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Mitochondria, commonly referred to as "energy factories"of cells, play a crucial role in the function and survival of cardiomyocytes. However, as research on cardiac fibrosis has advanced, mitochondrial dysfunction(including changes in energy metabolism, calcium ion imbalance, increased oxidative stress, and apoptosis)is now recognized as a significant pathophysiological pathway involved in cardiac remodeling and progression, which also negatively affects the function and structure of the heart. In recent years, research focusing on targeting mitochondria has gained significant attention, offering new approaches for treating cardiac fibrosis. Targeted mitochondrial therapy for cardiac fibrosis represents an emerging therapeutic strategy that aims to inhibit cardiac fibroblast proliferation or protect cardiomyocytes from damage by enhancing mitochondrial function. However, current research on epigenetic treatments for cardiac fibrosis through mitochondrial targeting remains limited. This review explores the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and cardiac fibrosis, as well as the epigenetic regulatory mechanisms involved in targeted mitochondrial therapy for cardiac fibrosis., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

In starch-based food where proteins and polyphenols coexist, the impact of protein on the inhibition of starch digestion by polyphenols is unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of whey protein isolate (WPI) on the inhibition of rice starch digestion by gallic acid (GA) from the aspects of multiscale structure and enzyme activity. Rice starch-gallic acid-whey protein isolate complex (RS-GA-WPI) was formed predominantly by hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Compared to rice starch-gallic acid complex (RS-GA), RS-GA-WPI exhibited higher short-range ordering and thermal stability, and lower relative crystallinity. Fluorescence spectra and molecular docking showed that the interactions between GA and WPI weakened the hydrogen bond between GA and enzyme active site, so that WPI significantly reduced the enzyme inhibitory activity of GA. The above factors led to the result that the presence of WPI weakened the inhibitory effect of GA on starch digestibility. RS-GA-WPI showed higher starch digestibility and lower resistant starch content compared to RS-GA. This study provided a new understanding of starch digestion mechanism in starch-polyphenol-protein coexistence system., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA), as a natural plant growth regulator, is well known for promoting red fruit coloring by enhancing anthocyanin accumulation. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, we firstly demonstrated that ALA upregulates gene expression of the transcription factor MdMADS1, which in turn directly binds to and activates transcription of the key anthocyanin biosynthetic genes, MdCHS and MdUFGT. Then, we identified a novel WRKY transcription factor, MdWRKY71, that interacts with MdMADS1. Through gene manipulation, we revealed that MdWRKY71 plays a pivotal role in ALA-induced anthocyanin accumulation, highlighting its regulatory significance in this process. Further investigation unveiled that MdWRKY71 not only activates MdMADS1 transcription but also enhances its transcriptional activation on its target genes, MdCHS and MdUFGT. Additionally, we discovered that MdWRKY71 independently binds to and activates the transcription of two other anthocyanin biosynthetic genes, MdANS and MdDFR. The protein-protein interaction between MdWRKY71 and MdMADS1 amplifies the transcriptional activation of these genes by MdWRKY71. These findings delineate a fine and complex regulatory framework where MdWRKY71 and MdMADS1 coordinately regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in apples, providing new insights into the molecular control of fruit coloration and offering potential target genes for breeding aimed at enhancing fruit quality., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Background: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is beneficial for managing rosacea, and chlorin e6 derivative-mediated photodynamic therapy (STBF-PDT) has demonstrated efficacy in reducing acne lesions with mild adverse reactions., Objectives: This study aimed to assess the effectiveness and safety of STBF-PDT for the treatment of moderate-to-severe rosacea., Methods: In this prospective, randomised, evaluator-blind controlled study, patients with moderate-to-severe rosacea were assigned to receive up to six STBF-PDT sessions or 100 mg of doxycycline daily for eight weeks, followed by a 24-week follow-up., Results: A total of 76 patients were enrolled (38 assigned to STBF-PDT and 38 to oral doxycycline) with 69 (36 in the STBF-PDT group and 33 in the doxycycline group) completing the study. At the end of treatment, the median reduction in lesion count was 82.3 % in the STBF-PDT group and 81.8 % in the doxycycline group, indicating no significant difference between the groups. The STBF-PDT group exhibited a lower relapse rate and a significantly higher reduction in Demodex mites. Clinician's Erythema Assessment success (CEA), sensations of burning and pruritus, telangiectasia, and Rosacea-related Quality of Life (RosaQoL) scores were comparable between groups. No severe adverse reactions were observed., Conclusions: STBF-PDT is a promising treatment option for mild-to-moderate rosacea with mild adverse reactions., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2025. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Background: Pressure injuries significantly impact patients in intensive care units and the healthcare system. Hypoxia, a major contributor to pressure injury development, can be promptly identified by monitoring arterial partial pressure of oxygen. However, the dose-response relationship between arterial partial pressure of oxygen and pressure injuries remains unclear., Objectives: To determine how mean arterial partial pressure of oxygen within 24 h before the appearance of a pressure injury influences pressure injury outcomes in ICU patients, elucidating the dose-response relationship, and underscoring the importance of including arterial oxygen pressure in routine pressure injury risk assessments., Methods: We conducted this multi-center cross-sectional study in Gansu province of China from April 2021 to July 2023. The incidence and influencing factors of pressure injuries were collected. Logistic and restricted cubic spline regression analyses were used to assess the association between pressure injuries and arterial partial pressure of oxygen. Subgroup analyses stratified by age and sex were conducted to explore potential correlations., Results: Among 6078 participants, the incidence of pressure injury was 2.34 %. After adjusting for all confounding factors, patients with low arterial partial pressure of oxygen were more likely to develop pressure injury than those with normal levels (OR 1.753, 95 %CI 1.142 ∼ 2.693). The dose-response relationship shows a significant non-linear dose-response correlation between arterial partial pressure of oxygen and pressure injury risk (P = 0.011). Layered analysis shows that the impact is more pronounced in older individuals and males., Conclusions: As arterial partial pressure of oxygen decreases, the occurrence of pressure injuries gradually increases. Incorporating arterial partial pressure of oxygen into daily pressure injury risk assessments is crucial., Implications for Clinical Practice: Our study results will offer targeted insights for the prevention and management of pressure injuries., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Denaturation and/or aggregation of proteins under adverse environmental conditions can greatly impair their bioactivity and functional properties. Based on this, this study aims to improve the functional properties of lactoferrin by complexing with berberine and investigate the mechanism using multispectral techniques, molecular docking and dynamics simulations. The results showed that berberine bound to lactoferrin through hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces and altered its conformation, surface hydrophobicity, amino acid microenvironment, and secondary structure. Molecular docking and dynamics simulations further revealed that berberine inhibited the drastic changes in the lactoferrin structure, contributing to the complex stability. Consequently, the denaturation temperature and degradation temperature (224 °C to 230 °C) and the tolerance to extreme pH, high temperature, and ions of the lactoferrin-berberine complex were improved. This study systematically revealed the mechanism of berberine to improve the functional properties of lactoferrin, contributing to the development and application of novel functional ingredients., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have no conflicts of interest or personal relationships that might influenced the work related to this study., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This study investigated the changes in quality and volatile flavoring compounds in sturgeon fillets during refrigeration. Potential flavor compounds were identified using orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and gas chromatography- ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS). The results showed that TVB-N content, TBARS values, total colony counts, and K-value increased with prolonged refrigeration, reaching spoilage thresholds after approximately eight days. A total of 33 volatile compounds (including monomers and dimers) were detected in sturgeon fillets during different refrigeration periods, including aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, acids, esters, ethers, and other compounds. OPLS-DA further revealed flavor differences in sturgeon fillets across different refrigeration stages, identifying 18 distinct volatile compounds. Correlation analysis showed that trans-2-Pentenal, 2-methylpropanal, and glutaraldehyde were associated with pleasant odor to the frozen sturgeon fillets in the early stage, while hexane nitrile and thiazole were the main substances that caused unpleasant odors., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Although frozen dough technology has demonstrated significant benefits, the mechanisms underlying dough deterioration during freezing remain unclear. To overcome this obstacle, the effect of freezing-induced deteriorations of wheat starch granular surface proteins (SGSPs)-high/low molecular weight (HMW/LMW) glutenins complexes were analyzed from the molecular to macroscopic scales. After 7 cycles of freezing/thawing treatment, SGSPs-LMW complex showed a higher antifreeze stability than SGSPs-HMW complex. The freezable water content of SGSPs-HMW increased from 32 % to 39 %, indicating a marked migration and recrystallization of ice. In this situation, the interactions of SGSPs-HMW complex were affected and destabilized, leading to partially denatured and depolymerized molecular structures. Furthermore, the bulk protein aggregation network was also dissociated under the ice tearing and splitting, which irreversibly collapsed to small molecular protein particles. In comparison, the resistance of SGSPs-LMW complex on continued network disruption appear to be the key to maintain the quality of frozen dough., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have no conflict of interests related to this study., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Objective: In this study, we examined the reason and prognosis of unplanned excision on synovial sarcoma., Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 54 patients diagnosed with synovial sarcoma between March 2013 and February 2021, including 26 cases of unplanned excision surgery. Patients were divided into two groups based on whether they underwent unplanned excision. Then, factors such as gender, age, tumor size, tumor location, American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging, unplanned excision, time of onset, duration of disease, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, amputation, local recurrence factors, and death were statistically evaluated., Results: The results of a multivariate analysis revealed that the AJCC staging is an independent factor for patient prognosis. When patients were divided into two groups, those who had undergone unplanned excision and those who had not, statistical analysis revealed that there was no difference of survival between two groups, but tumor size and AJCC staging had statistical difference. To further explore the influences of unplanned excision, we performed propensity score analysis with 1:1 matching using the nearest neighbor matching method to balance the covariates between the two groups. There was no difference of survival between two groups after propensity score matching., Conclusion: Unplanned excision is commonly performed in synovial sarcoma and do not impact the prognosis after extensive resection., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethical approval: I confirm that I have read the editorial policy pages. This study was conducted with approval from the Ethics Committee of The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University. The ethics approval number is 2022-0728. This study was conducted in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent: Written informed consent was obtained from all the participants. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Federación de Sociedades Españolas de Oncología (FESEO).)

