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The loss-of-function mutation of AT-rich interactive domain 1A (ARID1A) frequently occurs in various types of cancer, making it a promising therapeutic target. In the present study, we performed a screening of an FDA-approved drug library in ARID1A isogenic colorectal cancer (CRC) cells and discovered that ARID1A loss sensitizes CRC cells to floxuridine (FUDR), an antineoplastic agent used for treating hepatic metastases from CRC, both in vivo and in vitro. As a pyrimidine analogue, FUDR induces DNA damage by inhibiting thymidylate synthase (TS) activity. ARID1A, as a regulator of DNA damage repair, when lost, exacerbates FUDR-induced DNA damage, leading to increased cell apoptosis. Specifically, ARID1A deficiency impairs DNA damage repair by downregulating Chk2 phosphorylation, thereby sensitizing cancer cells to FUDR. Notably, we found that FUDR exhibited increased sensitivity in ARID1A-deficient cells compared to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), a commonly used anticancer drug for CRC. This suggests that FUDR is superior to 5-FU in treating ARID1A-deficient CRC. In conclusion, ARID1A loss significantly heightens sensitivity to FUDR by promoting FUDR-induced DNA damage in CRC. These findings offer a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of CRC characterized by ARID1A loss-of-function mutations., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Prussian blue nanoparticles (PB NPs) exhibit multiple enzymatic activities, such as superoxide dismutase-like, catalase-like, and peroxidase-like activities, which enable them to effectively scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and demonstrate anti-inflammatory effects. To further enhance the enzymatic activity of PB NPs, it is crucial to explore the relationship between their physicochemical properties, such as size and crystallinity, and their enzymatic performance. In this study, PB NPs were synthesized using different pH levels and varying concentrations of cysteine (Cys) as a stabilizer. As the size decreases, crystallinity is gradually reduced, and defects increase. Cys-PB NPs with a smaller size and lower crystallinity exhibited high peroxidase-like activity, effectively reducing inflammation and scavenging intracellular ROS in vitro. Additionally, the stability of Cys-PB NPs plays a critical role in their anti-inflammatory properties, with higher stability favouring anti-inflammatory effect., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Autophagy is a universal degradation system in eukaryotic cells. In plants, although autophagosome biogenesis has been extensively studied, the mechanism of how autophagosomes are transported to the vacuole for degradation remains largely unexplored. In this study, we demonstrated that upon autophagy induction, Arabidopsis homotypic fusion and protein sorting (HOPS) subunit VPS41 converts first from condensates to puncta, then to ring-like structures, termed VPS41-associated phagic vacuoles (VAPVs), which enclose autophagy-related gene (ATG)8s for vacuolar degradation. This process is initiated by ADP ribosylation factor (ARF)-like GTPases ARLA1s and occurs concurrently with autophagy progression through coupling with the synaptic-soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein rmleceptor (SNARE) proteins. Unlike in other eukaryotes, autophagy degradation in Arabidopsis is largely independent of the RAB7 pathway. By contrast, dysfunction in the condensates-to-VAPVs conversion process impairs autophagosome structure and disrupts their vacuolar transport, leading to a significant reduction in autophagic flux and plant survival rate. Our findings suggest that the conversion pathway might be an integral part of the autophagy program unique to plants., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Fusarium root rot caused by the Fusarium species complex significantly affects the yield and quality of Angelica sinensis , a valuable medicinal herb. Traditional management primarily relies on chemical fungicides, which have led to pathogen resistance, environmental hazards, and concerns regarding public health and the active components in A. sinensis . This study explores the efficacy of a novel plant-derived biopesticide Shi Chuang Zhi Feng Ning (T1; SCZFN), alongside Bacillus subtilis wettable powder (T2) and a chemical fungicide (T3), in controlling root rot and understanding their impacts on the rhizosphere microbial community and root metabolome. Results of the field experiment demonstrated that treatments T1 and T3 achieved control efficiencies of 73.17% and 75.45%, respectively, significantly outperforming T2 (39.99%) and the control. High-throughput sequencing revealed that all treatments altered the diversity and structure of microbial communities, with T1 and T2 reducing the abundance of taxa linked to root rot, such as Muribaculaceae spp., Humicola spp., Fusarium spp., and Mycochlamys spp. Treatment T1 notably enhanced beneficial bacterial taxa, including Acidobacteria spp., Nitrospira spp., and Pedosphaeraceae spp., involved in carbon cycling and plant growth promotion. Metabolomic analysis identified 39, 105, and 45 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) across the treatments, demonstrating T1's potential to modulate the root metabolome effectively. Further, a correlation analysis demonstrated a stronger correlation between distinct microorganisms with significant influence and DEMs of T1 treatment compared to other treatments. These findings underscore biopesticide SCZFN's role in enhancing plant health and disease suppression in A. sinensis , providing insights into its biocontrol mechanisms and supporting the development of sustainable disease management strategies in its cultivation.

Introduction: This study aimed to explore whether the establishment of county medical alliances can improve satisfaction with the vertical integration of healthcare systems among rural medical and healthcare service provider managers and service providers. Our study also sought to provide recommendations for the sustainable development of vertical integration in healthcare systems., Methods: A semi-structured interview with 30 healthcare service providers was employed in this research, and Nvivo software was utilized to analyze factors that influence vertical integration. From April to July 2021, a multi-stage random sampling method was used to select participants. The sample included two leading hospitals in medical consortia, 15 member units (healthcare service providers and medical staff), two county-level hospitals, and 15 township health centers/community healthcare service centers from non-medical consortia. Questionnaire surveys were conducted with these groups. Factor analysis was used to calculate satisfaction scores for healthcare service providers with the cross-institutional synergistic development of healthcare systems in both medical and non-medical consortia (denoted as M(IQR)). Propensity score matching was employed to reduce confounding factors between groups. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare satisfaction differences between groups., Results: The overall satisfaction scores for lead-county hospital managers, member institution managers, medical staff at the lead-county hospital, and medical staff at member institutions were 4.80 (1.00), 4.17 (1.17), 4.00 (1.38), and 4.00 (1.12), respectively. Lead-county hospital managers' satisfaction with cross-institutional collaboration, development capacity enhancement, and structure and resource integration in the Medical Alliance group showed higher satisfaction than the Non-Medical Alliance. Similarly, lead-county hospital medical staff in the Medical Alliance group reported greater satisfaction with collaboration efforts, supportive environment, and development capacity enhancement. Notably, while the Medical Alliance group's satisfaction scores were higher, the differences between the two groups were not statistically significant for lead-county hospital managers and medical staff. The Medical Alliance group did show statistically significant differences in member institution managers' satisfaction with collaboration, development capacity enhancement, and structure and resource integration. Additionally, medical staff of member institutions in the Medical Alliance group reported statistically significant higher satisfaction with collaboration, supportive environment, development capacity enhancement, healthcare service integration, and human resource development., Conclusion: To facilitate the establishment of county medical alliances, managers of leading county-level hospitals should adopt a healthcare system integration strategy. This strategy involves evolution from being a member of a single institution to a coordinator of cross-institutional vertical integration of medical and healthcare services. Additionally, revamping remuneration and appraisal systems for members of county medical alliances is necessary. This will encourage cooperation among healthcare institutions within the three-tiered system and their medical staff, ultimately facilitating the provision of integrated services., Competing Interests: The authors have no competing interests to declare., (Copyright: © 2024 The Author(s).)

