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This report presents the design and synthesis of quinazolinone-based derivatives as promising SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease inhibitors. Two novel series, namely, febrifugine analogues 4a-i and quinazolinone conjugated benzimidazoles 9a-c, were successfully synthesized starting from isatoic anhydride. The synthesized quinazolinone derivatives were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines and SARS-CoV-2 3CL inhibitory activity. The results showed that the synthesized compounds did not have significant toxicity for the non-cancer HEK293 cell line and MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, HEPG2 and HEPG2.2.15 cancer cell lines. Notably, compound 9b exhibited anti-3CL enzymatic activity in a dose-dependent manner, with the calculated IC 50 value of 10.73 ± 1.17 μM. Docking results highlighted the interaction between 9b and 3CL protease through hydrogen bonding with key amino acids, including His41, Met49, Cys145, Met165, Arg188, His164, and Glu166, at the active site of the protease. Pharmacokinetic studies and ADME analyses provide valuable insights into the potential of compound 9b as a drug candidate. These findings support the new scaffold as a candidate for 3CL pro inhibition and advanced anti-coronavirus drug research., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

The first tunable nano-bending structures of [1]rotaxane containing a single-fluorophoric N,N'-diphenyl-dihydrodibenzo[a,c]phenazine (DPAC) moiety (i.e., [1]RA) are developed as a loosened lasso structure to feature the bright white-light emission [CIE (0.27, 0.33), Φ = 21.2%] in THF solution, where bi-stable states of bending and twisted structures of DPAC unit in [1]RA produce cyan and orange emissions at 480 and 600 nm, respectively. With acid/base controls, tunable loosened/tightened nano-loops of corresponding [1]rotaxanes (i.e., [1]RA/[1]RB) can be achieved via the shuttling of macrocycles reversibly, and thus to adjust their respective white-light/cyan emissions, where the cyan emission of [1]RB is obtained due to the largest conformational constraint of DPAC moiety in its bending form of [1]RB with a tightened lasso structure. Additionally, the non-interlocked analog M-Boc only shows the orange emission, revealing the twisted form of DPAC fluorophore in M-Boc without any conformational constraint. Moreover, the utilization of solvents (with different viscosities and polarities), temperatures, and water fractions could serve as effective tools to adjust the bi-stable vibration-induced emission (VIE) colors of [1]rotaxanes. Finally, tuning ratiometric emission colors of adaptive conformations of DPAC moieties by altering nano-bending structures in [1]rotaxanes and external stimuli can be further developed as intelligent temperature and viscosity sensor materials., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Manipulations of singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) generations by the integration of both aggregation-induced emission luminogen (AIEgen) photosensitizer and photochromic moieties have diversified features in photodynamic therapy applications. Through Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) pathway to induce red PL emissions (at 595 nm) for 1 O 2 productions, [1]rotaxane containing photosensitive tetraphenylethylene (TPE) donor and photochromic diarylethene (DAE) acceptor is introduced to achieve dual and sequential locked/unlocked photoswitching effects by pH-controlled shuttling of its contracted/extended forms. Interestingly, the UV-enabled DAE ring closure speeds follow the reversed trend of DAE self-constraint degree as: contracted < extended < noninterlocked forms in [1]rotaxane analogues, thus FRET processes can be adjusted in contracted/extended forms of [1]rotaxane upon UV irradiations. Accordingly, the contracted form of [1]rotaxane is FRET-OFF locked and inert to UV exposure due to the larger bending conformation of DAE parallel (p-)conformer, compared with its extended and noninterlocked analogues possessing switchable FRET-OFF/ON behaviors activated by dual and sequential pH- and photoswitching. Owing to the advantages of 1 O 2 productions tuned by multistimuli inputs (pH, UV, and blue light), an useful logic circuit for toxicity outputs of the surface modified [1]rotaxane nanoparticles (NPs) has been demonstrated to offer promising 1 O 2 productions and managements based on mechanically interlocked molecules for future bioapplications., (© 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 main protease (SARS-CoV-2-M pro ) plays an essential role in viral replication, transcription, maturation, and entry into host cells. Furthermore, its cleavage specificity for viruses, but not humans, makes it a promising drug target for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In this study, a fragment-based strategy including potential antiviral quinazolinone moiety and glutamine- or glutamate-derived peptidomimetic backbone and positioned nitro functional groups was used to synthesize putative M pro inhibitors. Two compounds, G1 and G4 , exhibited anti-M pro enzymatic activity in a dose-dependent manner, with the calculated IC 50 values of 22.47 ± 8.93 μM and 24.04 ± 0.67 μM, respectively. The bio-layer interferometer measured real-time binding. The dissociation kinetics of G1 /M pro and G4 /M pro also showed similar equilibrium dissociation constants ( K D ) of 2.60 × 10 -5 M and 2.55 × 10 -5 M, respectively, but exhibited distinct association/dissociation curves. Molecular docking of the two compounds revealed a similar binding cavity to the well-known M pro inhibitor GC376 , supporting a structure-function relationship. These findings may open a new avenue for developing new scaffolds for M pro inhibition and advance anti-coronavirus drug research.

