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Background: Probiotics may prevent antibiotic-associated and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (AAD/CDAD). Many spinal cord injury centre (SCIC) practitioners consider probiotics generically and may not realise that efficacy can be strain-, dose- and disease-specific. In order to confirm these effects and fully evaluate the extent of probiotic effectiveness in these patients, a systematic review and meta-analysis is indicated., Methods: The following databases will be searched for relevant studies: Cochrane Library; Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (CRD) Database; CINAHL; PsycINFO; Embase; Medline; AMED; International Clinical Trials Registry Platform Search Portal and ISRCTN Registry and will hand search a list of conference proceedings. Any randomised controlled trials without restriction of publication status will be included with treatment of AAD/CDAD. Outcomes will include the effect of probiotic on the occurrence of AAD/CDAD and duration of diarrhoea, intensive care unit admission, hospital mortality and length of hospital stay. Two reviewers will independently screen the titles, abstracts or even full texts and extract data. Two other reviewers will assess study quality. Revman 5.1 software will be used to conduct meta-analysis and calculate the risk ratio for dichotomous data. Weighted mean difference or standard mean difference will be calculated for continuous data. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool will be used to assess the risk of bias., Discussion: This systematic review protocol will provide information on probiotic therapy for AAD and CDAD in spinal cord injury (SCI) population. The results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publication or conference presentation., Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO CRD42015016976.

Introduction: Subjective nonspecific upper aerodigestive symptoms are not uncommon after thyroid surgery. These are postulated to be related to injury of an extrinsic perithyroid nerve plexus that innervates the muscles of the supraglottic and glottic larynx. This plexus is thought to receive contributing branches from both the recurrent and superior laryngeal nerves., Patients and Methods: The technique of linear predictive coding was used to estimate the F(2) values from a sustained vowel /a/ in patients before and 48 hours after thyroid or parathyroid surgery. These patients were controlled against a matched pair undergoing surgery without any theoretical effect on the supraglottic musculature. In total, 12 patients were recruited into each group. Each patient had the formant frequency fluctuation (FFF) and the formant frequency fluctuation ratio (FFFR) calculated for F(1) and F(2)., Results: Mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) for all acoustic parameters revealed that the chiF(2)FF showed a significant "time" main effect (F(1,22)=7.196, P=0.014, partial eta(2)=0.246) and a significant "time by group interaction" effect (F(1,22)=8.036, P=0.010, eta(p)(2)=0.268), with changes over time for the thyroid group but not for the controls. Similarly, mean chiF(2)FFR showed a similar significant "time" main effect (F(1,22)=6.488, P=0.018, eta(p)(2)=0.228) and a "time by group interaction" effect (F(1,22)=7.134, P=0.014, eta(p)(2)=0.245)., Conclusions: This work suggests that thyroid surgery produces a significant reduction in vocal tract stability in contrast to the controls. This noninvasive measurement offers a potential instrument to investigate the functional implications of any disturbance that thyroid surgery may have on pharyngeal innervations., (2010 The Voice Foundation. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.)