Bacteriophages, viruses that specifically target plant pathogenic bacteria, have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional agrochemicals. However, it remains unclear how phages should be applied to achieve efficient pathogen biocontrol and to what extent their efficacy is shaped by indirect interactions with the resident microbiota. Here, we tested if the phage biocontrol efficacy of Ralstonia solanacearum phytopathogenic bacterium can be improved by increasing the phage cocktail application frequency and if the phage efficacy is affected by pathogen-suppressing bacteria already present in the rhizosphere. We find that increasing phage application frequency improves R. solanacearum density control, leading to a clear reduction in bacterial wilt disease in both greenhouse and field experiments with tomato. The high phage application frequency also increased the diversity of resident rhizosphere microbiota and enriched several bacterial taxa that were associated with the reduction in pathogen densities. Interestingly, these taxa often belonged to Actinobacteria known for antibiotics production and soil suppressiveness. To test if they could have had secondary effects on R. solanacearum biocontrol, we isolated Actinobacteria from Nocardia and Streptomyces genera and tested their suppressiveness to the pathogen in vitro and in planta . We found that these taxa could clearly inhibit R. solanacearum growth and constrain bacterial wilt disease, especially when combined with the phage cocktail. Together, our findings unravel an undiscovered benefit of phage therapy, where phages trigger a second line of defense by the pathogen-suppressing bacteria that already exist in resident microbial communities., Importance: Ralstonia solanacearum is a highly destructive plant-pathogenic bacterium with the ability to cause bacterial wilt in several crucial crop plants. Given the limitations of conventional chemical control methods, the use of bacterial viruses (phages) has been explored as an alternative biological control strategy. In this study, we show that increasing the phage application frequency can improve the density control of R. solanacearum , leading to a significant reduction in bacterial wilt disease. Furthermore, we found that repeated phage application increased the diversity of rhizosphere microbiota and specifically enriched Actinobacterial taxa that showed synergistic pathogen suppression when combined with phages due to resource and interference competition. Together, our study unravels an undiscovered benefit of phages, where phages trigger a second line of defense by the pathogen-suppressing bacteria present in resident microbial communities. Phage therapies could, hence, potentially be tailored according to host microbiota composition to unlock the pre-existing benefits provided by resident microbiota., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Objective: This study aims to use machine learning techniques together with radiomics methods to build a preoperative predictive diagnostic model from spiral computed tomography (CT) images. The model is intended for the differential diagnosis of common jaw cystic lesions., Study Design: Retrospective, case-control study., Setting: This retrospective study was conducted at Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University (Guangzhou, Guangdong, China). All the data used to build the predictive diagnostic model were collected from 160 patients, who were treated at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University between 2019 and 2023., Methods: We included a total of 160 patients in this study. We extracted 107 radiomic features from each patient's CT scan images. After a feature selection process, we chose 15 of these radiomic features to construct the predictive diagnostic model., Results: Among the preoperative predictive diagnostic models built using 3 different machine learning methods (support vector machine, random forest [RF], and multivariate logistic regression), the RF model showed the best predictive performance. It demonstrated a sensitivity of 0.923, a specificity of 0.643, an accuracy of 0.825, and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.810., Conclusion: The preoperative predictive model, based on spiral CT radiomics and machine learning algorithms, shows promising differential diagnostic capabilities. For common jaw cystic lesions, this predictive model has potential clinical application value, providing a scientific reference for treatment decisions., (© 2024 American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Foundation.)

2D materials (2DMs), such as graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), and black phosphorus (BP), have been proposed for different types of bioapplications, owing to their unique physicochemical, electrical, optical, and mechanical properties. Liquid phase exfoliation (LPE), as one of the most effective up-scalable and size-controllable methods, is becoming the standard process to produce high quantities of various 2DM types as it can benefit from the use of green and biocompatible conditions. The resulting exfoliated layered materials have garnered significant attention because of their biocompatibility and their potential use in biomedicine as new multimodal therapeutics, antimicrobials, and biosensors. This review focuses on the production of LPE-assisted 2DMs in aqueous solutions with or without the aid of surfactants, bioactive, or non-natural molecules, providing insights into the possibilities of applications of such materials in the biological and biomedical fields., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) in aqueous solutions provides a simple, scalable, and green approach to produce 2D materials. By combining atomistic simulations with exfoliation experiments, the interaction between a surfactant and a 2D layer at the molecular scale can be better understood. In this work, two different dyes, corresponding to rhodamine B base (Rbb) and to a phenylboronic acid BODIPY (PBA-BODIPY) derivative, are employed as dispersants to exfoliate graphene and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) through sonication-assisted LPE. The exfoliated 2D sheets, mostly as few-layers, exhibit good quality and high loading of dyes. Using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, the binding free energies are calculated and the arrangement of both dyes on the layers are predicted. It has been found that the dyes show a higher affinity toward hBN than graphene, which is consistent with the higher yields of exfoliated hBN. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the adsorption behavior of Rbb molecules on graphene and hBN is quite different compared to PBA-BODIPY., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

ARID1A, a component of the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex, is frequently mutated in various cancer types and has emerged as a potential therapeutic target. In this study, we observed that ARID1A-deficient colorectal cancer (CRC) cells showed synthetic lethal effects with a p53 activator, RITA (reactivating p53 and inducing tumor apoptosis). RITA, an inhibitor of the p53-MDM2 interaction, exhibits increased sensitivity in ARID1A-deficient cells compared to ARID1A wild-type cells. Mechanistically, the observed synthetic lethality is dependent on both p53 activation and DNA damage accumulation, which are regulated by the interplay between ARID1A and RITA. ARID1A loss exhibits an opposing effect on p53 targets, leading to decreased p21 expression and increased levels of proapoptotic genes, PUMA and NOXA, which is further potentiated by RITA treatment, ultimately inducing cell apoptosis. Meanwhile, ARID1A loss aggravates RITA-induced DNA damage accumulation by downregulating Chk2 phosphorylation. Taken together, ARID1A loss significantly heightens sensitivity to RITA in CRC, revealing a novel synthetic lethal interaction between ARID1A and RITA. These findings present a promising therapeutic approach for colorectal cancer characterized by ARID1A loss-of-function mutations., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Ultrafast imaging can capture the dynamic scenes with a nanosecond and even femtosecond temporal resolution. Complementarily, phase imaging can provide the morphology, refractive index, or thickness information that intensity imaging cannot represent. Therefore, it is important to realize the simultaneous ultrafast intensity and phase imaging for achieving as much information as possible in the detection of ultrafast dynamic scenes. Here, we report a single-shot intensity- and phase-sensitive compressive sensing-based coherent modulation ultrafast imaging technique, shortened as CS-CMUI, which integrates coherent modulation imaging, compressive imaging, and streak imaging. We theoretically demonstrate through numerical simulations that CS-CMUI can obtain both the intensity and phase information of the dynamic scenes with ultrahigh fidelity. Furthermore, we experimentally build a CS-CMUI system and successfully measure the intensity and phase evolution of a multimode Q-switched laser pulse and the dynamical behavior of laser ablation on an indium tin oxide thin film. It is anticipated that CS-CMUI enables a profound comprehension of ultrafast phenomena and promotes the advancement of various practical applications, which will have substantial impact on fundamental and applied sciences.

