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Propolis and its extracts show a wide spectrum of biological activity. Due to the necessity to use high temperatures and high polarity in the eluent, the obtained extracts are depleted of active compounds. The new, cold separation method allows obtaining a qualitatively better product containing a number of chemical compounds absent in extracts obtained using high-temperature methods. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the biological activity of propolis extracts produced with the cold separation method in four female breast cancer cell lines: MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, MCF-7, and T-47D. The results of the breast cancer cell viability were obtained using the MTT test. Propolis extracts at 75 and 80% showed similar cytotoxicity against cancer cells, with the polyphenol fraction 75% being slightly more negative for cells. Propolis extracts at concentrations of 50, 75, and 100 µg/mL significantly reduced cell viability. With the exception of the MDA-MB-231 line, cell viability was also decreased after incubation with a concentration of 25 µg/mL. Our results suggest that propolis extracts obtained with the cold separation method may be considered as promising compounds for the production of health-promoting supplements.

Plant extracts are increasingly tested for their biological activity and interactions with neoplastic cells. One of such sources of biologically active substances is propolis. This product has been known for thousands of years and is widely used in alternative, folk medicine. Articles describing its effects on the metabolism and cell signaling pathways of neoplastic cells derived from different organs are also published more and more frequently. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the biological activity of propolis extract produced with the cold separation method into hormone-dependent and hormone-independent prostate cancer cell lines. In our study, the propolis extracts showed at least an inhibitory effect on the growth of PC-3 and DU-145 neoplastic cells. Our results suggest that propolis extracts obtained with the cold separation method may be considered as promising compounds for the production of health-promoting supplements.

Quality of life is related to good health, family relations, feeling of self-esteem, and ability to cope with difficult situations. Endometriosis is a chronic condition which affects different areas of life. The lack of satisfaction in everyday life is mainly due to constant pain. The process of adjusting to a life with illness is associated with negative emotions. The aim of the article is to review the current state of knowledge concerning the impact of social and medical factors on a population of women affected by endometriosis. Women with endometriosis have an impaired quality of life compared to the general female population. Psychological consequences of endometriosis include: depression, anxiety, powerlessness, guilt, self-directed violence, and deterioration of interpersonal relations. It may contribute to lower productivity at work and less satisfying intimate life. A multi-disciplinary, evidence-based care is needed. The disease can take away the ability to be physically active, obtain an education, work continuously, and interact with friends. Social support and cognitive-behavioral therapy are extremely important for healing.

Liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric (LC-ESI-MS/MS) qualitative and quantitative analysis of different extracts from the aerial parts and roots of Alchemilla acutiloba led to the identification of phenolic acids and flavonoids. To the best of our knowledge, isorhamnetin 3-glucoside, kaempferol 3-rutinoside, narcissoside, naringenin 7-glucoside, 3- O -methylquercetin, naringenin, eriodictyol, rhamnetin, and isorhamnetin were described for the first time in Alchemilla genus. In addition, the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activity of all extracts were evaluated. The results clearly showed that among analyzed extracts, the butanol extract of the aerial parts exhibited the highest biological activity comparable with the positive controls used.

Endometriosis is a chronic, estrogen-dependent, inflammatory condition that is defined as the presence of endometrial glands and stroma outside the uterine cavity. Despite the progress in research into the mechanisms leading to the development of endometriosis, its cause has not yet been established. It seems to be possible that the formation of oxidative stress may be one of the main causes of the development of endometriosis. There is much research that studies the potential role of trace elements in the appearance of endometrial-like lesions. Most studies focus on assessing the content of selected trace elements in the blood, urine, or peritoneal fluid in women with endometriosis. Meanwhile, little is known about the content of these elements in endometrial-like implants, which may be helpful in developing the theory of endometriosis. Investigations that are more comprehensive are needed to confirm a hypothesis that some trace elements play a role in the pathomechanism of endometriosis.