The self-trapping nano-loop structures of [1]rotaxanes exhibited multiple Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) patterns via dual and sequential locking/unlocking of pH-gated and UV exposure processes. As a tightened and constrained nano-loop in the acidic condition, dithienylethene (DTE) unit was locked in the highly bending open form to forbid ring closure upon UV irradiation.

Diesel fuel usage in Vietnam is increasing rapidly, but most of it is imported from overseas. In this study, we investigated the possibility of popularizing bio-diesel fuel (BDF) made from Vietnamese origin resources as a sustainable energy solution. The world's energy cost fluctuates significantly depending on economic or political movements, especially after the Russian invasion of Ukraine began in 2022. This caused energy prices soar, attacking the global economy in a short period and requiring a wide range of energy supply sources. We aim to promote commercial BDF production in Vietnam for future energy security and contribution to the Vietnamese economy. Eight necessary factors were investigated to choose suitable material for BDF production. The factors are as follows: 1) material with Vietnamese origin, 2) sufficient and continuous supply volume, 3) sufficient quality to run diesel engines, including common-rail diesel engines, 4) inedibility, 5) low enough freezing point, 6) ease of collection, 7) affordability, and 8) availability of valuable elements in the material. If a suitable material candidate is not stable, it may be changed over time. In this study, the focus material was rubber seed oil. Because rubber production in Vietnam is quite stable with over 900,000 ha plantation area, and there is a potentiality to collect seeds and produce about 50,000 tons of BDF annually. In addition, the quality of rubber seeds based BDF is very high, such as low enough freezing point, etc. However, most of those rubber seeds are currently not collected and used.