Objective: This study analyzed and compared the biomechanical properties of maxillary sinus floor mucosa with implants at three different maxillary sinus angles during a modified internal sinus floor elevation procedure., Methods: 3D reconstruction of the implant, maxillary sinus bone, and membrane were performed. The maxillary sinus model was set at three different angles. Two internal maxillary sinus elevation models were established, and finite element analysis was used to simulate the modified maxillary sinus elevation process. The implant was elevated to 10 mm at three maxillary sinus angles when the maxillary sinus floor membrane was separated by 0 and 4 mm. The stress of the maxillary sinus floor membrane was analyzed and compared., Results: When the maxillary sinus floor membrane was separated by 0 mm and elevated to 10 mm, the peak stress values of the implant on the maxillary sinus floor membrane at three different angles were as follows: maxillary sinus I: 5.14-78.32 MPa; maxillary sinus II: 2.81-73.89 MPa; and maxillary sinus III: 2.82-51.87 MPa. When the maxillary sinus floor membrane was separated by 4 mm and elevated to 10 mm, the corresponding values were as follows: maxillary sinus I: 0.50-7.25 MPa; maxillary sinus II: 0.81-16.55 MPa; and maxillary sinus III: 0.49-22.74 MPa., Conclusion: The risk of sinus floor membrane rupture is greatly reduced after adequate dissection of the maxillary sinus floor membrane when performing modified internal sinus elevation in a narrow maxillary sinus. In a wide maxillary sinus, the risk of rupture or perforation of the wider maxillary sinus floor is reduced, regardless of whether traditional or modified internal sinus elevation is performed at the same height., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

This work introduces a novel method to construct Schottky junctions to boost the output performance of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). Perovskite barium zirconium titanate (BZT) core/metal silver shell nanoparticles are synthesized to be embedded into electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP) nanofibers before they are used as tribo-negative layers. The output power of TENGs with composite fiber mat exhibited >600% increase compared to that with neat polymer fiber mat. The best TENG achieved 1339 V in open-circuit voltage, 40 µA in short-circuit current and 47.9 W m -2 in power density. The Schottky junctions increased charge carrier density in tribo-layers, ensuring a high charge transfer rate while keeping the content of conductive fillers low, thus avoiding charge loss and improving performance. These TENGs are utilized to power radio frequency identification (RFID) tags for backscatter communication (BackCom) systems, enabling ultra-massive connectivity in the 6G wireless networks and reducing information communications technology systems' carbon footprint. Specifically, TENGs are used to provide an additional energy source to the passive tags. Results show that TENGs can boost power for BackCom and increase the communication range by 386%. This timely contribution offers a novel route for sustainable 6G applications by exploiting the expanded communication range of BackCom tags., (© 2023 The Authors. Advanced Science published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Objective: The aim of this study was to present an innovative surgical protocol, navigation-based endoscopic enucleation (NBEE) for the treatment of large mandibular cystic lesions involving the mandibular ramus., Methods: Twelve patients who presented with a large mandibular cystic lesion involving the mandibular ramus were enrolled in this study. Preoperative planning and intraoperative navigation were performed in all 12 patients., Results: All patients in this study were treated with navigation-based endoscopic enucleation successfully. The follow-up period ranged from 7 to 10 months. Bone regenerated was found in all patients postoperatively. Three patients experienced temporary mandibular nerve palsy, and all relieved within 2 months. No pathological bone fracture was found during surgery., Conclusions: The use of navigation-based endoscopic enucleation (NBEE) for the treatment of large mandibular cystic lesions involving the ramus proved to be an effective method for complete and precise enucleation of the cystic lesion that also preserved the surrounding tissue., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Biomolecular condensates are triggered by multivalent interactions conferred by the intrinsically disordered regions and/or interacting domains within the constituents. While light microscopy has provided powerful tools to study the dynamics of intracellular condensates, electron microscopy (EM) gives more detailed insights into their ultrastructure and spatial connectivity with membrane system. In this chapter, we describe the methods for detecting the membraneless condensates in plant cells by high-pressure freezing -based EM coupled with immuno-gold labeling and correlative light electron microscopy techniques, which may benefit researchers in future studies., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Competing Interests: Conflicts of interests: We have no competing interests to declare.

Boron nitride (BN) nanomaterials have drawn a lot of interest in the material science community. However, extensive research is still needed to thoroughly analyze their safety profiles. Herein, we investigated the pulmonary impact and clearance of two-dimensional hexagonal boron nitride ( h -BN) nanosheets and boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) in mice. Animals were exposed by single oropharyngeal aspiration to h -BN or BNNTs. On days 1, 7, and 28, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids and lungs were collected. On one hand, adverse effects on lungs were evaluated using various approaches ( e.g ., immune response, histopathology, tissue remodeling, and genotoxicity). On the other hand, material deposition and clearance from the lungs were assessed. Two-dimensional h -BN did not cause any significant immune response or lung damage, although the presence of materials was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. In addition, the low aspect ratio h -BN nanosheets were internalized rapidly by phagocytic cells present in alveoli, resulting in efficient clearance from the lungs. In contrast, high aspect ratio BNNTs caused a strong and long-lasting inflammatory response, characterized by sustained inflammation up to 28 days after exposure and the activation of both innate and adaptive immunity. Moreover, the presence of granulomatous structures and an indication of ongoing fibrosis as well as DNA damage in the lung parenchyma were evidenced with these materials. Concurrently, BNNTs were identified in lung sections for up to 28 days, suggesting long-term biopersistence, as previously demonstrated for other high aspect ratio nanomaterials with poor lung clearance such as multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Overall, we reveal the safer toxicological profile of BN-based two-dimensional nanosheets in comparison to their nanotube counterparts. We also report strong similarities between BNNTs and MWCNTs in lung response, emphasizing their high aspect ratio as a major driver of their toxicity.

Hyperspectrally compressed ultrafast photography (HCUP) based on compressed sensing and time- and spectrum-to-space mappings can simultaneously realize the temporal and spectral imaging of non-repeatable or difficult-to-repeat transient events with a passive manner in single exposure. HCUP possesses an incredibly high frame rate of tens of trillions of frames per second and a sequence depth of several hundred, and therefore plays a revolutionary role in single-shot ultrafast optical imaging. However, due to ultra-high data compression ratios induced by the extremely large sequence depth, as well as limited fidelities of traditional algorithms over the image reconstruction process, HCUP suffers from a poor image reconstruction quality and fails to capture fine structures in complex transient scenes. To overcome these restrictions, we report a flexible image reconstruction algorithm based on a total variation (TV) and cascaded denoisers (CD) for HCUP, named the TV-CD algorithm. The TV-CD algorithm applies the TV denoising model cascaded with several advanced deep learning-based denoising models in the iterative plug-and-play alternating direction method of multipliers framework, which not only preserves the image smoothness with TV, but also obtains more priori with CD. Therefore, it solves the common sparsity representation problem in local similarity and motion compensation. Both the simulation and experimental results show that the proposed TV-CD algorithm can effectively improve the image reconstruction accuracy and quality of HCUP, and may further promote the practical applications of HCUP in capturing high-dimensional complex physical, chemical and biological ultrafast dynamic scenes.