Flavonoids are found ubiquitous in dietary sources with potential antioxidant properties, and have received widespread attention for their health benefits. Nuts, rich in flavonoids, are popular among consumers for their crunchy flavor and nutritious content. The review summarizes studies pertaining to the diverse types and distribution of flavonoids in nuts, their potential health benefits, as well as management strategies for flavonoids accumulation and enhancement across the whole agro-food chain, including the selection of nut varieties, the suitable growing conditions, the optimal harvesting period of nuts, and appropriate post-harvest measures, such as chemical conditioning, ideal storage conditions, and post-harvest processing methods. Furthermore, associated metabolic pathways, and applied metabolic engineering to improve flavonoids´ levels in nuts are described. This review examines the application of flavonoids biofortification in nuts across the agro-food chain, exploring its potential for sustainable development in the nut flavonoids industry, and emphasizing its importance for people's diet and health., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is a common degenerative spinal disease in clinical practice. This study aims to investigate the impact of Modic changes (MCs) on postoperative recovery and disease recurrence following percutaneous endoscopic lumbar disc discectomy (PELD), providing important insights for improving the management of chronic low back pain. This study investigates the 1-year progression rate of MCs after PELD and their impact on surgical outcomes and recurrence., Methods: This retrospective cohort study analyzed data from 419 patients with single-segment lumbar disc herniation who underwent PELD between January 2019 and December 2022. Lumbar MRI assessed preoperative and postoperative MCs. Pain levels and surgical outcomes were evaluated using the visual analog scale, Oswestry Disability Index, and Macnab criteria. Univariate analysis explored the relationship between postoperative MCs and pain, while subgroups investigated the associations between postoperative efficacy, recurrence, and MCs type and area., Results: One-year follow-up revealed that the probability of MCs postsurgery was 24.8%. Patients with postoperative MCs had significantly lower pain scores compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Univariate analysis indicated that the type and area of postoperative MCs were risk factors for poor outcomes in PELD patients (p < 0.05). During the 1-year follow-up, recurrence rates in the no-MCs and MCs groups were 3.8% and 9.6%, respectively (p < 0.05). Univariate analysis concluded that the area of postoperative MCs was a risk factor for PELD recurrence., Conclusion: The postoperative MCs, as a risk factor, may have a detrimental effect on the surgical efficacy and short-term recurrence of LDH following PELD based on a large sample. Furthermore, the harmful effect is affected by the area and type of the postoperative MCs., (© 2024 The Author(s). Orthopaedic Surgery published by Tianjin Hospital and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.)

Background: This investigation explored the clinical features, pathological outcomes, and biochemical recurrence (BCR) duration among high-risk prostate cancer (HRPC) patients who have undergone neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) in combination with radical prostatectomy (RP) and pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND). Additionally, we identified prognostic indicators that discern pathological complete response (pCR) or minimal residual disease (MRD) and BCR., Methods: In total, we examined 76 HRPC patients, who received NAT with either androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) plus apalutamide or ADT plus abiraterone, with subsequent RP and PLND. We conducted a genetic evaluation of patients receiving neoadjuvant apalutamide. Additionally, patient pathological outcomes, circulating prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response rates, and BCR duration were analyzed. Lastly, we employed uni- and multivariate analyses to screen for prognostic factors that govern pCR or MRD and BCR duration., Results: Patient median age and median PSA at presentation were 69 years (IQR: 66-73), and 47.6 ng/mL (IQR: 24.1-105.75), respectively. We observed marked changes in pCR or MRD rates between the two cohorts. In particular, the ADT plus apalutamide cohort (51.5%) exhibited enhanced rates relative to the ADT plus abiraterone cohort (25.6%) (p = 0.03). The median BCR duration was substantially prolonged among neoadjuvant apalutamide cohort relative to the neoadjuvant abiraterone cohort (261 days vs. 76 days, p = 0.04). Using multivariate analysis, we revealed that the postintervention pre-RP PSA content (≤ 0.1 ng/mL vs. > 0.1 ng/mL) remained a substantial stand-alone indicator of pCR or MRD (odds ratio: 10.712, 95% CI: 2.725-42.105, p < 0.001). Furthermore, supplemental analyses revealed that the ADT plus apalutamide cohort exhibited an augmented serum response rate, which, in turn, reduced the post-intervention pre-RP PSA content. Based on our genetic profiling of the neoadjuvant apalutamide cohort demonstrated high-frequency deleterious changes in the AR axis (30.3%), followed by TP53 mutations (15.15%). Patients with defective AR axis experienced a remarkably shorter median BCR duration relative to patients with other or no genetic alterations (52.5 days vs. 286 and 336 days, respectively, p < 0.0001). Furthermore, using multivariate analysis, we demonstrated that achieving pCR or MRD (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.170, 95% CI: 0.061-0.477, p < 0.001) and presence of defective AR signaling (HR: 11.193, 95% CI: 3.499-35.806, p < 0.001) were strong stand-alone indicators of BCR., Conclusions: Herein, we demonstrated the superior performance of ADT plus apalutamide in achieving pCR or MRD and in extending BCR duration among HRPC patients. Post-intervention pre-RP PSA content as well as genetic shifts, especially in the AR axis, are critical indicators of patient pathological and clinical outcomes. These findings highlight the significance of genetic testing and PSA content monitoring in treating HRPC patients., (© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background: Liver cirrhosis represents a critical stage of chronic liver disease, characterized by progressive liver damage, cellular dysfunction, and disrupted cell-to-cell interactions. Glycosylation, an essential post-translational modification, significantly influences cellular behavior and disease progression. Its role in cirrhosis at the single-cell level remains unclear, despite its importance., Methods: This study, based on single-cell glycosylation and transcriptome data, compared the expression of differentially expressed genes in liver tissues from cirrhotic and healthy control samples, identifying changes in glycosylation-related genes and their functional pathway enrichment characteristics. Additionally, it analyzed the composition of immune cells and intercellular interaction features, with a focus on the interaction between macrophages and other immune cells and their potential role in immune regulation., Results: The analysis revealed significant changes in immune cell composition and glycosylation patterns in cirrhotic livers. Specifically, the number of macrophages increased substantially, while overall glycosylation levels decreased. Enhanced interactions between macrophages and other cell types were observed, highlighting the central role of macrophages in reshaping the immune microenvironment during cirrhosis progression. Gene expression analysis showed a marked upregulation of FUCA1, a gene encoding a glycosylation-related hydrolase. This change was strongly associated with the observed reduction in glycosylation levels. Functional enrichment analysis further revealed that glycosylation-related genes were primarily involved in immune pathways, including antigen processing and presentation, cytokine signaling, and immune activation., Conclusions: Single-cell glycosylation analysis provides crucial insights into immune cell interactions in cirrhosis. Targeting glycosylation pathways in macrophages may offer new treatment strategies for cirrhosis., Competing Interests: Declarations. Conflict of interest: All the authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (© 2025. Japanese Society of Gastroenterology.)