Thrombocytopenia is one of the two most common hematological problems in pregnant women. It is defined as the platelet (PLT) count below 150 × 103/μL. Gestational incidental thrombocytopenia (GIT) represents about 75% of thrombocytopenia cases in pregnancy and it is believed that GIT is secondary to accelerated platelet destruction and increased plasma volume associated with pregnancy. The pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia and its most severe form - HELLP syndrome account for 20% cases of thrombocytopenia in pregnancy and primary immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) - for 3-4 percent. During ITP, maternal antiplatelet antibodies can pass through the placenta and bind to fetal thrombocytes leading to the development of fetal thrombocytopenia which occurs in about 50% cases. Even if the maternal platelet count stabilizes, the estimated fetal and neonatal risk of thrombocytopenia in ITP is approximately 30%. Other types of thrombocytopenia in pregnant women constitute 1-2% of cases (disseminated intravascular coagulation, autoimmunological diseases, congenital, infection and drug-related, concomitant with blood neoplastic diseases). Although thrombocytopenia in pregnant women usually has a mild course, in case of a significant decrease in PLT count may lead to dangerous bleeding, especially when the platelet count falls below 20 × 103/μL. Since it is important to identify the cause of thrombocytopenia and to determine the risk for both the mother and the child, this paper presents the influence of maternal thrombocytopenia on the pregnancy course as well as its etiology and diagnostics. The treatment principles are discussed.

The purpose of the present study was to assess the association of regulatory T cells (Tregs; CD4 + FOXP3 + ) and helper T lymphocytes (Th17) releasing interleukin (IL)-21 and IL-22, with the Risk of Ovarian Malignancy Algorithm (ROMA). Similar association was made with two additional tumour markers, human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) and carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125) from patients serum. The presence of Tregs and Th17 was determined both in the peripheral blood and in the tissue of epithelial ovarian tumors. Mononuclear cells obtained from patient's peripheral blood (PBMCs) and from ovarian tissue were isolated by density gradient centrifugation. As a control group patients who had undergone surgery for infertility without ovarian pathology were selected. The percentage of Tregs and Th17 releasing IL-21 or IL-22 cells from both peripheral blood and tumor tissue was measured by flow cytometry. No differences in demographic parameters like body mass index, age, or gravidity were observed among the studied groups. However, an increased concentration of marker HE4 and value of ROMA was identified in individuals with ovarian cancer when compared with women with cystadenomas. Furthermore, a negative correlation between the ROMA value in the serum and Tregs from the peripheral blood of patients with cystadenoma ovarian tumors was detected. The presented work documents, for the first time, the negative association between peripheral blood Tregs and ROMA evaluation based on the tumour markers present in the serum of women with ovarian cystadenoma. Such an effect might result from the negative impact of Tregs on the inflammation process and on tumorigenesis caused by the persistent inflammation., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Ovarian cancer (OC) is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage and is related with poor prognosis. Despite numerous studies, the pathogenesis of OC is still unknown. Recent studies indicate the role of the immune system in the development and spread of OC. The identification of factors and mechanisms involved in that process and their modulation is crucial for creating effective antitumor therapy. We investigated the potential role of Th17 cells in OC patients ( n  = 71) by analyzing the frequencies of Th17 cells in three different environments, i.e., peripheral blood (PB), peritoneal fluid (PF), and tissue (Th17 infiltrating cells), and the concentration of IL-17A in plasma and PF of patients in terms of their clinical and prognostic significance. Th17 cells were analyzed by flow cytometry as a percentage of CD4 + lymphocytes that expressed intracellular expression of IL-17A. The level of IL-17A in plasma and PF were determined by ELISA. Our results showed accumulation of Th17 cells among tumor-infiltrating CD4 + lymphocytes ( p < 0.001 in relation to PB). Moreover, the percentage of Th17 cells in both PB and PF of OC patients was significantly lower than that in benign tumors group ( n  = 35). There were no significant differences in the percentage of Th17 cells in PB, PF, and tissue in relation to clinicopathological characteristics of OC patients and survival. The lower percentage of Th17 cells in the PB and PF of OC patients may promote evasion of host immune response by cancer cells. The concentration of IL-17A in plasma of OC patients was higher ( p < 0.0001) than that in both benign tumors and control group ( n  = 10). The PF IL-17A level in OC patients was higher ( p < 0.0001) than that in women with benign ovarian tumors, indicating its synthesis in OC microenvironment. Higher IL-17A level in PF is correlated with longer (median: 36.5 vs. 27 months) survival of OC patients., Competing Interests: The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (Copyright © 2020 Monika Bilska et al.)