The carbonate rock formations have obvious dual media characteristics, fracture development and good physical conditions, which are the main seepage channels and storage spaces for gas after the reconstruction of underground gas storage. The carbonate strata of the Ordovician system are important natural gas reservoirs in the eastern area of Sulige Gas Field in the Ordos Basin, and the identification and characterization of their fractures are of great significance for the modeling of fractures in the later stage and the improvement of the operation scheme of the gas storage. At present, there is little research on fractures, which restricts exploration and development. Therefore, taking the 39-61 gas storage reservoir in the eastern area of Sulige Gas Field in the Ordos Basin as the research object, this paper identifies and studies the characteristics of the fractures by core, microscopic, conventional logging curves, and imaging logging identification. The results show that the fracture length ranges from 5 to 15 cm and the width ranges from 0.1 to 3 mm. The fracture angles are mostly between 75° and 90° and the main direction is NW-SE. In conventional logging curves, porosity logging has a good response to fractures, while resistivity logging has a general response to fractures; In layers with more developed fractures, natural gamma values are mostly higher than 40API, rock volume density is less than 2.8 g/cm 3 , neutron porosity is greater than 12.5%, and acoustic time difference is greater than 160 μ s/m. This study is of great significance for improving the identification of carbonate fractures, enriching the relevant theories, and providing guidance for the construction of carbonate gas storage., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Metal sulfides are highly promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries due to their high theoretical capacity and ease of designing morphology and structure. In this study, a metal-organic framework (ZIF-8/67 dodecahedron) was used as a precursor due to its large specific surface area, adjustable pore structure, morphology, composition, and multiple active sites in electrochemical reactions. The ZIF-8/67/GO was synthesized using a water bath method by introducing graphene; the dispersibility of ZIF-8/67 was improved, the conductivity increased, and the volume expansion phenomenon that occurs during the electrochemical deintercalation of sodium was prevented. Furthermore, vulcanization was carried out to obtain ZnS/CoS@C/rGO composite materials, which were tested for their electrochemical properties. The results showed that the ZnS/CoS@C/rGO composite was successfully synthesized, with dodecahedrons dispersed in large graphene layers. It maintained a capacity of 414.8 mAh g -1 after cycling at a current density of 200 mA g -1 for 70 times, exhibiting stable rate performance with a reversible capacity of 308.0 mAh g -1 at a high current of 2 A g -1 . The excellent rate performance of the composite is attributed to its partial pseudocapacitive contribution. The calculation of the diffusion coefficient of Na + indicates that the rapid sodium ion migration rate of this composite material is also one of the reasons for its excellent performance. This study highlights the broad application prospects of metal-organic framework-derived metal sulfides as anode materials for sodium-ion batteries.

As a fundamental metabolic pathway, autophagy plays important roles in plant growth and development, particularly under stress conditions. A set of autophagy-related (ATG) proteins is recruited for the formation of a double-membrane autophagosome. Among them, the essential roles of ATG2, ATG18, and ATG9 have been well established in plant autophagy via genetic analysis; however, the underlying molecular mechanism for ATG2 in plant autophagosome formation remains poorly understood. In this study, we focused on the specific role of ATG2 in the trafficking of ATG18a and ATG9 during autophagy in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Under normal conditions, YFP-ATG18a proteins are partially localized on late endosomes and translocated to ATG8e-labeled autophagosomes upon autophagic induction. Real-time imaging analysis revealed sequential recruitment of ATG18a on the phagophore membrane, showing that ATG18a specifically decorated the closing edges and finally disassociated from the completed autophagosome. However, in the absence of ATG2, most of the YFP-ATG18a proteins are arrested on autophagosomal membranes. Ultrastructural and 3D tomography analysis showed that unclosed autophagosome structures are accumulated in the atg2 mutant, displaying direct connections with the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and vesicular structures. Dynamic analysis of ATG9 vesicles suggested that ATG2 depletion also affects the association between ATG9 vesicles and the autophagosomal membrane. Furthermore, using interaction and recruitment analysis, we mapped the interaction relationship between ATG2 and ATG18a, implying a possible role of ATG18a in recruiting ATG2 and ATG9 to the membrane. Our findings unveil a specific role of ATG2 in coordinating ATG18a and ATG9 trafficking to mediate autophagosome closure in Arabidopsis., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest statement. None declared., (© American Society of Plant Biologists 2023. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: We have modified the internal sinus elevation by combining it with the sinus mucoperiosteum stripping procedure, which further increases the indications for the internal lift. Similar long-term clinical follow-up studies and three-dimensional finite element analyses are rare., Objective: This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of the modified internal sinus floor elevation method in patients with low residual bone height using a three-dimensional (3D) finite element model and report on the long-term outcomes., Materials and Methods: Overall, 99 implants were placed in 86 patients. All patients were followed-up for 3-24 months. The modified internal sinus floor elevation was dynamically simulated using a 3D finite element model, and the stress of the sinus membrane was measured., Results: In trial group A (modified internal sinus floor elevation group), 57 implants were placed in 52 patients. The sinus floor height was lifted by 6.5 mm (95%confidence interval (CI): 6.2-6.8). The perforation rate was 8.8%, and the implant survival rate was 96.5%. In control group B (external sinus floor elevation group), 42 implants were placed in 34 patients. The sinus floor height was lifted by 8.8 mm (95%CI: 8.4-9.3). The perforation rate was 14.3%, and the implant survival rate was 100%. In trial group A, compared with the control group B, perforation decreased by 5.5% (odds ratio = 0.50 and 95%CI: 0.14-1.78; p = 0.282), and the sinus floor lift height was 2.3 mm lower (95%CI, 1.8-2.9; p < 0.001). The finite element analysis showed that the peak stress of the sinus membrane increased with an increase in height elevation and degree of membrane separation., Conclusion: Our findings indicate the positive clinical outcomes in patients with low RBH associated with the modified internal sinus elevation procedure., (© 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Introduction: Vaccination rates for the COVID-19 vaccine have recently been stagnant worldwide. We aim to analyze the potential patterns of vaccination development from the first three doses to reveal the possible trends of the next round of vaccination and further explore the factors influencing vaccination in the selected populations., Methods: On July 2022, a stratified multistage random sampling method in the survey was conducted to select 6,781 people from 4 provinces China, who were above the age of 18 years. Participants were divided into two groups based on whether they had a chronic disease. The data were run through Cochran-Armitage trend test and multivariable regression analyses., Results: A total of 957 participants with chronic disease and 5,454 participants without chronic disease were included in this survey. Vaccination rates for the first, second and booster doses in chronic disease population were93.70% (95% CI: 92.19-95.27%), 91.12% (95%CI: 94.43-95.59%), and 83.18% (95%CI: 80.80-85.55%) respectively. By contrast, the first, second and booster vaccination rates for the general population were 98.02% (95% CI: 97.65-98.39%), 95.01% (95% CI: 94.43-95.59%) and 85.06% (95% CI: 84.11-86.00%) respectively. The widening gap in vaccination rates was observed as the number of vaccinations increases. Higher self-efficacy was a significant factor in promoting vaccination, which has been observed in all doses of vaccines. Higher education level, middle level physical activity and higher public prevention measures play a positive role in vaccination among the general population, while alcohol consumption acts as a significant positive factor in the chronic disease population ( p  < 0.05)., Conclusion: As the number of vaccinations increases, the trend of decreasing vaccination rate is becoming more pronounced. In future regular vaccinations, we may face low vaccination rates as the increasing number of infections and the fatigue associated with the prolonged outbreak hamper vaccination. Measures need to be found to counter this downward trend such as improving the self-efficacy of the population., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Wu, Guo, Zhou, Wang, Gu, Miao, Tarimo, He, Xing and Ye.)