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Fangji Huangqi Decoction (FHD) is a classical Chinese compound formula for treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with satisfactory effects. FHD is reputed for its ability to tonify qi with strengthening exterior, and dispel wind while removing dampness, but its mechanisms and bioactive compounds for treating RA remain unclear., Aim of the Study: The aim of this study was to explore the key target and bioactive compounds that were responsible for FHD-mediated improvements in RA., Materials and Methods: Using network pharmacology, we discovered that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was the key target of FHD against RA. We utilized a ligand fishing technique with COX-2 immobilized magnetic beads to recognize the bioactive components that act on COX-2. Then we carried out an in vitro assay of COX-2 enzyme inhibition and in vivo assay of carrageenan-induced inflammation and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) to validate the bioactive effects of these captured ingredients. In the CIA assay, micro-CT, hematoxylin‒eosin staining and safranin-O/fast green staining were employed to assess the influence of the captured ligand on bone damage, pathological injury and cartilage destruction, respectively. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were used to detect the expression of COX-2 target in the ankle joint. interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in the serum were also detected by ELISA. Molecular docking was used to reveal the binding mechanism of the COX-2 protein and the captured ligand., Results: Eleven ligands, including tetrandrine, fangchinoline, cyclanoline, licochalcone B, ononin, calycosin and liquiritin, were specifically bound to the COX-2 protein, as determined by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), seven of which were present at high levels. One ligand, tetrandrine, not only had a great inhibitory effect on COX-2 enzyme activity but also significantly reduced carrageenan-induced inflammation. In the CIA assay, middle- and high-dose tetrandrine (25 and 50 mg/kg) had effects comparable to those of FHD and celecoxib on ameliorating RA symptoms in CIA mice via the COX-2 target. Furthermore, compared with the low-dose tetrandrine group (12.5 mg/kg), the FHD group exhibited significantly lower arthritis index scores and serum IL-6 expression, although the content of tetrandrine in FHD extract solution was approximately 0.1% of that in the low-dose tetrandrine group., Conclusions: Hence, we inferred that tetrandrine was the main bioactive component responsible for the effects of FHD against RA by suppressing the expression of the COX-2 protein and inhibiting the enzyme catalytic activity of COX-2. The reason for these effects may be that tetrandrine can interact with the residue Tyr385 of COX-2, the enzymatic catalytic site of COX-2 to transform arachidonic acid (AA) to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and thereby reduce the production of prostaglandins and inflammatory metabolites. Moreover, in addition to tetrandrine, FHD contains other compounds that could supplement the activity of tetrandrine when FHD was used to treat RA, which is manifested the "multi-component" characteristic of how Traditional Chinese Medicine formulas treat diseases., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Lung adenocarcinoma is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide. Its complex molecular mechanisms and high tumor heterogeneity pose significant challenges for clinical treatment. The manganese ion metabolism family plays a crucial role in various biological processes, and the abnormal expression of the NUDT3 gene in multiple cancers has drawn considerable attention. This study aims to systematically analyze the expression characteristics of the NUDT3 gene in lung adenocarcinoma and its association with tumor progression, integrating single-cell transcriptomic analysis and experimental validation using cell lines., Methods: This study employed a comprehensive set of analytical approaches. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of two normal and four lung adenocarcinoma samples from the GSE149655 dataset was performed using the Seurat package to identify and annotate distinct cell populations, focusing on epithelial and macrophage subtypes. Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) and gene set variation analysis (GSVA) were applied to assess the functional enrichment and expression profiles of the manganese ion metabolism family across 14 cancers. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was conducted to evaluate the relative mRNA expression of NUDT3 in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cell lines compared to BEAS-2B normal bronchial epithelial cell lines. GAPDH was used as the reference gene for normalization, and the relative expression levels of NUDT3 in these cell lines were analyzed to confirm bioinformatics findings., Results: NUDT3 was found to be significantly upregulated in lung adenocarcinoma and highly correlated with tumor mutation burden (TMB) and mutation enrichment (MEs). Single-cell transcriptomic analyses demonstrated elevated NUDT3 expression in lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells, with expression levels increasing in cells associated with advanced tumor stages. Furthermore, qPCR analysis confirmed the upregulation of NUDT3 in A549 cells compared to BEAS-2B cells, consistent with transcriptomic data. These results also highlighted significant expression differences of the manganese ion metabolism family across various cancers, including BLCA, BRCA, and COAD, with notable NUDT3 mutations enriched in these cancers., Conclusion: This study underscores the critical role of NUDT3 in lung adenocarcinoma progression and its potential as a therapeutic target. These findings contribute to the understanding of the manganese ion metabolism family in cancer biology and provide a foundation for precision therapies targeting NUDT3 in lung adenocarcinoma., Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Flexible electronic patches have been widely studied in various fields. However, they still face serious challenges in cardio-brain signaling monitoring to achieve accurate adhesion and detection with compatibility in mildly humid environments. To tackle these challenges, we engineered a gelatin hydrogel film cross-linked with a biocompatible matrix factor and combined it with a blend of liquid metal and PVP to create the flexible electronic patch. The flexible patch has good biocompatibility and fatigue resistance due to the incorporation of liquid metal and natural gelatin, with the conductivity of liquid metal and minimal toxicity of the gelatin film. It is possible to securely insert it into the body for a duration of 3 weeks while maintaining monitoring functionality and withstanding 10 000 cycles of flexural fatigue. This research provides an innovative approach to the future advancement of flexible electronic patches.

Carbon dioxide capture has attracted worldwide attention because CO 2 emissions cause global warming and exacerbate climate change. Ionic liquids (ILs) have good application prospects in carbon capture due to their excellent properties, which provide a new chance to develop efficient and reversible carbon capture systems. This paper reviews the recent progress in CO 2 chemical absorption by ILs, such as N-site, O-site, C-site, and multi-site functionalized ILs. The application of thermodynamic regulation methods in CO 2 capture is discussed in detail. Among them, the methods of enthalpy regulation are mainly introduced, for which different regulatory targets are proposed for single sites and multiple sites. Furthermore, the strategies of achieving entropy compensation through the design of spatial configurations are discussed. Particular attention is paid to the application of thermodynamic regulation in direct air capture (DAC) due to its great significance. The methods to improve the absorption kinetics are also outlined. Finally, the future development of carbon capture by functionalized ILs is proposed.