Materials capable of displaying strong ratiometric fluorescence with Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) processes have attracted much research interest because of various chemosensor and biomedical applications. This review highlights several popular strategies in designing FRET-OFF/ON mechanisms of ratiometric fluorescence systems. In particular, the developments of organic and polymeric FRET materials featuring aggregation-induced emission-based luminogens (AIEgens), supramolecular assemblies, photochromic molecular switches and surfactant-induced AIE/FRET mechanisms are presented. AIEgens have been frequently employed as FRET donor and/or acceptor fluorophores to obtain enhanced ratiometric fluorescences in solution and solid states. Since AIE effects and FRET processes rely on controllable distances between fluorophores, many interesting fluorescent properties can be designed by regulating aggregation states in polymers and supramolecular systems. Photo-switchable fluorophores, such as spiropyran and diarylethene, provide drastic changes in fluorescence spectra upon photo-induced isomerizations, leading to photo-switching mechanisms to activate/deactivate FRET processes. Supramolecular assemblies offer versatile platforms to regulate responsive FRET processes effectively. In rotaxane structures, the donor-acceptor distance and FRET efficiency can be tuned by acid/base-controlled shuttling of the macrocycle component. The tunable supramolecular interactions are strongly influenced by external factors (such as pH values, temperatures, analytes, surfactants, UV-visible lights, etc.), which induce the assembly and disassembly of host-guest systems and thus their FRET-ON/FRET-OFF behavior. In addition, the changes in donor or acceptor fluorescence profiles upon detections of analytes can also sufficiently alter the FRET behavior and result in different ratiometric fluorescence outputs. The strategies and examples provided in this review offer the insights and toolkits for future FRET-based material developments., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Multiple myeloma is a deadly cancer that is a complex and multifactorial disease. In the present study, 12 belinostat derivatives (four resynthesized and eight new), HDAC inhibitors, were resynthesized via either Knoevenagel condensation, or Wittig reaction, or Heck reaction. Then an evaluation of the antiproliferative activities against myeloma cells MOPC-315 was carried out. Amongst them, compound 7f was the most bioactive compound with an IC 50 of 0.090 ± 0.016 μM, being 3.5-fold more potent than the reference belinostat (IC 50 = 0.318 ± 0.049 μM). Furthermore, we also confirmed the inhibitory activity of 7f in a cellular model. Additionally, we found that the inhibitory activity of 7f against histone deacetylase 6 catalytic activity (HDAC6) is more potent than that of belinostat. Finally, we observed the strong synergistic interaction between the derivative 7f and the proteasome bortezomib inhibitor (CI = 0.26), while belinostat and bortezomib showed synergism with a CI value of 0.36. Taken together, the above results suggest that 7f is a promising HDAC inhibitor deserving further investigation., Competing Interests: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Two series of 2-substituted benzimidazole conjugated 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against the three human cancer cell lines (cervical cancer (HeLa), breast cancer (MCF-7) and lung cancer (A549)). As the results 14 compounds demonstrated consistent to stronger cytotoxicities compared to the control 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) towards the tested cell lines including 4c (HeLa); 4b, 4e, 4h, 7i-j, 7m-n, 7s (MCF-7); 7b (MCF-7, A549); 7h (HeLa, MCF-7); and 4d, 4i, 7c (HeLa, MCF-7, A549), with the IC 50 ranging from 2.7 to 38 µM. Notably, compound 4b illustrated almost 5-fold activity against the MCF-7 while 4d, 4i were 9- and 8-fold (HeLa), 4.5- and 13-fold (MCF-7), 4.7- and 4-fold (A549) increase in activity compared to 5-FU, respectively, and were found as lead compounds. These findings suggest that compounds 4b, 4d and 4i merit further characterization and can serve as promising scaffolds in the discovery of new potent anticancer agents.

The novel multistimuli-responsive monofluorophoric supramolecular polymer Poly(TPE-DBC)/FL-DBA and pseudo[3]rotaxane TPE-DBC/FL-DBA consisted of the closed form of nonemissive fluorescein guest FL-DBA along with TPE-based main-chain macrocyclic polymer Poly(TPE-DBC) and TPE-functionalized macrocycle TPE-DBC hosts, respectively. By the combination of various external stimuli, these fluorescent supramolecular host-guest systems could reveal interesting photoluminescence (PL) properties in DMF/H 2 O (1:1, v/v) solutions, including bifluorophoric host-guest systems after the complexation of Al 3+ ion, i.e., TPE-DBC/FL-DBA-Al 3+ and Poly(TPE-DBC)/FL-DBA-Al 3+ with their corresponding open form of fluorescein guest FL-DBA-Al 3+ . Importantly, the Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) processes occurred in both bifluorophoric host-guest systems between blue-emissive TPE donors (λ em = 470 nm) and green-emissive fluorescein acceptors (λ em = 527 nm) after aluminum detection, which were further verified by time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) measurements to acquire their FRET efficiencies of 40.4 and 31.1%, respectively. Both supramolecular host-guest systems exhibited stronger green fluorescein emissions as well as appealing ratiometric PL behaviors within the desirable donor-acceptor distances of FRET processes in comparison with their detached analogous mixtures. Regarding the pH effects, the optimum green fluorescein emissions with effective FRET processes of all compounds and host-guest systems were sustained in the range pH = 7-10. Interestingly, both host-guest systems TPE-DBC/FL-DBA and Poly(TPE-DBC)/FL-DBA possessed high sensitivities and selectivities toward aluminum ion to display their strong green emissions via FRET-ON behaviors due to the chelation-induced ring opening of spirolactam moieties to become green-emissive guest acceptor FL-DBA-Al 3+ , which offered excellent limit of detection (LOD) values of 50.61 and 38.59 nM, respectively, to be further applied for the fabrication of facile test strips toward aluminum detection. Accordingly, the inventive ratiometric PL and FRET sensor approaches of supramolecular host-guest systems toward aluminum ion with prominent sensitivities and selectivities were well-established in this study.

