The solute specificity of TIPs is crucial in various physiological and developmental processes. Solute transport activity studied using yeast growth and survivability assay suggests that GmTIP3-1 and GmTIP3-2 can transport hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and boric acid, both of which are known to play significant role in seed germination. The information provided here will help to understand the precise role of TIP3 genes in seed development and germination., (© 2025 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

The apoplastic pH (pH Apo ) in plants is susceptible to environmental stimuli. However, the biological implications of pH Apo variation have remained largely unknown. The universal stress phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) as well as the major environmental stimuli drought and salinity were selected as representative cases to investigate how changes in pH Apo relate to plant behaviors in Arabidopsis. Variations in pH Apo negatively regulated the cotyledon greening inhibition to the universal stress hormone ABA or environmental stimuli through the action of extracellular hydrogen peroxide (eH 2 O 2 ). Further studies revealed that an increase in pH Apo diminishes the chemical reactivity of eH 2 O 2 , effectively functioning as an 'off' switch for its action in oxidizing thiols of plasma membrane proteins. Consequently, this suppresses the eH 2 O 2 -mediated cotyledon greening inhibition to environmental stimuli and ABA, alongside inhibiting the eH 2 O 2 -mediated intracellular Ca 2+ signaling. Conversely, a decrease in pH Apo serves as an 'on' switch for the action of eH 2 O 2 . In summary, the pH Apo is a crucial messenger and chemical switch for eH 2 O 2 in signal transduction, notwithstanding the apparent simplicity of the underlying mechanism. Our findings provide a novel fundamental biological insight into the significance of pH., (© 2025 The Author(s). New Phytologist © 2025 New Phytologist Foundation.)

Developing an effective vaccine for haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) in cattle and buffaloes is urgently needed. While preferred for their safety, achieving sufficient, cross-protective, and long-lasting immunity is still challenging when administering inactivated vaccines. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of four inactivating components comprising three inactivating agents: (1) Binary ethylenimine (BEI), (2) Formalin, (3) a combination of BEI and Formalin, and (4) Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), in inactivating Pasteurella multocida to enhance HS vaccine potency. H 2 O 2 demonstrated the fastest inactivation kinetics, killing Pasteurella multocida within a few minutes. The combination of BEI and Formalin showed relatively rapid inactivation compared to Formalin or BEI alone. BEI, known for targeting nucleic acids with minimal impact on protein integrity, showed promise but required higher concentrations (8 mM) and a longer duration (16 h) for complete inactivation. Based on the inactivation kinetics, 8 mM BEI, 0.1% Formalin, 8 mM BEI + 0.1% Formalin, and 1% H 2 O 2 were chosen for the experimental vaccine formulations. The inactivated Pasteurella multocida were adjuvanted with Montanide ISA-201 oil adjuvant and evaluated in mice model. All vaccine formulations elicited protective responses of over 6.5 log 10 units, indicating the high potency of the vaccine formulations. Notably, the vaccine prepared with an H 2 O 2 inactivating agent elicited protection of > 8 log 10 units. Our study concludes that H 2 O 2 , with its rapid inactivation kinetics and safety profile, presents a promising alternative inactivating agent for HS vaccine development. Future studies should evaluate the protective efficacy of H 2 O 2 -inactivated vaccines in target animals., Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interest: None., (© 2025. The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Sociedade Brasileira de Microbiologia.)