BRCA1/BRCA2-containing complex subunit 3 (BRCC3) has been proved to exert pro-inflammatory effect in various inflammatory diseases through different mechanisms, but its involvement in pulpitis remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the regulatory role and mechanisms of BRCC3 in modulating dental pulp cell inflammation and pulpitis progression. The expression of BRCC3 was observed to be elevated in human/mouse pulpitis samples and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human dental pulp cells (hDPCs). Manipulation of BRCC3 expression revealed that BRCC3 facilitated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis of hDPCs. RNA-sequencing and gene set enrichment analysis were utilized to explore the downstream signaling pathways related to BRCC3 functions. Dual luciferase reporter assay, western blot, and immunofluorescence staining were conducted for further validation. The results demonstrated that BRCC3 expedited IκBα phosphorylation and degradation, as well as p65 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation in hDPCs, ultimately activating the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Moreover, conditional knockout of Brcc3 in mouse dental pulp cells effectively impeded the expression of IL-6, recruitment of immune cells, and necrosis of inflamed pulp tissue after 1 day and 1 week of pulp exposure. The level of p-p65 in Brcc3 conditional knockout mice was lower than the control mice, indicating the inhibition of NF-κB. Taken together, BRCC3 promotes pulpitis by activating the NF-κB signaling pathway in dental pulp cells., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declared that they have no conflicts of interest to this work., (Copyright © 2025. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Efferocytosis is a mechanism by which phagocytes efficiently clear apoptotic cells, averting their secondary necrosis and the subsequent release of potentially immunogenic or cytotoxic substances that can trigger strong immune and inflammatory responses. During efferocytosis, the metabolic pathways of phagocytes are transformed, which, along with the catabolism of apoptotic cargo, can affect their function and inflammatory state. Extensive apoptosis occurs during placental development, and some studies reported the immunomodulatory effects of efferocytosis at the maternal-fetal interface. The dysregulation of efferocytosis is strongly linked to pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia and recurrent spontaneous abortion. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of efferocytosis and its relationships with metabolism and inflammation. We also highlight the roles of professional and non-professional phagocytes in efferocytosis at the maternal-fetal interface and their impact on pregnancy outcomes and explore relevant regulatory factors. These insights are expected to guide future basic research and clinical strategies for identifying efferocytosis-related molecules as potential predictors or therapeutic targets in obstetric diseases., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

The catalytic asymmetric multicomponent acylation/rearrangement/cyclization of alkenylfurans with acyl oxime esters/arylamines or acyl oxime esters/arylamines/hydroxylamine has been developed. This method employs synergistic photoredox/Brønsted acid catalysis, enabling the efficient and versatile synthesis of multifunctionalized [3.2.1] and [4.2.1] bicyclic bridged compounds in high yields with excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities.

Background: Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) causes wheat stripe (yellow) rust disease, which is one of the most destructive diseases affecting wheat worldwide. ATPases, a class of membrane proteins, play an important role in material exchange and signal transduction both within and outside biological cells by transporting ions and phospholipids. In plant pathogens, P-type ATPases primarily participate in pathogen development and virulence regulation. However, the P-type ATPase of subfamily IIIA (PMA) has not yet been identified in Pst. To investigate the potential functions of the PMA gene family in Pst, we conducted a genome-wide bioinformatics analysis and examined the expression profiles of the PMA gene family., Results: Six PMA genes were identified in the genome of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici (CYR34 race). The PMA proteins encoded by these genes ranged in length from 811 to 960 amino acids (aa). Each of the six PMA genes contained a typical ATPase IIIA H superfamily domain and was distributed across four chromosomes. Thirty-six major cis-regulatory elements were detected within the PMA gene family members. Elements such as the CGTCA-motif and TGACG-motif play significant roles in responding to environmental stresses and hormone signals. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed that the expression of the PMA04 gene was generally higher at 9 °C under various temperature stresses. The PMA06 gene typically exhibited higher expression levels at 16 °C. During the infection of Pst, the expression levels of PMA04, PMA05, and PMA06 were elevated at 72 h post treatment., Conclusions: Our results indicate that the PMA gene family in the CYR34 strain comprises six PMA genes, which are crucial for managing temperature stress and pathogen infection, and exhibit a distinctive splicing pattern. This study not only identifies a target and direction for the development of new, efficient, and environmentally friendly control agents for wheat stripe rust but also establishes a foundation for analyzing its pathogenic mechanisms., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable. I confirm that I understand BMC Genomics is an open access journal that levies an article processing charge per articles accepted for publication. Competing interests: I declare that the authors have no competing interests as defined by BMC, or other interests that might be perceived to influence the results and/or discussion reported in this paper. The results/data/figures in this manuscript have not been published elsewhere, nor are they under consideration (from you or one of your Contributing Authors) by another publisher. I have read the Nature Portfolio journal policies on author responsibilities and submit this manuscript in accordance with those policies. All of the material is owned by the authors and/or no permissions are required., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

With the rapid development of nanotechnology, nanoultrasonography has emerged as a promising medical imaging technique that demonstrates significant potential in the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. This review discusses the applications of nanoultrasonography in the gastrointestinal field, including improvements in imaging resolution, diagnostic accuracy, latest research findings, and prospects for clinical application. By analyzing existing literature, we explore the role of nanoultrasonography in enhancing imaging resolution, enabling targeted drug delivery, and improving therapeutic outcomes, thereby providing a reference for future research directions.

Objectives: The advent of O-arm navigation optimized the oblique lumbar interbody fusion (OLIF) procedure, allowing the operator to simultaneously perform OLIF and percutaneous posterior pedicle screw implantation without patient position change, thus improving the fluency and accuracy of the OLIF procedure (called as OLIF360). Nevertheless, a consensus regarding its suitability for patients with severe spinal stenosis remains elusive. This study aims to investigate the clinical efficacy of OLIF360 and its imaging changes in severe lumbar spinal stenosis cases., Methods: This retrospective study analyzed clinical data from 63 patients with severe lumbar spinal stenosis. Fourteen patients were treated with OLIF360, and another 37 patients were treated with posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF). Lumbar spinal stenosis was assessed using the modified Schizas classification. Clinical efficacy scale scores and postoperative imaging parameter changes were compared between the two groups. Shapiro-Wilk, t-tests or Mann-Whitney U tests, repeated measures ANOVA, and Bonferroni post hoc tests were applied for statistical analysis., Results: Both groups showed significant improved pain (p < 0.05). At 1-month and 3-month postoperative follow-ups, OLIF360 group scores superior in Visual Analog Scale than PLIF group (p < 0.05). Greater disc height and lumbar lordosis were displayed in OLIF360 group than PLIF group (p < 0.05). No significant difference in screw placement accuracy between groups was observed. Moreover, significant increases in spinal canal area postoperatively (71.04 ± 6.27 mm 2 preop to 109.65 ± 12.34 mm 2 postop, p < 0.05) and bilateral foraminal areas were found in the OLIF360 group., Conclusion: OLIF360 can have promising short-term efficacy for severe lumbar stenosis treatment with shorter recovery time than PLIF., (© 2025 The Author(s). Orthopaedic Surgery published by Tianjin Hospital and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.)