A series of novel photo-switchable [2]rotaxanes (i.e., Rot-A-SP and Rot-B-SP before and after shuttling controlled by acid-base, respectively) containing one spiropyran (SP) unit (as a photochromic stopper) on the axle and two tetraphenylethylene (TPE) units on the macrocycle were synthesized via click reaction. Upon UV/visible light exposure, both mono-fluorophoric rotaxanes Rot-A-SP and Rot-B-SP with the closed form (i.e., non-emissive SP unit) could be transformed into the open form (i.e., red-emissive merocyanine (MC) unit) to acquire their respective bi-fluorophoric Rot-A-MC and Rot-B-MC reversibly. The aggregation-induced emission (AIE) properties of bi-fluorophoric TPE combined with MC AIEgens of these designed rotaxanes and mixtures in semi-aqueous solutions induced interesting ratiometric photoluminescence (PL) and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) behaviors, which were further investigated and verified by dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) measurements along with theoretical studies. Accordingly, in contrast to the model axle ( Axle-MC ) and the analogous mixture ( Mixture-MC , containing the axle and macrocycle components in a 1:1 molar ratio), more efficient FRET behaviors and stronger red PL emissions were obtained from dual-AIEgens between a blue-emissive TPE donor (PL emission at 468 nm) and a red-emissive MC acceptor (PL emission at 668 nm) in both novel photo-switchable [2]rotaxanes Rot-A-MC and Rot-B-MC under various external modulations, including water content, UV/Vis irradiation, pH value, and temperature. Furthermore, the reversible fluorescent photo-patterning applications of Rot-A-SP in a powder form and a solid film with excellent photochromic and fluorescent behaviors are first investigated in this report.

We have synthesized 50 benzimidazole (BMZ) derivatives with 1,2-phenylenediamines and aromatic aldehydes under mild oxidation conditions by using inexpensive, nontoxic inorganic salt sodium metabisulfite in a one-pot condensation reaction and screened their ability to interfere with Zika virus (ZIKV) infection utilizing a cell-based phenotypic assay. Seven BMZs inhibited an African ZIKV strain with a selectivity index (SI=CC 50 /EC 50 ) of 9-37. Structure-activity relationship analysis demonstrated that substitution at the C-2, N-1, and C-5 positions of the BMZ ring were important for anti-ZIKV activity. The hybrid structure of BMZ and naphthalene rings was a structural feature responsible for the high anti-ZIKV activity. Importantly, BMZs inhibited ZIKV in human neural stem cells, a physiologically relevant system considering the severe congenital anomalies, like microcephaly, caused by ZIKV infection. Compound 39 displayed the highest antiviral efficacy against the African ZIKV strain in Huh-7 (SI>37) and neural stem cells (SI=12). Compound 35 possessed the highest activity in Vero cells (SI=115). Together, our data indicate that BMZs derivatives have to be considered for the development of ZIKV therapeutic interventions., (© 2020 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

A novel amphiphilic aggregation-induced emission (AIE) copolymer, that is, poly(NIPAM- co -TPE-SP) , consisting of N -isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) as a hydrophilic unit and a tetraphenylethylene-spiropyran monomer ( TPE-SP ) as a bifluorophoric unit is reported. Upon UV exposure, the close form of non-emissive spiropyran (SP) in poly(NIPAM- co -TPE-SP) can be photo-switched to the open form of emissive merocyanine (MC) in poly(NIPAM- co -TPE-MC) in an aqueous solution, leading to ratiometric fluorescence of AIEgens between green TPE and red MC emissions at 517 and 627 nm, respectively, via Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). Distinct FRET processes of poly(NIPAM- co -TPE-MC) can be observed under various UV and visible light irradiations, acid-base conditions, thermal treatments, and cyanide ion interactions, which are also confirmed by theoretical studies. The subtle perturbations of environmental factors, such as UV exposure, pH value, temperature, and cyanide ion, can be detected in aqueous media by distinct ratiometric fluorescence changes of the FRET behavior in the amphiphilic poly(NIPAM- co -TPE-MC) . Moreover, the first FRET sensor polymer poly(NIPAM- co -TPE-MC) based on dual AIEgens of TPE and MC units is developed to show a very high selectivity and sensitivity with a low detection limit (LOD = 0.26 μM) toward the cyanide ion in water, which only contain an approximately 1% molar ratio of the bifluorophoric content and can be utilized in cellular bioimaging applications for cyanide detections.