Macroautophagy/autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved degradative process essential for cell homeostasis and development in eukaryotes, involves autophagosome formation and fusion with a lysosome/vacuole. The soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins play important roles in regulating autophagy in mammals and yeast, but relatively little is known about SNARE function in plant autophagy. Here we identified and characterized two Arabidopsis SNAREs, AT4G15780/VAMP724 and AT1G04760/VAMP726, involved in plant autophagy. Phenotypic analysis showed that mutants of VAMP724 and VAMP726 are sensitive to nutrient-starved conditions. Live-cell imaging on mutants of VAMP724 and VAMP726 expressing YFP-ATG8e showed the formation of abnormal autophagic structures outside the vacuoles and compromised autophagic flux. Further immunogold transmission electron microscopy and electron tomography (ET) analysis demonstrated a direct connection between the tubular autophagic structures and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in vamp724-1 vamp726-1 double mutants. Further transient co-expression, co-immunoprecipitation and double immunogold TEM analysis showed that ATG9 (autophagy related 9) interacts and colocalizes with VAMP724 and VAMP726 in ATG9-positive vesicles during autophagosome formation. Taken together, VAMP724 and VAMP726 regulate autophagosome formation likely working together with ATG9 in Arabidopsis . Abbreviations: ATG, autophagy related; BTH, benzo-(1,2,3)-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester; Conc A, concanamycin A; EM, electron microscopy; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; FRET, Förster/fluorescence resonance energy transfer; MS, Murashige and Skoog; MVB, multivesicular body; PAS, phagophore assembly site; PM, plasma membrane; PVC, prevacuolar compartment; SNARE, soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor; TEM, transmission electron microscopy; TGN, trans -Golgi network; WT, wild-type.

Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Wheat is an essential food crop and its high and stable yield is suffering from great challenges due to the limitations of current breeding technology and various stresses. Accelerating molecularly assisted stress-resistance breeding is critical. Through a meta-analysis of published loci in wheat over the last two decades, we selected 60 loci with main breeding objectives, high heritability, and reliable genotyping, such as stress resistance, yield, plant height, and resistance to spike germination. Then, using genotyping by target sequencing (GBTS) technology, we developed a liquid phase chip based on 101 functional or closely linked markers. The genotyping of 42 loci was confirmed in an extensive collection of Chinese wheat cultivars, indicating that the chip can be used in molecular-assisted selection (MAS) for target breeding goals. Besides, we can perform the preliminary parentage analysis with the genotype data. The most significant contribution of this work lies in translating a large number of molecular markers into a viable chip and providing reliable genotypes. Breeders can quickly screen germplasm resources, parental breeding materials, and intermediate materials for the presence of excellent allelic variants using the genotyping data by this chip, which is high throughput, convenient, reliable, and cost-efficient., Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-023-01359-3., Competing Interests: Competing interestsYH and YG are employees of Mol Breeding Biotechnology Co., Ltd., (© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.)

The strata of the Shan 2 Member of the Shanxi Formation of Permian(S2)in the LQ Gas Field in the northeast of the Ordos Basin restrict the study of sand body distribution and lateral distribution. The accuracy of sand body prediction is reduced, which greatly affects the exploration and development of oil and gas. In order to accurately characterize the transverse distribution of sand bodies and improve the prediction accuracy of sand bodies, S2 is divided by the sequence stratigraphy method. Research based on the traditional stratigraphic division method includes seismic, logging, and core data. The logging curve is processed by INPEFA and the wavelet transform to reduce artificial division interference. The range of the S2 section is limited by the seismic interpretation surface. The maximum entropy spectral analysis and the wavelet transform are used for fine division, and S2 is divided into 1 long-term base level cycle, 6 medium-term base level cycles, and 11 short-term base level cycles. The fine stratigraphic division improves the exploration accuracy of oil and gas reservoirs., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2023 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

Structured illumination microscopy (SIM), as a flexible tool, has been widely applied to observing subcellular dynamics in live cells. It is noted, however, that SIM still encounters a problem with theoretical resolution limitation being only twice over wide-field microscopy, where imaging of finer biological structures and dynamics are significantly constrained. To surpass the resolution limitation of SIM, we developed an image postprocessing method to further improve the lateral resolution of SIM by an untrained neural network, i.e., deep resolution-enhanced SIM (DRE-SIM). DRE-SIM can further extend the spatial frequency components of SIM by employing the implicit priors based on the neural network without training datasets. The further super-resolution capability of DRE-SIM is verified by theoretical simulations as well as experimental measurements. Our experimental results show that DRE-SIM can achieve the resolution enhancement by a factor of about 1.4 compared with conventional SIM. Given the advantages of improving the lateral resolution while keeping the imaging speed, DRE-SIM will have a wide range of applications in biomedical imaging, especially when high-speed imaging mechanisms are integrated into the conventional SIM system., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (© 2022 Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Optica Open Access Publishing Agreement.)

Structure has been considered to play an important role in photocatalytic performance of the semiconductors, but the intrinsic factors were rarely revealed. Herein, ZnO nanomaterials in the structures of thin film, nanowire array and nanosheet array were synthesized, and their structural characteristics, optical properties, photocurrent response and photocatalytic efficiency were compared with each other for illustrating the issue. The photoluminescence intensity decreased in the order of nanosheets, thin film and nanowires for improved lifetime of the photoexcited charges. The absorption of the nanosheets and nanowires improved obviously in the visible range with a redshift of the absorption edge than that of the thin film. The nanowires possessed the highest response current of 82.65 μA at a response time of 2.0 ms in a sensitivity of 87.93 at the light frequency of 1 Hz, and gained the largest catalytic efficiency of 2.45 μg/cm 2  h for the methylene blue degradation in UV light. Nevertheless, the improvement of catalytic efficiency of the nanosheets (up to 42.4%) was much larger than that of nanowires (5.7%) and thin film (2.6%) for the Au coating. The analysis revealed that the photocatalytic efficiency of the ZnO nanomaterials was modulated by the structure as it contained different surface area, roughness, defect and doping states, vacancies, polar and non-polar crystalline faces, which would provide structural design of semiconductor nanomaterials for the photoelectric and photocatalytic applications., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Natural fibre biopolymer composites with both fibres and matrix being derived from biomaterials are increasingly used in demanding applications, such as sensing, packaging, building, and transport, and require good electrical, thermal, and flame retardant properties. Herein, an investigation of the effectiveness of functionalising nonwoven cotton/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) fibre mats with graphene oxide nanosheets has been reported by using a facile dip-coating method followed by thermal reduction for enhancing the electric, thermal, and abrasion-resistance properties. The manufacturing processes for preparing biocomposites and introducing functionality are readily scalable. Experimental results reveal that with the addition of less than 0.5 wt% graphene nanoplatelets, the biocomposites showed significant improvements in abrasion resistance, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and diffusivity. Furthermore, the composite shows excellent piezo-resistivity to act as strain sensors with a gauge factor of 2.59 at strains up to 1%.