The bronchopleural fistula (BPF) is a pathological passageway between the bronchus and the pleural cavity. Diagnosing and localising BPF can be challenging, and the traditional retrograde methylene blue (MB) perfusion method may fail to identify multifocal BPFs. This article reports a novel method for locating multifocal BPFs in patients undergoing concurrent empyema debridement. Initially, selective endobronchial injection of MB solution is performed under bronchoscopic guidance. Subsequently, the thoracic surgeon determines the location of BPFs as the MB solution flows into the pleural cavity. This process of injecting MB within the bronchus is repeated to locate any additional BPFs until no new ones are found. We report a case where this new method was used to identify multifocal BPFs, ultimately diagnosing three BPFs' presence. Following treatment with bronchopleural fistula occlusion, no recurrence of BPFs was observed during the follow-up period., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (© 2025 The Author(s). Respirology Case Reports published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of The Asian Pacific Society of Respirology.)

Archived clinical formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue (FFPE) is valuable for the study of tumor epigenetics. Although protocol of chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with next generation sequencing (NGS) (ChIP-seq) using FFPE samples has been established, removal of interference signals from non-target cell components in the samples is still needed. In this study, the protocol of ChIP-seq with purified cells from FFPE lymphoid tissue of nodal T follicular helper cell lymphoma, angioimmunoblastic type (nTFHL-AI) after fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) was established and optimized. Essential steps included single cell preparation, heat treatment enhancing antigen retrieval and labeling, cell sorting, chromatin shearing, ChIP and NGS. Through assistance of FACS, we successfully isolated tumor cells from FFPE lymph node samples of nTFHL-AI and profiled super-enhancers (SEs) mapping by enrichment of H3K27ac signals. The data indicated that the SEs mapping of the sorted cells was different from that of the entire unsorted tissue sample. The H3K27ac signals with cell lineage specificity from background cell components were successfully removed, and the remaining SEs mapping was more similar to T follicular helper cell in an unsupervised clustering analysis, rather than the primary tissue. In addition, we also evaluated the protocol using cultured pure cell lines, and the results indicated that the sequencing data obtained through this protocol had high fidelity and reproducibility. These results show that ChIP-seq for H3K27ac profiling and SEs mapping assisted by FACS with pathological FFPE tissue is available for research of histone modification. Precise epigenetic characteristics of the tumor cell can be described with this protocol., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate: The study received approval from the Ethics Committee of West China Hospital of Sichuan University. Consent for Publication: Not applicable. Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

The transformation of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) into high-value chemicals is a significant step towards achieving the goal of "carbon neutrality". α-methylene cyclic carbonate, as an intermediate for the synthesis of many important organic compounds, is widely employed in industrial productions. In this work, a series of ionic porous organic polymers (IPOPs) with different basic-functionalized anions were successfully synthesized and adjusted to have certain BET surface areas and high contents of ion sites by post-modification. These basic-functionalized IPOPs could exhibit excellent catalytic performance for carboxylative cyclization of CO 2 at 30 °C and 1 bar in presence of silver salts, eliminating the use of the extra organic bases. In the whole catalytic reaction, the basic-functionalized anions could play triple roles: enriching CO 2 for further transformation, activating the hydroxyl groups of substrates to improve the catalytic performance, while coordinating with Ag atom to stabilize and regenerate catalyst. Notably, the catalytic system of DCX-4-Tet/Ag 2 O exhibited excellent recyclability, and the yield of α-alkylidene cyclic carbonate was well maintained at 99 % after 5 cycles. To the best of our knowledge, the catalytic system was the first example of basic-functionalized IPOPs that played multiple roles for highly efficient CO 2 cyclization under mild conditions without any extra organic bases., (© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are emerging materials with unique structures and properties, which have been widely used in many fields due to their various advantages. However, compared with its popular application research, the ecological safety of MOFs has rarely been reported. In this paper, a biological model, the common freshwater green algae Tetradesmus obliquus (T. obliquus) was used to study the effects of the copper-based MOF HKUST-1 and its carbonation product DHKUST-1 on the physiology and transcription level of the algae. A suite of advanced material characterization techniques has been utilized to multidimensionally reveal the physicochemical properties of HKUST-1 and its carbonation product. Notably, DHKUST-1 exhibit higher stability than HKUST-1 in aqueous environments, with lower ion release. During a 96-h exposure experiment, relevant indicators such as algae density, chlorophyll-a content and antioxidant enzyme activities were measured. Additionally, an intriguing IBR model was employed to comprehensively assess the toxicity of HKUST-1 and DHKUST-1 on the antioxidant system of T. obliquus. Furthermore, an in-depth analysis was conducted on the differential gene expression changes in T. obliquus under 10 mg/L HKUST-1 stress, exploring the impact on various pathways within algal cells. Briefly, the toxicity mechanism of HKUST-1 on T. obliquus is multi-involved. The findings of this study are expected to provide important basic data and references for the evaluation of the ecological safety of MOFs., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Climate change and human activities affect the biomass of different algal and the succession of dominant species. In the past, phytoplankton phyla inversion has been focused on oceanic and continental shelf waters, while phytoplankton phyla inversion in inland lakes and reservoirs is still in the initial and exploratory stage, and the research results are relatively few. Especially for mid-to-high latitude lakes, the research is even more blank. Therefore, this study proposes a machine learning method based on OLCI/Sentinel-3 satellite imagery to retrieve algal biomass abundance. Remote sensing models were developed to estimate the biomass abundance of three major algal groups: Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, and Bacillariophyta. This study compared and evaluated 6 commonly used machine learning models, including extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), support vector regression (SVR), backpropagation neural network (BP), gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT), random forest (RF), and categorical boosting (CatBoost). The results indicated that XGBoost exhibited the highest accuracy (R 2  = 0.92, RMSE = 1.78%, MAPE = 9.96%) in estimating Cyanophyta's biomass abundance. The RF model demonstrated the highest accuracy for estimating Chlorophyta's biomass abundance (R 2  = 0.72, RMSE = 6.57%, MAPE = 50.8%), while the GBDT model exhibited the highest accuracy for estimating Bacillariophyta's biomass abundance (R 2  = 0.9, RMSE = 4.66%, MAPE = 47.87%). The models were subsequently applied to all cloud-free OLCI images from Hulun Lake during the ice-free periods from 2016 to 2023, producing spatiotemporal distribution maps of the different phytoplankton biomass abundance. Cyanophyta dominated the biomass abundance (44.62 ± 3.47%), followed by Bacillariophyta (36.35 ± 2.68%), and Chlorophyta had the lowest proportion (10.42 ± 1.08%). Together, these three algae groups constituted 91.4 ± 1.55% of all phytoplankton in Hulun Lake. Significant annual variations in the biomass abundance of Cyanophyta and Bacillariophyta were observed, whereas those of Chlorophyta remained stable. Additionally, this study examined the effects of climatic factors and water quality parameters on the biomass abundance of algae. The findings suggest that temperature, wind speed, and atmospheric pressure are critical factors influencing the biomass abundance of the different algae groups. This study not only fills the gaps in the related field, but also provides a new method for monitoring algae, as well as a strong support for realizing the goals of sustainable management of water resources and ecological protection., Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

The type 3 resistant waxy corn starch (RS3) was synthesized by removing starch granule surface proteins and subjecting it to heat-moisture treatment at -20°C, 4°C, and 25°C. Upon applying the dual modification, a significant reduction in particle size and in vitro digestion was observed, while the gelatinization enthalpy, relative crystallinity, and resistant starch content increased. Notably, RS3 treated at 4°C demonstrated the lowest digestion rate of 3.00 × 10 -4  min -1 among all groups, and its relative crystallinity achieved a peak of 32.65%. Moreover, the gelatinization enthalpy and resistant starch content increased from 0.29 J/g and 77.9% to 0.79 J/g and 83.84%, respectively. These findings indicate that 4°C is the optimal retrogradation temperature for producing dual-modified RS3 with enhanced digestion resistance., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The cyclic structure of non-ribosomal peptides (NRPs) is critical for enhancing their stability and bioactivity, which highlights the importance of exploring NRP cyclization enzymes for natural product discovery. Thioesterases (TEs) are crucial enzymes that catalyze the formation of various lactams, including macrolactams, β-lactams, and γ-lactams; however, their potential to produce other lactam types remains largely unexplored. In this study, we identified spinactin A ( 1 ) and novel derivatives, spinactin B-E ( 2 - 5 ), from Saccharopolyspora spinosa NRRL 18395 and characterized the biosynthetic enzymes involved, particularly a unique TE SncF, responsible for δ-lactam formation. Remarkably, compound 1 exhibited lower cytotoxicity and superior iron-reducing activity than United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved iron chelators deferiprone (DFP) and deferoxamine (DFO), indicating its potential for treating iron overload disorders, especially in beta-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration (BPAN) cells. These findings highlight TEs' roles in expanding the repertoire of δ-lactam-containing NRPs with therapeutic potential.

