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Objective: To evaluate the kinematics and stability of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of cats and dogs with and without a TMJ replacement (TMJR) prosthesis under simulated bite forces and mouth opening., Animals: Sixteen cadaver skulls from domestic cats (n = 8) and medium- to large-breed dogs (n = 8)., Methods: Intact TMJs were tested. Following condylectomy and coronoidectomy, the skulls were fitted with a TMJR prosthesis unilaterally and retested. Prosthesis was similarly implanted in the contralateral TMJ in 4 cats and 4 dogs before retesting. Left and right bite motions were evaluated before bite contact to peak bite force (200 N in dogs, 63 N in cats). Mouth opening motion was recorded. Mandibular displacement under load was evaluated in 3 orthogonal planes. Maximal displacement was compared between TMJR groups and native TMJ. Prosthesis-bone motion of the temporal and mandibular components was evaluated during simulated bites and mouth opening., Results: TMJR resulted in joint motion not demonstrably different from the native TMJ, with the ability to fully open and close the mouth and with minimal laterotrusion. The TMJR prosthesis demonstrated similar stability after unilateral and bilateral replacement during bite force and with an open mouth. Mean implant-bone motion during bite simulations for the temporal and mandibular TMJR components was ≤ 60 µm in cats and ≤ 30 µm in dogs., Clinical Relevance: A novel TMJR can be implanted and allows normal jaw motion. Joint stability is maintained after TMJR implantation in the TMJ of dogs and cats TMJ that is devoid of muscular support.

Objective: To evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward antibiotic use among board-certified veterinary dentists., Sample: 104 veterinarians board certified by the American Veterinary Dental College., Methods: A 30-question survey was generated from an online platform and sent via email listserv to board-certified veterinary dentists. Responses were examined to identify patterns or correlations among the variables of interest., Results: There were 104 board-certified veterinary dentists who responded. The majority reported using prophylactic intraoperative antibiotics sparingly for dental procedures and predominately for patients with historic endocarditis or on immunosuppressive doses of steroids. For healthy patients, they reported that antibiotics are often prescribed during jaw fracture repair, maxillectomy/mandibulectomy, and treatment of stage 4 periodontal disease or periapical lucencies. Knowledge of antibiotic resistance and evidence-based antibiotic use were not significantly different between different practice sectors (academia vs private practice) or dependent on the duration of board certification. Dentists who did not believe antibiotics used postoperatively reduce local postoperative infection rates were less likely to prescribe injectable intraoperative antibiotics for the prevention of postoperative infection. No other variables were associated with the likelihood of prescribing intraoperative antibiotics. More than 95% of veterinary dentists surveyed agreed that specific antibiotic use guidelines for veterinary dentistry would help reduce inappropriate use of antibiotics., Clinical Relevance: There are differences among veterinary dentists regarding which procedures and patient-specific comorbidities they believe necessitate the use of prophylactic antibiotics. The development of a consensus statement and prospective studies of current antibiotic use are important next steps to improving antibiotic stewardship in veterinary dentistry.