Studying the regulatory mechanisms that drive nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) in crops is important for sustainable agriculture and environmental protection. In this study, we generated a high-quality genome assembly for the high-NUE wheat cultivar Kenong 9204 and systematically analyzed genes related to nitrogen uptake and metabolism. By comparative analyses, we found that the high-affinity nitrate transporter gene family had expanded in Triticeae. Further studies showed that subsequent functional differentiation endowed the expanded family members with saline inducibility, providing a genetic basis for improving the adaptability of wheat to nitrogen deficiency in various habitats. To explore the genetic and molecular mechanisms of high NUE, we compared genomic and transcriptomic data from the high-NUE cultivar Kenong 9204 (KN9204) and the low-NUE cultivar Jing 411 and quantified their nitrogen accumulation under high- and low-nitrogen conditions. Compared with Jing 411, KN9204 absorbed significantly more nitrogen at the reproductive stage after shooting and accumulated it in the shoots and seeds. Transcriptome data analysis revealed that nitrogen deficiency clearly suppressed the expression of genes related to cell division in the young spike of Jing 411, whereas this suppression of gene expression was much lower in KN9204. In addition, KN9204 maintained relatively high expression of NPF genes for a longer time than Jing 411 during seed maturity. Physiological and transcriptome data revealed that KN9204 was more tolerant of nitrogen deficiency than Jing 411, especially at the reproductive stage. The high NUE of KN9204 is an integrated effect controlled at different levels. Taken together, our data provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of NUE and important gene resources for improving wheat cultivars with a higher NUE trait., (Copyright © 2022 The Author. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Following the discovery of nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) has been identified as the third gasotransmitter in humans. Increasing evidence have shown that H 2 S is of preventive or therapeutic effects on diverse pathological complications. As a consequence, it is of great significance to develop suitable approaches of H 2 S-based therapeutics for biomedical applications. H 2 S-releasing agents (H 2 S donors) play important roles in exploring and understanding the physiological functions of H 2 S. More importantly, accumulating studies have validated the theranostic potential of H 2 S donors in extensive repertoires of in vitro and in vivo disease models. Thus, it is imperative to summarize and update the literatures in this field. In this review, first, the background of H 2 S on its chemical and biological aspects is concisely introduced. Second, the studies regarding the H 2 S-releasing compounds are categorized and described, and accordingly, their H 2 S-donating mechanisms, biological applications, and therapeutic values are also comprehensively delineated and discussed. Necessary comparisons between related H 2 S donors are presented, and the drawbacks of many typical H 2 S donors are analyzed and revealed. Finally, several critical challenges encountered in the development of multifunctional H 2 S donors are discussed, and the direction of their future development as well as their biomedical applications is proposed. We expect that this review will reach extensive audiences across multiple disciplines and promote the innovation of H 2 S biomedicine., (© 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Being capable of passively capturing transient scenes occurring in picoseconds and even shorter time with an extremely large sequence depth in a snapshot, compressed ultrafast photography (CUP) has aroused tremendous attention in ultrafast optical imaging. However, the high compression ratio induced by large sequence depth brings the problem of low image quality in image reconstruction, preventing CUP from observing transient scenes with fine spatial information. To overcome these restrictions, we propose an efficient image reconstruction algorithm with multi-scale (MS) weighted denoising based on the plug-and-play (PnP) based alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) framework for multi-channel coupled CUP (MC-CUP), named the MCMS-PnP algorithm. By removing non-Gaussian distributed noise using weighted MS denoising during each iteration of the ADMM, and adaptively adjusting the weights via sufficiently exploiting the coupling information among different acquisition channels collected by MC-CUP, a synergistic combination of hardware and algorithm can be realized to significantly improve the quality of image reconstruction. Both simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed adaptive MCMS-PnP algorithm can effectively improve the accuracy and quality of reconstructed images in MC-CUP, and extend the detectable range of CUP to transient scenes with fine structures.

The homotypic fusion and protein sorting (HOPS) complex is a conserved, multi-subunit tethering complex in eukaryotic cells. In yeast and mammalian cells, the HOPS subunit vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 41 (VPS41) is recruited to late endosomes after Ras-related protein 7 (Rab7) activation and is essential for vacuole fusion. However, whether VPS41 plays conserved roles in plants is not clear. Here, we demonstrate that in the model plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), VPS41 localizes to distinct condensates in root cells in addition to its reported localization at the tonoplast. The formation of condensates does not rely on the known upstream regulators but depends on VPS41 self-interaction and is essential for vegetative growth regulation. Genetic evidence indicates that VPS41 is required for both homotypic vacuole fusion and cargo sorting from the adaptor protein complex 3, Rab5, and Golgi-independent pathways but is dispensable for the Rab7 cargo inositol transporter 1. We also show that VPS41 has HOPS-independent functions in vacuolar transport. Taken together, our findings indicate that Arabidopsis VPS41 is a unique subunit of the HOPS complex that carries out plant-specific roles in both vacuolar transport and developmental regulation., (© American Society of Plant Biologists 2022. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) has been widely applied to investigating fine structures of biological samples by breaking the optical diffraction limitation. So far, video-rate imaging has been obtained in SIM, but the imaging speed was still limited due to the reconstruction of a super-solution image through multi-sampling, which hindered the applications in high-speed biomedical imaging. To overcome this limitation, here we develop compressive imaging-based structured illumination microscopy (CISIM) by synergizing SIM and compressive sensing (CS). Compared with conventional SIM, CISIM can greatly improve the super-resolution imaging speed by extracting multiple super-resolution images from one compressed image. Based on CISIM, we successfully reconstruct the super-resolution images in biological dynamics, and analyze the effect factors of image reconstruction quality, which verify the feasibility of CISIM. CISIM paves a way for high-speed super-resolution imaging, which may bring technological breakthroughs and significant applications in biomedical imaging.