Chlorogenic acid (CGA) has strong antioxidant properties. In order to improve the low maturation rate and poor vitrification freezing effect of sheep oocytes caused by oxidative stress. In this study, oocytes from 200 2-3-year-old Kazakh sheep were collected, and different concentrations of CGA were added to the maturation medium and vitrification freezing solution to study the effects of CGA on the maturation rate, cleavage rate, blastocyst rate, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH) levels, mitochondrial membrane potential, and the expression levels of oxidation and apoptosis-related genes in sheep oocytes. The results showed that adding 40 μmol/L CGA to the oocyte in vitro maturation solution significantly increased the maturation rate of oocytes, adding 50 μmol/L CGA to the vitrification cryopreservative solution significantly increased the cleavage and blastocyst rates of mature oocytes activated by parthenogenetic activation after freezing. During in vitro maturation and vitrification freezing in sheep oocytes, CGA significantly reduced the level of ROS and the expression of apoptosis-related genes (Caspase-3 and Bax/Bcl-2), and significantly increased the level of glutathione (GSH), mitochondrial membrane potential, and the expression of antioxidant and anti-apoptosis-related genes (SOD-2 and GPX-3). In addition, CGA significantly increased the expression of the anti-apoptotic gene (AKT) and anti-stress gene (FOXO) during vitrification freezing of sheep oocytes. In conclusion, 40 μmol/L CGA improves the maturation rate of sheep oocytes, and 50 μmol/L CGA improves the quality of parthenogenetic activation embryos after vitrification freezing of mature oocytes in sheep. These results provide a basis for the production of sheep in vitro embryos and the establishment of a germplasm resource bank.

As an alternative to traditional dietary fibers with prebiotic effects, the interaction between resistant starch III (RS3) and gut microbiota is worth exploring. In this study, the effects of RS3 on the proliferation of Bifidobacterium adolescentis (B. adolescentis) and their structural changes before and after fermentation were investigated. Autoclaved-debranched resistant starch (ADRS) demonstrated the best proliferative effect for B. adolescentis and the highest roughness (Ra = 21.90 nm; Rq = 16.00 nm). The rough surface of ADRS was the key for B. adolescentis proliferation. B. adolescentis produced an extracellular amylase to assist degradation and showed the highest activity in ADRS. Fermentation disrupted short-range ordered structure and reduced R 1047 cm -1 /1022 cm -1 by 20.74 % and R 995 cm -1 /1022 cm -1 by 30.85 %. The extracellular amylase was essential substance for ADRS degradation. These findings help optimize RS3 structure and promote the proliferation of intestinal probiotics., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are non-coding RNAs that play key roles in the development and progression of cancer through various mechanisms of action, making them promising biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. In the present study, a biosensor based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) was developed for rapid, simple, and sensitive quantitative detection of intracellular circRNAs for the first time. A dual-signal SERS nanoprobe with a 4MBN and ROX signal molecule was fabricated, and the ROX signal intensity was used to determine the concentration of target circSATB2. 4MBN was used as an internal standard to calibrate the ROX signal, thereby achieving highly sensitive and reliable detection of the target circRNA with a limit of detection of 0.043 pM. Furthermore, the relatively high expression of circSATB2 in lung cancer cells compared to that in normal lung epithelial cells was successfully characterized by the proposed SERS imaging method, which is consistent with the results of standard reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Monitoring of specific circRNAs using this SERS-based biosensor is a promising method for cancer diagnosis and gene therapy., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Cadmium (Cd) is a harmful heavy metal that is highly toxic to plants and animals. Expansins are cell wall proteins inducing cell wall loosening and participate in all plant growth and development processes which are associated with cell wall modifications. We investigated lettuce's expansin gene LsEXPA6 and found that LsEXPA6 overexpression Arabidopsis lines were much more resistant to cadmium stress. Our results revealed that the root system of the expa6 mutant was suppressed under cadmium stress, resulting in shorter plant height, reduced biomass, and a significant increase in cadmium content in the plants compared with wild-type plants, whereas LsEXPA6 overexpression lines had a well-developed root system and reduced cadmium accumulation in the roots and shoots of the plants. The above results indicated that overexpression of LsEXPA6 affected root development and reduced Cd absorption in Arabidopsis. In addition, the higher absorption capacity of nutrients, increased antioxidant enzymes activities, improved chlorophyll and photosynthetic function in the overexpression Arabidopsis plants, supported the Cd stress tolerance mechanism. Taken together, these results provided a new insight on the role of expansin proteins in the tolerance of plants to Cd stress by root cell elongation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Xiaoming xu reports financial support was provided by National key research and development program of China. Xiaoming xu reports a relationship with Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China that includes: funding grants., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

To achieve the effective loading and delivery of curcumin, novel disulfide-crosslinked nanoparticles based on modified dextrin were developed for the encapsulation of curcumin. Thiolated dextrin (Dt-SH) was obtained via sodium periodate oxidation and cysteamine grafting. The Dt-SH exhibited a rough, flake-like morphology, was classified as an amorphous material and demonstrated enhanced enzyme resistance. Subsequently, spherical nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 92.52 to 157.12 nm and zeta potentials between +23.59 and + 29.90 mV were self-assembled in an aqueous solution. Thiol modification promoted interconnection and aggregation of the nanoparticles. These nanoparticles exhibited pH-dependent size variations. Taking curcumin as a hydrophobic model, nanoparticles showed intestinal targeted release in vitro. Fluorescence spectroscopy and thermodynamic analysis indicated that curcumin bound to Dt-SH nanoparticles primarily through hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces, with hydrophobic interactions contributing. These findings supported the potential of thiolated dextrin nanoparticles in the effective delivery of hydrophobic compounds., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have no any conflict of interests or personal relationship that might influenced the work related to this study., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This work aimed to investigate the feasibility of stabilizing oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions by ultrasound-treated pea protein isolate-tannic acid (UPPI-TA) complex. The stability and microstructure of the O/W emulsions were evaluated at different ultrasonic powers (0-1000 W) and UPPI-TA complex concentrations (0.25-2.0 wt%). The contact angle (θ) of UPPI-TA was 59.6°, which was suitable for stabilizing O/W emulsions. At an ultrasonic power of 800 W, the droplet size and creaming index (CI) of emulsions decreased, and the apparent viscosity and interfacial protein adsorption content increased with increasing UPPI-TA concentration. In particular, emulsions with 1.5 % UPPI-TA showed the lowest CI, the highest interfacial protein adsorption content and viscoelasticity, as well as the best storage and thermal stability. These results showed that the suitable modifications of ultrasonic emulsification power and particle concentrations were a new potential approach to stabilize the O/W emulsions by ultrasound-treated pea protein isolated-tannic acid complex., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors state that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could influence the work reported in this article., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a typical autoimmune disease characterized by a complex pathogenesis and a strong genetic predisposition. The study of inflammatory response in SLE monocytes is not very clear, and exploring the inflammatory factors of monocytes is beneficial to discover new diagnostic targets., Results: Using scRNA-seq technology, we obtained the quantitative changes in circulating immune cells and various cellular immune metabolic profiles between SLE patients and healthy volunteers. A significant increase in monocytes was observed in peripheral blood of SLE patients. Flow cytometry was employed to validate the types and quantities of circulating immune cells in SLE, corroborating the scRNA-seq results. Monocyte highly expressed IRF1 (interferon regulatory factor 1) in SLE. Previous research proves that IRF1 is widely involved in immune regulation and inflammatory response, and can promote the transcription of a variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, Inflammatory factors secreted by monocytes in serum were measured. The results demonstrated a significant upregulation of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-1β in the sera of SLE patients compared to healthy controls., Conclusion: Our results demonstrate upregulation of monocyte inflammation in circulating immune cells in SLE patients and expands the current understanding of circulating immune cells in SLE. Our study provides a blueprint for future exploration of SLE monocytes, revealing the pathogenesis and inventing new immunotherapies., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2025. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