Background: Advanced diagnostic imaging is an essential part of preoperative planning for oral and maxillofacial surgery in veterinary patients. 3-dimensional (3D) printed models and surgical guides generated from diagnostic imaging can provide a deeper understanding of the complex maxillofacial anatomy, including relevant spatial relationships. Additionally, patient-specific 3D printed models allow surgeons and trainees to better examine anatomical features through tactile and visuospatial feedback allowing for improved preoperative planning, intraoperative guidance, and enhanced trainee education. Furthermore, these models facilitate discussions with pet owners, allowing for improved owner understanding of pathology, and educated decision-making regarding treatment., Case Presentation: Our case series consists of three 3D printed models segmented from computed tomography (CT) and cone beam CT (CBCT) and fabricated via desktop vat polymerization for preoperative planning and intraoperative guidance for resection of maxillary osteosarcoma, mandibular reconstruction after mandibulectomy, and gap arthroplasty for temporomandibular joint ankylosis in dogs., Conclusions: We illustrate multiple benefits and indications for 3D printing in veterinary oral and maxillofacial surgery. 3D printed models facilitate the understanding of complex surgical anatomy, creating an opportunity to assess the spatial relationship of the relevant structures. It facilitates individualized surgical planning by allowing surgeons to tailor and augment the surgical plan by examining patient-specific anatomy and pathology. Surgical steps may also be simulated in advance, including planning of osteotomy lines, and pre-contouring of titanium plates for reconstruction. Additionally, a 3D printed model and surgical guide also serve as invaluable intraoperative reference and guidance. Furthermore, 3D printed models have the potential to improve veterinary resident and student training as well as pet owner understanding and communication regarding the condition of their pets, treatment plan and intended outcomes., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Periodontal disease is one the most common disease pathologies in small animal medicine, yet new graduates report they feel unprepared to perform dentistry in general practice. Novel methodologies to close the knowledge gap in veterinary dentistry need to be identified. Typodonts (dental models) are commonly used in human dental schools to teach basic principles prior to practice on clinical patients and have been shown to be an effective teaching tool. The study aimed to determine if independent study and self-guided practice on a veterinary typodont prior to a structured, in-person cadaver laboratory with feedback increases students' perceived dentistry clinical skills in performing periodontal techniques. We calculated the knowledge gap before and after the cadaver laboratory by comparing the students' perceived and desired skill levels in performing periodontal charting, ultrasonic cleaning, hand scaling, and root planing. Ninety-six percent of students reported that practice with the dental typodont prior to the cadaver laboratory increased their comfort level in performing periodontal skills. However, practice did not result in a significant decrease in knowledge gap compared with participation in the cadaver laboratory alone. Although students perceived a benefit to practicing with the typodont, self-guided practice was not effective in decreasing the knowledge gap, most likely due to a lack of structured feedback with typodont use. Further investigation into the use of typodonts with direct feedback prior to structured laboratory or, alternatively, as an additional practice tool following a structured laboratory would further define if there is a benefit to typodont practice in veterinary dentistry.

Objective: To identify biometric skull measurements that are associated with tension and excess narrowing of the resultant nasal aperture during cosmetic nasal planectomy reconstruction., Study Design: Ex vivo study., Animals: Twenty cadavers of mesocephalic dogs., Methods: Cosmetic reconstruction was performed after incisivectomy and nasal planectomy. Preoperative and intraoperative skull measurements included width of the nasal planum, rostral and caudal maxilla, labial flap, and maxilla at ostectomy site; the length of the nose, labial flap, and philtrum incision; lip thickness; and philtrum placement. Ratios of select width to length measurements were calculated. Correlation was tested between skull biometrics and tension during reconstruction as well as resulting opening of the nasal aperture., Results: Breeds included golden retriever, pit bull, Labrador retriever, beagle, shepherd, basset hound, boxer mix, cocker spaniel, and Great Dane. No biometric ratios were predictive of procedural success. The most important objective measurements that were significantly correlated with inferior outcome included width of the nasal planum (>3 cm), width of the caudal maxilla (>6.2 cm), lip thickness (>0.5 cm), width of the labial flap (>2.9 cm), length of the incision created to make the cosmetic "philtrum" (longer incisions >2.8 cm), and philtrum placement (more dorsal placement)., Conclusion: Tension during reconstruction and decreased resultant nasal aperture were associated with wider facial features and thicker lips as well as directly impacted by cosmetic philtrum design and placement., Clinical Significance: Standardized preoperative measurements may help guide clinical decision making in choosing and executing a nasal planectomy reconstructive technique., (© 2020 American College of Veterinary Surgeons.)

Canine acanthomatous ameloblastoma (CAA) has been reported to be the most common odontogenic tumor in dogs. This retrospective study evaluated 263 dogs with histopathologically confirmed CAA. Within this data set, CAA presents most commonly in the rostral mandible in adult large breed dogs, with golden retriever dogs being overrepresented. Patients with appropriate follow-up after curative intent surgery were evaluated to assess the effect of histopathological margin on local tumor recurrence. No local recurrence was noted in any patient. This study raises questions about what the recommended surgical margin should be for treatment of CAA. It also serves as a stimulus for discussion as to whether further treatment for CAA is required when inadequate surgical margins are obtained, or if medical surveillance would be an appropriate management recommendation. Prospective studies are necessary to answer these questions.