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Background: Time in headache disorders is crucial for diagnosis and gives insight into headache pathophysiology., Objective: To summarize published studies which describe timing processes in both attack presentation (onset, duration) and disease characterization (age of onset, evolution over time) in primary headache disorders and link to pathophysiology., Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted through Ovid MEDLINE(R) and PubMed, focusing on English-language articles from 1946 to 2023 to write the review. The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition provided the framework for the review of primary headache disorders (migraine, tension-type headache and cluster headache)., Results: Attack presentation : Migraine attacks exhibit significant circadian and infradian rhythms, influenced by hormonal levels, light sensitivity, and hypothalamic activation. Tension-type headache lacks clear chronobiological patterns, with limited understanding of its underlying mechanisms. Cluster headache displays a distinct circannual pattern, with attacks often occurring at night and relevant involvement of the hypothalamus. Disease characterization : Age of onset exhibits the earliest peak in migraine; frequency and typical features of primary headache disorders decrease over time., Conclusion: This comprehensive analysis of time patterns in primary headache disorders underscores their role in phenotyping, understanding and treating primary headache disorders, offering promising avenues for advancing and tailoring headache management., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe authors declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: A.G.M. reports that within the prior 36 months has received speaker honoraria from TEVA, Lilly and Altermedica.J.C.R reports in the last 36 months he has received honoraria for education presentations for Abbvie, Novartis and Viatris. He has served on medical advisory boards for Pfizer, Viatris and Lilly. His institution has received funding for research grants, clinical trials and projects supported by the International Headache Society, Brain Foundation, Lundbeck, Abbvie, Pfizer and Aeon.F.H., F.J.O., H.G., T.C.S., M.C.D., U.A., H.H., J.M.K., reports no conflict of interests.K.S.L reports personal fees from Teva and Acticor Biotech.E.C. has received received honoraria from Novartis, Chiesi, Lundbeck, Medscape.P.P.R. reports that within the prior 36 months, having received honoraria as a consultant and speaker for: AbbVie, Amgen, Biohaven, Chiesi, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Medscape, Novartis, Pfizer and Teva. Her research group has received research grants from Novartis, Teva, AbbVie, EraNET Neuron, RIS3CAT FEDER, AGAUR, ISCIII, International Headache Society; has received funding for clinical trials from Alder, Amgen, Biohaven, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Novartis, Teva. She is the Honorary Secretary of the International Headache Society. She is a member of the Clinical Trials Guideline Committee of the International Headache Society. She serves as an associate editor for Cephalalgia, Headache, The Journal of Headache and Pain, Neurologia, and Revista de Neurologia. She is the founder of www.midolordecabeza.org. P.P.R. does not own stocks from any pharmaceutical company.

Medication-overuse headache (MOH), which potentially involves 1-2% of the population, is defined as a headache, on ≥ 15 days a month affected, along with overuse of one or other acute attack medications. MOH presents with significant challenges in the headache community, particularly in clinical settings raising various questions about its pathophysiology. Through a review of the current literature and our clinical experience, we have explored the mechanisms through which MOH may occur, provide an understanding of the current state of treatment and detail some possible views on the understanding and treatment of this condition. We evaluate the variations in treatment methods offered globally and understanding of the disorder. Above all interventions, patient education is crucial, which is underscored by an analysis of the academic publications. Given the condition is preventable, early intervention is imperative and patient awareness is highlighted as key. Globally, there is no uniform treatment methodology, which may be advantageous as approaches need to take local circumstances into account., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Slit lamp biomicroscope is the right hand of an Ophthalmologist. Even though precise, its bulky design and complex working process are limiting constraints, making it difficult for screening at outreach camps, which are an integral part of this field for the purpose of eliminating needless blindness. The torchlight is the main tool used for screening. Recently, the integration of smartphones with instruments and the digitization of slit lamp has been explored, to provide simple and easy hacks. By bringing the slit of the slit lamp to traditional torchlight, we have created "The Slitscope". It combines the best of both worlds as a simple innovative do-it-yourself novel technique for precise cataract screening. It is especially useful in peripheral centers, vision centers, and outreach camps. We present two prototypes which can also be 3D printed., (Copyright © 2024 Copyright: © 2024 Indian Journal of Ophthalmology.)