Type 4 P-type ATPases (P4-ATPases) actively and selectively translocate phospholipids across membrane bilayers. Driven by ATP hydrolysis, P4-ATPases undergo conformational changes during lipid flipping. It is unclear how the active flipping states of P4-ATPases are regulated in the lipid membranes, especially for phosphatidylcholine (PC)-flipping P4-ATPases whose substrate, PC, is a substantial component of membranes. Here, we report the cryoelectron microscopy structures of a yeast PC-flipping P4-ATPase, Dnf1, in lipid environments. In native yeast lipids, Dnf1 adopts a conformation in which the lipid flipping pathway is disrupted. Only when the lipid composition is changed can Dnf1 be captured in the active conformations that enable lipid flipping. These results suggest that, in the native membrane, Dnf1 may stay in an idle conformation that is unable to support the trans-membrane movement of lipids. Dnf1 may have altered conformational preferences in membranes with different lipid compositions., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells that exclusively resorb bone matrix proteins and minerals on the bone surface. They differentiate from monocyte/macrophage-lineage cells in the presence of osteoclastogenic cytokines such as the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) and are stained positive for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP). In vitro, osteoclast formation assays are commonly used to assess the capacity of osteoclast precursor cells for differentiating into osteoclasts wherein the number of TRAP-positive multinucleated cells are counted as osteoclasts. Osteoclasts are manually identified on cell culture dishes by human eyes, which is a labor-intensive process. Moreover, the manual procedure is not objective and result in lack of reproducibility. To accelerate the process and reduce the workload for counting the number of osteoclasts, we developed OC&#95;Finder, a fully automated system for identifying osteoclasts in microscopic images. OC&#95;Finder consists of cell image segmentation with a watershed algorithm and cell classification using deep learning. OC&#95;Finder detected osteoclasts differentiated from wild-type and Sh3bp2 KI/+ precursor cells at a 99.4% accuracy for segmentation and at a 98.1% accuracy for classification. The number of osteoclasts classified by OC&#95;Finder was at the same accuracy level with manual counting by a human expert. OC&#95;Finder also showed consistent performance on additional datasets collected with different microscopes with different settings by a different operator. Together, successful development of OC&#95;Finder suggests that deep learning is a useful tool to perform prompt and accurate unbiased classification and detection of specific cell types in microscopic images., Competing Interests: Conflict of interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Hybrid necrosis, caused by complementary genes Ne1 and Ne2, is a serious barrier for combining desirable traits from different genotypes of wheat, affecting the full utilisation of heterosis. To date, both Ne1 and Ne2 are still not isolated although they were documented decades ago. We report here the map-based cloning and functional characterisation of Ne2, encoding a coiled coil-nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat (CC-NBS-LRR) protein. Homozygous frameshift mutations generated using the CRISPR/Cas9 approach confirmed the Ne2-inducing hybrid necrosis in wheat. Upregulated expression of Ne2 induced by Ne1 and excess hydrogen peroxide accumulation are associated with the necrosis formation. Genetic analyses of a Ne2 allele (Ne2 m ) and leaf rust resistance gene LrLC10/Lr13 revealed that they might be the same gene. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the frequency of the Ne2 allele was much lower in landraces (2.00%) compared with that in modern cultivars (13.62%), suggesting that Ne2 allele has been partially applied in wheat genetic improvement. Our findings open opportunities of thoroughly investigating the molecular mechanism of hybrid necrosis, selecting Lr13 and simultaneously avoiding hybrid necrosis in wheat breeding through marker-assisted selection., (© 2021 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2021 New Phytologist Foundation.)

Key Message: Hybrid necrosis gene Ne1 was delimited into an approximate 4.06 Mb region on chromosome arm 5BL and an InDel marker that co-segregated with Ne1 alleles was developed. Hybrid necrosis in wheat, characterized by progressive chlorosis and necrosis of plant leaves, tillers or whole plants in certain hybrids, is caused by complementary genes Ne1 and Ne2 located on chromosome arms 5BL and 2BS, respectively. Hybrid necrosis can be a barrier in combining desirable traits from various wheat genotypes. In this study, we fine mapped Ne1 on chromosome arm 5BL, and delimited it to a 4.06 Mb region using large segregating recombinant inbred line families from cross 'Zhengnong 17' × 'Yangbaimai'. Genetic characterization confirmed that the ne1 allele was closely associated with a 2.89 Mb deletion in Zhengnong 17. A tightly linked InDel marker, 5B-InDel385, for Ne1 was developed and was used to predict the presence of Ne1 in a diverse panel of 501 common wheat accessions. Among those accessions, 122 (61%) of 200 landraces were predicted to carry the Ne1 allele, whereas only 79 (26%) of 301 modern cultivars were predicted to carry Ne1. The significant decrease in Ne1 frequency in modern cultivars indicated that the Ne1 allele had been negatively selected in wheat breeding. This study provides a foundation for marker-assisted selection, gene cloning and functional studies of Ne1 in wheat., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Hybrid piezo-triboelectric nanogenerators constitute a new class of self-powered systems that exploit the synergy of piezoelectric and triboelectric mechanisms to improve energy harvesting efficencies and address the energy and power needs of portable and wearable electronic devices. The unique, synergistic electrical coupling mechanisms of piezoelectric and triboelectric effects increase the electric outputs and energy conversion efficiency of hybrid generators to beyond a linear summation of the contributions from individual triboelectric and piezoelectric mechanisms. Due to their large surface-area-to-volume ratios and outstanding mechanical, electronic and thermal properties, nanomaterials are favourable building blocks for constructing hybrid nanogenerators and represent a large family of flexible energy harvesting electronic structures and devices. Herein, we review the recent advances of hybrid piezo-triboelectric nanogenerators, with a particular focus on microstructure design, synergy mechanisms, and future research opportunities with significant potential for physiological monitoring, health care applications, transportation, and energy harvesting. The main strategies for improving electrical output performance are identified and examined, including novel nanostructures for increasing the contact area of the triboelectric pair, and nano-additives for enhancing the surface potential difference between the triboelectric pair and piezoelectric layers. Future applications and commercialization opportunities of these nanogenerators are also reviewed., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents (CAs) have drawn increasing attention in cancer diagnosis. However, since the signals they generate are always "on" and may bring interfering background signals to the region of interest, their selectivity and sensitivity need further improvement. Herein, extremely small iron oxide nanoparticles (ESIONPs) conjugated through a disulfide bond with polyethylene glycol (PEG) that is terminally modified with folic acid (FA), namely ESIONPs-s-s-PEG-FA, were designed and synthesized to target tumor tissues and selectively activate the T2 MRI contrast effect in the reducing environment of tumor cells. Due to the breakage of disulfide bonds by the high glutathione (GSH) concentration in tumor cells, the hydrophilic PEG chains detached from the surface of ESIONPs, which led to the aggregation of ESIONPs and the activation of the T2 contrast effect. In vitro results showed that ESIONPs-s-s-PEG-FA could effectively target tumors to assemble in the reductive environment and switch from a T1 contrast agent (CA) to a T2 one. Furthermore, MRI in tumor-bearing mice also indicated the obvious targeting capacity and the "turn on" of the T2 contrast effect. In addition, the results of the biosafety assay suggest that the tumor-targeted T1/T2 switchable CA is equipped with favorable biocompatibility for cancer diagnosis.

Aim: In 9-17-year-old Chinese girls, the AS04-adjuvanted HPV-16/18 vaccine (AS04-HPV-16/18) given as three-dose schedule induced high antibody levels, which were noninferior 1 month after the third dose to those observed in 18-25-year-old Chinese women in a large efficacy study. We assessed the persistence of antibodies 8-9 years after vaccination in the same subjects., Methods: This follow-up phase III, open-label study (NCT03355820) included subjects who had received three doses of AS04-HPV-16/18 in the initial trial (NCT00996125). Serum antibody concentrations were assessed by ELISA and compared to antibody persistence observed in 18-25-year-old Chinese women 6 years after first vaccination in the efficacy study (NCT00779766)., Results: Out of the 227 enrolled subjects, 223 were included in the per-protocol immunogenicity analysis. Mean interval from first AS04-HPV-16/18 dose to blood sampling was 101.4 months (8.5 years). For antibodies against HPV-16 and -18, 8.5 years after first vaccine dose all subjects remained seropositive and antibody. Geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) were 1236.3 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1121.8; 1362.4) and 535.6 (95% CI: 478.6; 599.4) ELISA Units/mL, respectively. These seropositivity rates and antibody GMCs were higher than those observed 6 years after first vaccination of 18-25-year-old women., Conclusion: Sustained anti-HPV-16 and -18 immune responses were observed 8-9 years after AS04-HPV-16/18 vaccination of 9-17 year-old Chinese girls that were higher than the ones observed 6 years after first vaccination in Chinese adult women in whom AS04-HPV-16/18 efficacy against cervical intraepithelial neoplasia of grade ≥2 was demonstrated., (© 2020 The Authors. Asia-Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.)