As a noninvasive optical method, terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) has been applied to diagnose the plasma parameters. Previous reports mainly focused on the phase and amplitude changes of THz waves induced by the plasma, while the terahertz polarization characteristics were rarely reported. In this paper, in addition to the plasma electron density and terahertz transmittance, we further applied the terahertz time-domain polarimetry (THz-TDP) method to diagnose the terahertz polarization rotation angles induced by an argon inductively coupled plasma (ICP). The experiment results and theoretical analysis further extend the ability of terahertz techniques for plasma diagnostics and show that the gas plasma-like ICP has the potential to become a tunable THz modulator.

The analysis of human exhaled gas is crucial for early and noninvasive diagnosis. However, the complex composition and high-humidity of exhaled gas pose significant challenges to the application of gas sensors. This research focuses on the development of a chemiresistive ammonia sensor based on the polyaniline/tin disulfide (PANI/SnS 2 ) heterojunction, which is fabricated by hydrothermal and in-situ polymerization techniques. The sensor demonstrates significantly enhanced gas sensing capabilities manifested by increased responsiveness, improved selectivity, and stability for detecting 0.5-100 ppm ammonia at ambient temperature. Notably, the sensor exhibits a marked enhancement in response at high humidity levels. When exposed to 30 ppm of ammonia, the sensor's response value increases by 167 % at a relative humidity (RH) of 80 %, compared to 128 % at 50 % RH. This significant improvement can be attributed to the unique interaction between water molecules and the sensor material, which enhances the overall charge transfer processes at the PANI/SnS 2 interface. Furthermore, in-situ techniques as well as theoretical calculations are utilized to gain insight into the sensitization mechanism. The proposed PANI/SnS 2 heterojunction sensor shows great promise for applications in high-humidity environment at ambient temperature., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To report the prevalence and risk factors of elder self-neglect (ESN) among community-dwelling older adults ( N = 604)., Method: The current cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2019 to October 2020 in Lanzhou City, China. ESN was determined by the Scale of Elderly Self-Neglect, which evaluates five dimensions: (a) medical health and care, (b) environmental sanitation and personal hygiene, (c) mental health, (d) safety, and (e) social engagement. Frailty was assessed using the Physical Frailty Phenotype scale. Participants were asked whether they had bothersome and activity-limiting pain over the past 1 month. Characteristics associated with ESN were identified through multiple linear regression analyses., Results: Mean age of participants was 71.34 years ( SD = 7.15 years), and 255 (57.8%) were female. The prevalence of ESN among participants was 16.2%. Among the five dimensions of ESN, medical health and care accounted for the largest proportion (44%). Approximately 58% of participants were pre-frail and 11.4% were frail, and 45% reported experiencing bothersome pain. Older adults with a household monthly income per capita <2,000 RMB (β = -0.112, p < 0.05), larger waist circumference (β = 0.185, p < 0.001), pre-frailty (β = 0.176, p < 0.001), frailty (β = 0.420, p < 0.001), and pain (β = 0.102, p < 0.05) were more prone to ESN., Conclusion: ESN is a prevalent issue among community-dwelling older adults. Frailty, pain, low economic status, and larger waist circumference are identified as independent risk factors for ESN. There is a need to improve the understanding of ESN among health care providers and policymakers. Personalized interventions aimed at preventing or addressing these risk factors may lead to improvements in ESN outcomes. [ Journal of Gerontological Nursing, xx (x), xx-xx.].

Pralsetinib demonstrated impressive improvement of survival in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients harbored de novo RET fusion. However, the efficacy in patients with acquired RET fusion after resistance to EGFR/ALK-TKIs has only been reported on a case-by-case basis, and the strategy for overcoming the acquired RET fusion has not been fully investigated. This multicenter, real-world analysis enrolled 32 patients with unresectable NSCLC harbored acquired RET fusion after resistance to EGFR/ALK-TKIs in 23 centers across China from July 1st, 2018 to Nov 23rd, 2022. Epidemiological, clinical, genetic, and treatment data were collected. The primary outcome was time to treatment failure (TTF). Secondary outcomes were overall survival (OS), objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR) and toxicity. In real-world context, patients underwent pralsetinib-based treatment had a higher proportion of central nervous system metastasis. EGFR 19del was the predominant mutation type (62.5 %) prior to acquired RET fusion. CCDC6 was the commonest RET fusion partner (40.6 %). "Clonal RET fusion" (c-RET) and "subclonal RET fusion" (s-RET) were defined according to the RET fusion allele frequency. Patients with c-RET had higher proportions of undetected EGFR mutation and KIF5B-RET fusion. First-line pralsetinib-based therapy had notably superior median TTF when compared to their counterparts (8.03 versus 4.30 months, P = 0.016). Notably, patients with c-RET had a better prognosis than those with s-RET (median TTF: NR versus 5.67 months, P = 0.037, median OS: NR versus 9.83 months, P = 0.047). In conclusion, pralsetinib-based therapy may be a potential strategy to overcome acquired RET fusion after resistance to EGFR/ALK-TKIs., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2025. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

We developed glycosyl N -( para -methoxyphenylpropargyl) pyrrole-2-carboxylates (PPPCs) as highly effective donors for chemical glycosylation. The modular design and exceptional stability of the acid precursor provide PPPC donors with synthetic versatility and ease of use. Activated by NIS/TMSOTf, PPPC donors exhibit a broad compatibility for both O - and N -glycosylation reactions. Their distinct reactivity gradient enables streamlined one-pot syntheses, complementing thioglycosides and imidates. These features position PPPC donors as promising tools for advancing carbohydrate chemistry.