Surgery, by nature, involves blood loss. Thus, suction plays an important role in ensuring a clean operating view and ease of access. In ophthalmology, there is a void for an efficient and flexible suction apparatus that is yet to be filled. Our innovation, the Eyespirator, is made using recycled or inexpensive parts, is easy to assemble, and can serve as a cost-effective alternative to the current apparatus under use. It helps to overcome the difficulties caused by large instruments and non-pliable suction tips, unregulated generation of vacuum, and high pressures generated causing trauma to the delicate structures, and can prove to be of immense use in fields such as ophthalmology where the small surgical field is a big challenge. It creates a vacuum by using a simple water pump and is regulated by a foot pedal. This can be deployed even in rural settings, and small modifications can allow its usage in a wide variety of surgical fields., (Copyright © 2023 Copyright: © 2023 Indian Journal of Ophthalmology.)

Migraine is a disabling neurological disorder burdening patients globally. Through the increasing development of preclinical and clinical experimental migraine models, advancing appreciation of the extended clinical phenotype, and functional neuroimaging studies, we can further our understanding of the neurobiological basis of this highly disabling condition. Despite increasing understanding of the molecular and chemical architecture of migraine mechanisms, many areas require further investigation. Research over the last three decades has suggested that migraine has a strong genetic basis, based on the positive family history in most patients, and this has steered exploration into possibly implicated genes. In recent times, human genome-wide association studies and rodent genetic migraine models have facilitated our understanding, but most migraine seems polygenic, with the monogenic migraine mutations being considerably rarer, so further large-scale studies are required to elucidate fully the genetic underpinnings of migraine and the translation of these to clinical practice. The monogenic migraine mutations cause severe aura phenotypes, amongst other symptoms, and offer valuable insights into the biology of aura and the relationship between migraine and other conditions, such as vascular disease and sleep disorders. This review will provide an outlook of what is known about some monogenic migraine mutations, including familial hemiplegic migraine, familial advanced sleep-phase syndrome, and cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy.

Purpose: To compare glaucomatous from non-glaucomatous optic atrophy using optical coherence tomography (OCT) based on the measurement values of Bruch's membrane opening minimum rim width (BMO-MRW), which is a difficult task otherwise due to their varied course of disease progression, treatment protocols, and systemic association to visual impairment., Methods: This study was conducted in 40 eyes, comprising 20 eyes with non-glaucomatous optic neuropathy (NGON) and 20 eyes with glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON). All patients underwent a complete ophthalmic examination followed by an OCT optic disc scan to calculate the measurement of BMO-MRW., Results: The 5-fold cross-validated area under the curve for GON versus NGON from logistic regression models was 0.95 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.86-1.00) using BMO-MRW values from all sectors. The results revealed that the measurements were significantly lesser in GON than in NGON patients., Conclusion: Hence, OCT-based BMO-MRW values could be used as an additional test to compare glaucomatous with non-glaucomatous optic neuropathy patients, especially in cases of high clinical suspicion.

Migraine is a common condition with disabling attacks that burdens people in the prime of their working lives. Despite years of research into migraine pathophysiology and therapeutics, much remains to be learned about the mechanisms at play in this complex neurovascular condition. Additionally, there remains a relative paucity of specific and targeted therapies available. Many sufferers remain underserved by currently available broad action preventive strategies, which are also complicated by poor tolerance and adverse effects. The development of preclinical migraine models in the laboratory, and the advances in human experimental migraine provocation, have led to the identification of key molecules likely involved in the molecular circuity of migraine, and have provided novel therapeutic targets. Importantly, the identification that vasoconstriction is neither necessary nor required for headache abortion has changed the landscape of migraine treatment and has broadened the therapy targets for patients with vascular risk factors or vascular disease. These targets include nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and several neuropeptides that are involved in migraine. The ability of NO donors and infusion of some of these peptides into humans to trigger typical migraine-like attacks has supported the development of targeted therapies against these molecules. Some of these, such as those targeting calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), have already reached clinical practice and are displaying a positive outcome in migraineurs for the better by offering targeted efficacy without significant adverse effects. Others, such as those targeting pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP), are showing promise and are likely to enter phase 3 clinical trials in the near future. Understanding these nitrergic and peptidergic mechanisms in migraine and their interactions is likely to lead to further therapeutic strategies for migraine in the future.