Smart magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents (CAs), whose MRI contrasting enhancement is variable in response to the specific stimulus from tumor tissues, possess great potential in precise tumor diagnosis. Herein, we design a type of extremely small iron oxide nanoparticle (ESIONP)-based pH-responsive system for activatable T 2 MRI in the tumor acid microenvironment. The ESIONP system is composed of ESIONP-PEG-PGA and ESIONP-PEG-PDC, which were respectively constructed through the surface modification with poly (l-glutamic acid) (PGA) and poly( N -{ N '-[ N ″-(2-carbox aminoethyl)]-2-aminoethyl}glutamide) (PDC) on the surface of ESIONP. The pH-responsive system exhibits the dispersed state under the neutral condition, and when it is exposed to the weakly acid environment, ESIONP-PEG-PDC switches from the neutral to positive charge, finally leading to the aggregation by the electrostatic interaction between the positively charged ESIONP-PEG-PDC and negatively charged ESIONP-PEG-PGA. On the basis of the aggregation, the T 1 contrasting effect of the pH-responsive system switches to a T 2 contrasting effect, which can be employed to realize the selective enhancement of imaging contrast at the tumor location owing to the weakly acid microenvironment. Moreover, on the basis of size increase originated from the aggregation effect, the residence time of extremely small iron oxide nanoparticles (ESIONPs) in the tumor site is effectively prolonged, which is beneficial for the MRI of tumors. Therefore, the pH-responsive system based on the ESIONPs is a potential smart MRI contrast agent for accurate tumor diagnosis.

Extremely small iron oxide nanoparticles (ESIONPs), as a kind of the special T1 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent that can provide T1 contrasting enhancement since their magnetically disordered shells are dominant compared to their magnetic cores and have powerful potential for constructing stimuli-responsive contrast agents (CAs) to realize precise the tumor diagnosis with high specificity and sensitivity. The stimuli-responsive function of ESIONPs-based CAs can be directly endowed through the synergistic regulation of the longitudinal and transverse relaxivity (r1 and r2) of ESIONPs. However, the systematical investigation for the synergistic regulation of r1 and r2 of ESIONPs is quite lacking. Herein, based on the relaxivity theories, three kinds of ESIONPs-based nanoassemblies with pH-responsiveness were designed and constructed to explore the possibility of various synergistic regulations on r1 and r2. When three kinds of ESIONPs-based nanoassemblies were converted to dissociated ones under a weak acid environment, ESIONPs micelle could realize a synergistic regulation of the single r2 decrease along with the stable r1, while gold nanoparticles-ESIONPs (AuNPs-ESIONPs) vesicle could provide a synergistic regulation comprising the single r1 increase along with the stable r2, and ESIONPs vesicle could offer a synergistic regulation involving the r2 decrease together with the r1 increase. Moreover, all the synergistic regulations on r1 and r2 were efficient strategies to fabricate ESIONPs-based CAs with the stimuli-responsive function. These systematic and feasible synergistic regulations of r1 and r2 may guide and promote the development of ESIONPs-based stimuli-responsive CAs for the highly sensitive and specific tumor diagnosis.

Activatable magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents that can be selectively stimulated at a tumor region are urgently demanded to realize the efficient and accurate diagnosis of cancers. Here, extremely small iron oxide nanoparticles (ESIONPs) modified with citric acid (ESIONPs-CA) are encapsulated in disulfide-cross-linked poly(carboxybetaine methacrylate) (poly(CBMA)) nanogels, and a cyclo[Arg-Gly-Asp-d-Tyr-Lys] (c(RGD)) ligand is further introduced to obtain ESIONP-packaged poly(CBMA) nanogels equipped with tumor-targeted c(RGD) (ICNs-RGD). On the basis of the transformation of the clustered ESIONPs into dispersed ones induced by the reducing glutathione (GSH), ICNs-RGD can complete the conversion from a T 2 contrast agent to a T 1 one, realizing the selective activation of the T 1 contrasting effect. The GSH-dependent MRI signal conversion of ICNs-RGD is feasible in the tumor cell and tissue. Moreover, ICNs-RGD exhibits obvious targeting specificity and favorable biocompatibility. In the MRI experiments of tumor-bearing mice, benefiting from the stimuli-responsiveness toward GSH and targeting specificity, the T 1 contrasting effect of tumor tissues can be selectively enhanced after the intravenous injection of ICNs-RGD. Therefore, tumor-targeted ICNs-RGD with a switchable MRI signal derived from the activation of GSH is a potential contrast agent for the efficient and precise tumor diagnosis in the clinic.

Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) is considered as a promising nanocatalytic therapeutic strategy for cancer because of its specific response toward the tumor microenvironment (TME). Improving the efficiency of this kind of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated therapy is still a formidable challenge. Herein, we integrate CDT with other therapeutic methods together to enhance anticancer effects via overcoming robust ROS defensive mechanisms and hypoxia in cancer cells. The biocompatible and biodegraded nanoplatform (HMnO 2 -DOX-GOD-HA) has been constructed on the basis of hollow MnO 2 nanoparticles loaded with chemotherapeutics doxorubicin (DOX) and glucose oxide (GOD) and further decorated with hyaluronic acid (HA) for targeting tumor cells. We demonstrated that HMnO 2 -DOX-GOD-HA is not only able to deplete glutathione (GSH) to disturb the redox balance but also release Mn 2+ to initiate the magnetic resonance imaging signal and induce Fenton reaction happening. Meanwhile, GOD-induced glucose oxidation and HMnO 2 -catalyzed O 2 generation facilitate hypoxia relief and enhance toxic hydroxyl radical (•OH) production for CDT efficiency promotion. Upon 808 nm laser irradiation, cancer-killing efficiency can be notably increased by photothermally enhanced ion and drug release and thermal ablation. This work offers a paradigm to design a TME-responsive and imaging-guided synergistic strategy for hypoxia tumors based on GSH depletion and catalytic cascade-enhanced CDT, thermal ablation, and chemotherapy.

Two spatial self-phase modulation (SSPM) patterns were observed in suspensions of B i 2 T e S e 2 nanosheets. Two mechanisms were found to produce SSPM with different occurrence times and power dependence. The Type I (narrow) rings are attributed to the coherent third-order nonlinear optical Kerr effect, which induces self-diffraction in 2D materials, and the Type II (wide) rings are assigned to the contribution of a thermal effect. The nonlinear refractive index of B i 2 T e S e 2 is found to be 2.30×10 -5 c m 2 W -1 at 700 nm. The findings described here provide an explanation for the formation of rings in 2D systems due to SSPM.