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease requiring changes in the behaviour of the entire family. The responsibility for implementing doctor's recommendations falls mainly upon the mother. The aim of this study is to assess the psychosocial functioning of mothers of children with DM compared to mothers of healthy children. The study involved 120 mothers: 60 with children with DM and 60 with healthy children. Data were collected using an original social-demographic questionnaire developed by the authors as well as Antonovsky's Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC-29), Schwarzer and Schultz's Berlin Social Support Scales (BSSS), Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale (SES), and Zigmond and Snaith's Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). The assessment scales were standardised and accredited by the Polish Psychological Association. The results suggest that DM in children has no effect on the psychosocial functioning of mothers regarding their self-esteem and sense of coherence. However, mothers of children with DM are well-prepared for living in a difficult situation. Social support offered to mothers of diabetic children helps them to maintain their psychosocial health.

Background: The expression of p53 has been studied not only in primary human ovarian carcinomas, but also in borderline ovarian tumors, however, the results were discordant. Expression patterns of proteins involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis have been investigated in various human neoplasms, including female genital tract neoplasms., Objective: The aim of this investigation was to assess the staining pattern and immunolocalization of p53 and selected proliferative markers (Ki-67, MCM3, PCNA, and topoisomerase IIα) in borderline ovarian tumors (BOTs)., Design: The study group consisted of 42 women who underwent pelvic surgery between 2006-2015. The median patients' age was 46 years. The immunoperoxidase technique was employed using antibodies against p53, Ki-67, MCM3, PCNA, and topoisomerase IIα., Results: For p53, nuclear expression was observed in BOTs, however, cytoplasmatic immunoreactivity was also detected. Altogether, 25 (60%) tumors demonstrated positive p53 immunostaining, including overexpression found in 6 (14%). There were no significant differences in p53 expression between subgroups of clinicopathological variables. Immunoexpression of Ki-67, MCM3, PCNA, and topoisomerase IIα was nuclear. Ki-67 expression was positive in 12 (29%) cases and there was a trend towards a relationship between patients' age and Ki-67 staining (P=0.08). Interestingly, a significantly higher Ki-67 expression was found in tumors of ≥10 cm in diameter compared to smaller tumors (P=0.008). MCM3 expression was detected in 38 (90%) tumors, and PCNA expression in 28 (67%), yet none of clinicopathological factors was related to them. Topoisomerase IIα expression was present in 14 (33%) cases and, interestingly, its significantly higher expression was observed in BOTs of ≥10 cm in diameter compared to smaller tumors (P=0.008). Moreover, Spearman's correlation revealed highly significant positive associations between Ki-67 and topoisomerase IIα (R=0.403, P=0.008) and Ki-67 and MCM3 (R=0.469, P=0.001)., Conclusions: We report a high positive immunostaining rate for p53, suggesting a role of TP53 alterations in the development of BOTs in humans. The new finding of higher topoisomerase IIα immunostaining positivity in BOTs of ≥10 cm may be clinically relevant and requires further studies on larger patient groups.

Borderline ovarian tumors (BOTs) represent an independent group among ovarian malignancies, being diagnosed at clinical stage earlier than invasive ovarian carcinomas (OCs) and characterized by a rather favorable outcome after careful surgical management. Data published worldwide showed a substantial discordance of p53 expression in BOTs. The purpose of this work was to present the current status of knowledge on the significance of TP53 gene and p53 protein product alterations in BOTs. In general, higher p53 expression patterns were reported for ovarian malignancies compared to BOTs. Serous, mucinous, and endometrioid BOTs differ substantially in relation to p53 immunostaining, but data concerning the relationship between the protein's immunoreactivity and other clinico-pathological variables are scarce. Finally, reports published to date support the view that TP53 alterations may not be commonly associated with the borderline phenotype of ovarian tumors but they probably occur during the development of invasive OCs. In light of these uncertainties, the impact of TP53 alterations and p53 expression on overall survival in women affected by BOTs requires further multi-institutional studies in large cohorts of patients., Competing Interests: Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.