In this report, we have utilized a smartphone-based innovative tool named anterior segment photography with an intraocular lens (ASPI) with a cobalt blue filter on the smartphone flash for photographing fluorescein-stained corneas. An intraocular lens along with a cobalt blue filter was attached to the smartphone camera to achieve this purpose. The filter could block out all wavelengths of light except the blue wavelength (450-490 nm) emerging from the smartphone camera. A pilot study was conducted on 27 eyes of 25 patients where images of various corneal pathologies were obtained using ASPI blue light imaging. The images were clear and highly magnified and could be used for documentation, teleconsultation for expert opinion, education, and monitoring of disease progression. ASPI-aided blue light imaging could be easily fabricated and is a frugal inexpensive device, which is used by different ophthalmic personnel to obtain fluorescein-stained corneal images.

Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

The authors describe a novel technique of performing retinoscopy assisted with a smartphone (gimbalscope). We found this technique of digital retinoscopy to be useful for demonstrating and documenting retinoscopic reflexes and in addition as an easy teaching tool. This technical report explains the assembly of our smartphone-assisted retinoscope and provides examples of the range of normal and abnormal reflexes that can be captured., Competing Interests: None

Abstract: Demodex is an important pathogen causing eyelid and eyelash diseases. This article describes a quick, efficient, cost-effective office-based imaging of demodex with the help of an intraocular lens (IOL) and smartphone-aided innovated tool. Eyelid photography of a 56-year-old man with suspected demodex infestation was obtained using a 20-diopter (D) IOL over the smartphone camera called as Anterior Segment Photography using IOL (ASPI). A video or photograph of the epilated eyelash was taken using four 30-D IOLs attached to the smartphone camera to form an optical system called IOLSCOPE, which clearly detected the demodex parasite. The importance of ASPI and IOLSCOPE for the rapid office-based diagnosis of demodex pathogen in peripheral health centers devoid of slitlamp and microscopes has been emphasized here., Competing Interests: The authors have no funding or conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2021 Contact Lens Association of Ophthalmologists.)

Gonioscopy is an important part of glaucoma diagnosis and management. Imaging and documentation of the anterior chamber angle has been previously performed using slit-lamp-assisted photography or using smartphones with or without an attached macro lens. Smartphones have transformed ophthalmic imaging by virtue of their availability, easy use, and portability. In this report, the authors aim to demonstrate gonio-imaging using a smartphone attached with an intraocular lens which behaves like a macro lens. With the patient in a sitting position or in the supine position, a goniolens is placed on the patient's cornea. A smartphone with a 10 D intraocular lens attachment over its camera is used to take images or videos of the anterior chamber angle with high magnification. This imaging modality is cost-effective and can be used for screening and photographic documentation of the angle, and can be of immense benefit, especially in primary health care centers., Competing Interests: Disclosure: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

The emergence of smartphone-based imaging devices has been a boon in the field of ophthalmology, especially in obtaining high-quality ocular images. They can be specialized and utilized for imaging-specific regions of the eye. Among the multitude of applications of smartphone-based imaging, one of the upcoming major use is to image the microbiological world. Previous few reports have described attaching magnifying lenses of various types to the smartphone camera and transforming it into a microscope for imaging fungal hyphae and ocular surface parasites. We describe a novel technique of attaching the smartphone-based intraocular lens microscope (IOLSCOPE) to the slit lamp, thereby utilizing the slit lamp joystick for moving the smartphone over the concerned slide specimen to make it steady and obtain images of high resolution. This innovative do-it-yourself novel modification is especially useful in peripheral centers, vision centers, and local clinics for immediate screening and identification of microbial pathogens such as fungi and ocular surface parasites., Competing Interests: None

Purpose: To evaluate the use of smartphone-based innovative tools named Anterior segment photography with intraocular lens (ASPI) and smartphone based intraocular lens microscope (IOLSCOPE) to demonstrate, treat, and diagnose the patients of ophthalmomyiasis caused by Oestrus ovis., Methods: A retrospective interventional case series of six patients infested with O. ovis presenting in a rural health center with symptoms of burning, itching, watering, and foreign body sensation diagnosed with ophthalmomyiasis. Diagnosis and treatment were performed using an innovative imaging technique that is, an optical system formed by intraocular lens (IOL) and smartphone., Results: The smartphone-based ASPI clearly detected and removed the moving larvae from the ocular surface, followed by microbiological diagnosis of O.ovis larvae with the help of an IOLSCOPE., Conclusion: The importance of ASPI and IOLSCOPE for the management of ophthalmomyiasis in peripheral health centers devoid of slitlamp and microscopes has been emphasized here., Competing Interests: The author has no funding or conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2021 Contact Lens Association of Ophthalmologists.)