Background: Life quality of osteoporosis patients is affected significantly due to the severely complications of fracture and pain. RANKL, indicated as the key mediator of osteoporosis, plays a pathogenic role of osteoclasts induction. To target this program, two medications, bisphosphonate and Denosumab, were developed and achieved remarkable advantages in clinics. Unfortunately, fracture-related side-effects always emerge unavoidably, after either long-term administration of bisphosphonates or Denosumab withdrawing. To address these challenges, vaccine-based approach has been adopted to achieve sustainable protection through induction and maintenance of effective antibodies in mild level over decades., Methods: A Denosumab binding peptide was firstly identified as the basic component of vaccine. This peptide was then fused with diphtheria toxin T domain, a widely used adjuvant protein. Its capabilities to penetrate the autologous tolerance and induce the immune responses was then demonstrated with in-silicon evaluation. Finally, the efficacy of the DR3 vaccine was assessed through immunization on the human RANKL transgenic mice model of osteoporosis., Results: The DTT-RANKL (220-245)3 vaccine, termed as DR3, were predicted as highly antigenic and non-allergenicity. This molecule was comprised of 46.5 % of helix, 8.5 % strand and 45.1 % coil, the optimized Z-value of the tertiary structure was 6.39, and the favored area in the Ramachandran plot was 96.1 % after refinement. Molecular docking showed a tight binding of DR3 vaccine to TLR2 (-9.2 kcal/mol) and TLR4 (-9.5 kcal/mol). In addition, the immune stimulation indicated robust responses post administration of DR3 vaccine, including high level production of of antibodies and cytokines, activated T and B lymphocytes, and the long-last immune memory. In agree with the simulation, vaccinated mice generated high titers anti-hRANKL antibodies and elevated levels of IL-4 and IL-10 at 7th week post immunization., Conclusion: DR3 vaccine was aroused to benefit the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, and other bone-resorptive diseases potentially., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The first Ru(II)-catalyzed C-H activation/[4 + 2] annulation of aryl imidates with heteroaromatic iodonium ylides is reported. Our approach features the utilization of a commercially available ruthenium catalyst, providing a one-step construction of phelligridin analogues from easily available and nonpreactivated starting materials. The developed methodology is successfully employed for the total synthesis of phelligridin A, significantly streamlining previous multistep synthesis. The potential of this approach is further demonstrated through a modular synthesis of the core structure of phelligridin C/D.

Detergents are essential for preserving the structural integrity and functionality of membrane proteins (MPs) outside the biological membrane or in aqueous solution, and thus ensuring accurate biochemical and structural analyses. Here, we introduce peptide-scaffolded detergents, a novel class of hybrid molecules formed by preassembling detergent monomers with peptides of varying lengths, mediated via Click chemistry. These detergents are characterized by scalable, straightforward synthesis and enhanced solubility. Among the variants, A4B2 emerged as the optimal detergent, demonstrating superior thermal stabilization across a range of G protein-coupled receptors, including A2AAR, SMO and GLP-1R. Additionally, A4B2 exhibits a low critical micelle concentration and small micelle size, together making it particularly effective for electron microscopy studies of A2AAR. This innovative design leverages the benefits of peptide-based and traditional detergents, offering new insights for the development of advanced detergents in MP research., (© 2025 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Alpine meadows are vital ecosystems on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, significantly contributing to water conservation and climate regulation. This study examines the energy flux patterns and their driving factors in the alpine meadows of the Qilian Mountains, focusing on how the meteorological variables of net radiation ( R n ), air temperature, vapor pressure deficit ( VPD ), wind speed ( U ), and soil water content ( SWC ) influence sensible heat flux ( H ) and latent heat flux ( LE ). Using the Bowen ratio energy balance method, we monitored energy changes during the growing and non-growing seasons from 2022 to 2023. The annual average daily R n was 85.29 W m -2 , with H , LE , and G accounting for 0.56, 0.71, and -0.32 of R n , respectively. Results show that R n is the main driver of both H and LE , highlighting its crucial role in turbulent flux variations. Additionally, a negative correlation was found between air temperature and H , suggesting that high temperatures may suppress H . A significant positive correlation was observed between soil moisture and LE , further indicating that moist soil conditions enhance LE . In conclusion, this study demonstrates the impact of climate change on energy distribution in alpine meadows and calls for further research on the ecosystem's dynamic responses to changing climate conditions.

Background: Portulaca oleracea L. (purslane) is a dietary plant and a botanical drug with antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the effects of purslane against intestinal-inflammation-associated obesity are yet to be studied. In the present study, we hypothesized that purslane extract could reduce intestinal inflammation associated with metabolic disorder., Results: Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD, 60% kcal% of fat) for a total duration of 14 weeks to establish an obesity model; further, the treatment group was orally administered purslane extract (200 mg/kg/day) during the last 4 weeks. Then, intestinal tissues were detached from the mice for detecting protein expressions through Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses. Pro-inflammatory cytokines were determined using ELISA kits, whereas the components of purslane extract were detected by ultra performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Chronic oral administration of purslane extract ameliorated colon shortening syndrome and reduced bowel inflammation in HFD-induced obese mice through suppression of the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway to downregulate TLR4, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), Ser32 phosphorylation of NF-κB inhibitor alpha (IκBα), and Ser536 phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 expression levels, thereby inhibiting the pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 levels., Conclusion: The present study supports the anti-inflammatory potential of purslane extract for modulating bowel inflammation under obesity through inhibition of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2025 Miao, Cheong, Zhang, Khan, Tao, Wang and Cheang.)

Comprehensive understanding of the microbiome and resistome evolution in compost is crucial for guaranteeing the safety of organic fertilizers. Current studies using different composting systems and sequencing technologies have yielded varying conclusions on the efficacy of exogenous additives (EAs) in reducing antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in compost. This study employed metagenomics to investigate the impact of various EAs on microbial communities, ARGs, their coexistence with mobile genetic elements (MGEs), and ARG hosts in co-composting. Our results demonstrated that EAs significantly reshaped the microbial communities and facilitated a notable reduction in total ARG abundance and diversity, primarily by decreasing core ARGs. Cooperative rather than antagonistic relationships among bacteria. The RA changes in total ARGs are mainly caused by a decrease in the prevalence of core ARGs. Furthermore, EAs showed significant efficacy in reducing clinical ARGs, including cfxA, tetX1, cfxA6, vanA, and aac (6')-Ib', with diatomite (5 %) and zeolite (5 %) being the most effective. The effect of EAs on ARGs and microbial community assembly were stochastic processes. Composting stage and EAs jointly reduced the association between ARGs and MGEs in the composting system. The reduction of ARGs attributed to a decreased abundance of potential pathogenic ARG-associated hosts and diminished associations with MGEs. In conclusion, EAs present a straightforward and effective approach for promoting ARGs reduction in compost, offering crucial insights for assessing the environmental risks associated with the release of agricultural ARGs., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), when utilized as solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coating materials, exhibit remarkable abilities to concentrate phenols by thousands-fold owing to their vast surface area and exceptional stability. However, the prevalent micropores inherent in COFs can impede rapid mass transfer of target molecules, prolonging SPME extraction times. To addresses this limitation, this work introduces a novel approach by integrating hierarchical porous structures into COFs, leveraging polystyrene microspheres as hard templates during the in situ growth process of the SPME coating. Due to the presence of a hierarchical porous structure derived from the template, the resulting hierarchical porous TpBD coating, termed HP-TpBD, demonstrated enhanced extraction efficiency, accelerated extraction kinetics, and notably shortened extraction times for phenolic compounds. Coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, a highly sensitive method featuring a low limit of detection (0.20-0.28 ng L -1 ), a broad linear range (1.0∼1.0 × 10 4 ng L -1 ), and excellent precision (RSD < 8.5 %) was established. This methodology enables accurate quantitative analysis of phenols in water and soil samples. This work provides valuable insights into developing COF-based SPME coatings for the efficient extraction of volatile contaminants, paving the way for more efficient and sensitive analytical procedures., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The primary clinical manifestations of osteoarthritis (OA) are joint pain and restricted movement capabilities. Synovial inflammation, serving as an initiator of OA progression, intensifies cartilage damage via the generation of various deleterious agents, including pro-inflammatory cytokines and nociceptive mediators. Despite extensive research on modulating synovial inflammation to retard OA progression, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of synovial inflammation in OA remain elusive. Interleukin-17A (IL-17A), a pro-inflammatory cytokine released by activated T lymphocytes, is a therapeutic target for numerous inflammatory and autoimmune pathologies. This study investigates the role and mechanism of IL-17A in OA synovial inflammation using both in vivo and in vitro models and examines the impact of the endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) inhibitor, 4-Phenylbutyric Acid (4-PBA). Our findings indicate that IL-17A may be implicated in synovial inflammation through ERS and suggest a potential therapeutic direction for mitigating synovial inflammation in OA., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)