The present study was carried out to assess the percentage of T helper 17 (Th17) lymphocytes in blood and tissue and IL-17A serum concentrations in patients with epithelial ovarian tumors. Two isoforms, IL-17A and IL-17F, as well as IL-21 and IL-22, were simultaneously investigated. The study group consisted of 60 women affected by epithelial ovarian tumors (benign, borderline and malignant) and 20 women without ovarian pathology as a control group. The evaluation of the percentage of Th17 cells secreting IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21 and IL-22 in peripheral blood and tumor tissues was performed using flow cytometry applying a Th17 cytokine staining panel. The blood serum concentration of IL-17A was determined using ELISA. We found no statistically significant differences in the subpopulations of Th17 lymphocytes, either in peripheral blood or in ovarian tissues, following comparison of the women with and without ovarian pathology. Negative correlations were found between the percentage of CD4+/IL-21+ (rs=0.8, p=0.02) and CD4+/IL-17+ (rs=-0.78, p=0.03) in the tissue and IL-17A in blood serum in the group of patients with borderline ovarian tumors. A negative correlation was also found between IL-17A and the percentage of CD4+/IL-21+ in peripheral blood (rs=‑0.48, p=0.03) in the group of patients with ovarian cancer. The increased percentage of Th17 cells in tissue was not correlated with the overall survival of the ovarian cancer patients. In conclusion, we showed that more Th17 cells secreted IL-17A and IL-21 in the tissue of borderline ovarian tumors and less IL-17A in serum. We also observed that in peripheral blood of the patients with ovarian cancer, there was a higher percentage of Th17 lymphocytes and a lower concentration of IL-17A in serum indicating a negative correlation. An increased percentage of Th17 cells in ovarian tissue does not influence the time of survival of patients with ovarian cancer.

Hyperprolactinaemia especially affects women in reproductive age (90/100,000) but also often is diagnosed in menopause age and leads to disturbances in functioning of LH-RH neurons and, as a consequence, to a decrease of FSH and LH, which causes inhibition of oestradiol production. Prolactin is a peptide hormone, phylogenetically one of the oldest, stimulating cells of various organs, which is produced and secreted mainly by lactotrophic acidophilic cells of the anterior lobe of the pituitary. It influences the increase in the mass of the mammary glands, and stimulation and maintenance of lactation after delivery. There are a number of factors apart of pregnancy, delivery, and lactation than can influence secretion of the hormone in other physiological and pathological circumstances, like high-protein diet, stress, REM sleep, or neoplastic tumours, inflammatory diseases, chronic systematic diseases, thyroid hormonal changes, and drug intake. The purpose of this review is to summarise the current knowledge regarding the proper diagnosis and possible influence of hyperprolactinaemia on fertility and menopause symptoms and current treatment methods., Competing Interests: Authors report no conflict of interest.

Recent studies of the peritoneal cavity environment in endometriosis demonstrate quantitative and qualitative changes in the cells responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Such changes may have led to disturbances in the surveillance, recognition, and destruction of misplaced endometrial cells and might have, in fact, brought about the disease. The aim of the study was to assess CD95 (Fas) expression on (activated) peritoneal fluid (PF) macrophages, as well as to ascertain soluble Fas (sFas) concentration in the PF of endometriosis patients, as compared to the nonendometriotic group. The concentration of leukocytes in the PF, the percentage of cells expressing CD45 + /CD14 + , and the percentage of PF macrophages expressing the HLA-DR antigen were significantly higher in patients with stages I and II endometriosis. The percentage of Fas- (CD95 + -) expressing macrophages was significantly higher in all stages of the disease, in comparison with controls. Moreover, the concentration of sFas in the PF of patients with moderate and severe endometriosis was significantly higher, as compared to the reference group. The high number of immune cells in PF in early stage endometriosis and their increased susceptibility to apoptosis confirm the role of the impaired peritoneal environment and immune defects in the development and progression of the disease.

Aim: Th17 cells are a newly discovered T helper lymphocyte subpopulation, producing interleukin IL-17. Th17 cells are present in blood and peritoneal fluid (PF) at different stages of endometriosis. We aim to establish their potential importance in the pathogenesis and clinical features of the disease., Methods: The percentage of Th17 cells among T helper lymphocytes was determined in the PF and peripheral blood (PB) of patients with endometriosis and in the control group by flow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies: anti-CD-4-FITC, anti-CD-3-PE/Cy5, and anti-IL-17A-PE., Results: Th17 percentage is increased in PF in comparison with PB in both endometriotic patients and in the control group. In severe endometriosis, the percentage of Th17 cells in PF was higher than with early (I/II stage) endometriosis. A positive correlation between the percentage of Th17 cells in PF and the white blood cell count in PB was found in patients with endometriosis., Conclusion: Targeting the activity of PF Th17 cells may have an influence on the proliferation of ectopic tissue and clinical manifestations of the disease., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess proliferative ability of the stem cells in the umbilical cord blood and their potential to differentiate in in vitro culture., Material and Methods: The material consisted of 14 samples of umbilical cord blood collected from the umbilical cord vein. Mononuclear cells were isolated using the method of density gradient medium. Next, CD34 cells were isolated from the interphase with the use of the VarioMACS sorter and anti-CD34 antibodies. Long-term cultures were conducted on Iscove's modified Dulbecco medium (IMDM) with addition of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and nerve growth factor (NGF). Qualitative identification was performed using the May-Grunwald-Giemsy staining method, taking photographs with a confocal microscope, and with the immunoenzymatic method., Results: In our research, CD34+ stem cells constituted 1.16% of the mononuclear cells, and after centrifugation in medium 0.37% of leukocytes in whole umbilical cord blood. Even after 60 days of culture without addition of the growth factors, CD34+ cells were present in the fraction of adherent cells. After stimulation with GM-CSF and NGF a part of the umbilical cord blood cells were transformed into nerve cells (presence of neuron-specific enolase was shown) and into cells morphologically similar to fibroblast and dendritic cells., Conclusions: After stimulation with GM-CSF and NGF cytokines, the umbilical cord blood cells proliferate in long-term medium, transform into nerve cells and into cells similar to fibroblast and dendritic cells.

Background: Regulatory T lymphocytes (Treg) are characterized by the presence of CD4+ surface antigen. Today the transcription factor FOXP3 is considered to be the most specific marker of Treg cells. The aim of the study was to estimate the percentage of Treg in peripheral blood and the tissue of the epithelial ovarian tumor and blood serum TGF-beta concentrations and relationships between them. Moreover, the aim of the study was to answer the question whether the percentage of Treg lymphocytes affects the time of survival in patients with ovarian cancer., Methods: The patients were divided into four groups, depending on the histopathological examination result: I--a group without any pathology within the ovaries (C; n = 20), II--a group with benign tumors (B; n = 25), III - with borderline tumors (BR; n = 11), IV--a group with cancer of the ovary (M; n = 24). The percentage of Treg lymphocytes in peripheral blood and the tissue was assessed using the flow cytometry method. TGF-beta cytokine concentration was estimated with the ELISA immunoenzymatic test. Statistical analysis of the results was conducted using the computer program Statistica 10.0PL (StatSoft, Inc)., Results: No significant differences were found in percentages of Treg lymphocytes in peripheral blood between individual groups of patients (p = 0.11). However, we observed marked differences in the tissue of malignant and non-malignant tumors between individual groups of patients (p = 0.003). The analysis with the post hoc test revealed significantly higher TGF-beta concentration in the group of women with malignant tumors. Moreover, no relationship was found between TGF-beta concentration and the percentage of Treg cells in peripheral blood and tumors of the ovary. No correlation was found between the percentage of Treg lymphocytes in peripheral blood (p = 0.4) and the tissue of ovarian tumors (p = 0.3) and the time of survival of patients with ovarian cancer., Conclusions: The recruitment of Treg lymphocytes toward the tumor is one of the mechanisms of escape of neoplasm from the response of the immune system. The percentage of Treg lymphocytes in peripheral blood and the neoplastic tissue does not influence the time of survival of patients with ovarian cancer.

Adenoma malignum (AM), also referred to as "minimal deviation adenocarcinoma", is an extremely uncommon variant of highly-differentiated adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix. The study presented herein describes a case of uterine AM found out after hysteroscopy. An early-stage, well-differentiated mucinous uterine adenocarcinoma was diagnosed post-operatively. A subsequent immunohistochemical assessment of a panel of antibodies was applied, in order to distinguish between female genital tract malignancies.

Introduction: Endometriosis is a sex hormone-dependent and successively progressing gynecological disease, characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterus. The etiology of endometriosis is known to be multifactorial, and its growth depends on immunological, hormonal, genetic and environmental factors. Angiogenesis plays a key role in implantation and growth of endometriotic lesions, as well as in adhesion formation. Physiologically angiogenesis is responsible for neoangiogenesis and recruitment of new capillaries from the already existing capillaries. It is well-documented that altered angiogenesis provokes improper follicular maturation, infertility recurrent miscarriages, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, and carcinogenesis. Factors stimulating angionesis include angiogenin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF)., Objectives: The aim of the study was to analyze angiogenic factor concentration (angiogenin, VEGF, FGF) in blood serum and peritoneal fluid in patients with diagnosed endometriosis and idiopathic infertility., Material and Methods: A total of 39 patients were recruited for the study including 19 patients (study group) diagnosed with endometriosis during the laparoscopic procedure and 20 patients (control group) with idiopathic infertility and no morphologic changes within the pelvis revealed during the laparoscopic procedure. All patients underwent laparoscopy during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Vein blood sample was obtained before the procedure and during laparoscopy the entire peritoneal fluid was aspirated for further measurement of VEGF, FGF and angiogenin concentrations., Results: Angiogenin concentration in peritoneal fluid was statistically higher in patient with idiopathic infertility in comparison to endometriosis (p<0.05). Higher angiogenin concentration was detected also in blood serum of patients with idiopathic infertility as compared to patients with endometriosis, but no statistical significance was found. VEGF and FGF concentration in blood serum and peritoneal fluid was similar in both groups (p>0.05). There were no significant differences between serum and peritoneal fluid in case of VEGF FGF and angiogenin in any of the groups., Conclusions: Angiogenic factors concentration (VEGF FGF agiogenin) in the peritoneal fluid and blood serum during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle is not a diagnostic criterion for endometriosis.

The present study aimed to investigate the presence of T regulatory cells (Tregs) in the peripheral blood (PB) and peritoneal fluid (PF) in females with endometriosis. The present study included 42 patients who underwent laparoscopy between 2010 and 2011. Flow cytometry was used to determine the percentage of Tregs in the PF and PB of the patients. No significant difference was observed in the percentage of Tregs in the patients in the endometriosis group compared with those in the control group in the PF (9.1±5.4 vs. 9.1±3.8%) or the PB (6.5±3.2 vs. 6.5±3.7%). However, the percentage of Tregs was found to be higher in the PF compared with the PB in the patients in the endometriosis and control groups, but significance was found only in those in the control group. Furthermore, no significant difference was observed in the Treg concentration in the patients with early stage (I/II) endometriosis compared with those with late stage (III/IV) endometriosis. Moreover, no significant correlation was found between the percentage of Tregs and the white blood cell count, lymphocyte count or CA125 concentration in the patients. These findings suggest that the local host‑defense mechanism is deficient in patients with endometriosis, thus endometriosis should not be treated as an autoimmune condition.

Proper oral hygiene is an essential element of dental caries prophylaxis and periodontitis. The aim of the study was evaluation of the oral health state and the state of periodontal in pregnant women in relation to the status of cigarette smoking. Survey and clinical studies were conducted in the group of 100 women--80% pregnant women and 20% in the first week of puerperium remaining at the gynaecological and obstetric hospital wards in Lublin and its region. The mean age of the investigated was 27.94. Study results revealed no correlation between the frequency of pregnant women tooth-brushing and the status of cigarette smoking or non-smoking. The average oral hygiene evaluated on the basis of API index was stated essentially more frequently in the group of non-smoking women (50%) in comparison with the smoking women (24.14%),, whereas improper oral hygiene was stated essentially more frequently in the group of smoking women (31.03%) in comparison with non-smokers (11.29%) (chi = 7.82, p < 0.05). No correlation was stated between the state of periodontal in smoking and non-smoking pregnant women.

Ovarian cancer is the sixth most common cancer in women worldwide and remains the leading cause of death due to gynecologic tumors. Bad prognosis is caused by advanced-stage high-grade disease. To reduce mortality and improve outcomes in this type of cancer researchers attempt to introduce new therapies based on genetic engineering or immunotherapy Th17 lymphocytes belong to the helper T cell population. These cells arise from immature CD4 + lymphocytes in the presence of IL-6 and TGF-beta. Produce IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, IL-26, IL-6, TNF-alpha. Interleukin-17 and Th17 cells play an active role in inflammation and autoimmune diseases. The existence of these cells was confirmed in different types of cancer. However the exact role of IL-17 in tumor immunopathogenesis remains undefined. It has been reported that expression of interleukin-17 in tumor cells suppresses tumor progression through enhanced antitumor immunity or promotes tumor progression through an increase in inflammatory angiogenesis.

Background: To date, a limited number of endometriosis cases occurring before or around the time of menarche have been documented., Case: An 11-year-old adolescent underwent an emergency operation for left ovarian endometrioma. Her menarche occurred spontaneously 6 months after surgery., Results and Conclusions: We discuss the above mentioned case and consider data published in the literature. Endometrioma should be considered even in premenarcheal girls with ovarian cysts, regardless of their size., (Crown Copyright © 2012. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The coexistence of two different types of sex-cord stromal tumors, with various clinical symptoms, is extremely rare. We report a case of a 73-year-old woman showing coexistence of adult-type granulosa cell tumor in one ovary with ovarian fibroma in the other. Simultaneously, she was affected by Meigs' syndrome and simple endometrial hyperplasia without nuclear atypia. The different clinical symptoms of the disease according to the available literature are discussed.

Recently, the 1100delC variant of cell cycle checkpoint kinase 2 (CHEK2) has been reported to confer a colorectal cancer risk in hereditary non-polyposis-colorectal cancer (HNPCC) and HNPCC-related families in the Netherlands. To investigate whether CHEK2 mutations confer increased cancer risk in HNPCC and HNPCC-related families in Poland, we genotyped 463 probands from HNPCC and HNPCC-related families, and 5,496 controls for 4 CHEK2 alleles (1100delC, IVS2+1G>A, del5395, I157T). All 463 probands were screened for mutations in the HNPCC-related genes MSH2, MLH1 and MSH6. A positive association was observed for HNPCC-related cancer and the I157T missense CHEK2 mutation (OR = 1.7; p = 0.007), but not for the truncating alleles (OR = 1.0; p = 1.0). The association with the I157T was seen both for the 117 cases who fulfill Amsterdam criteria (OR = 1.9; p = 0.1) and for the 346 cases who do not fulfill the criteria (OR = 1.6; p = 0.03). One hundred forty-five of the 463 families had a mutation in MSH2, MLH1 or MSH6 (MMR-positive families). A positive association between the CHEK2 I157T mutation and HNPCC-related cancer was observed only for MMR-negative cases (OR = 2.1; p = 0.0004), but not for MMR-positive cases (OR = 0.8; p = 0.9). The association with I157T was particularly strong for MMR-negative cases with familial colorectal cancer (2 or more first-degree relatives affected) (OR = 2.5; p < 0.0001). We conclude that the I157T variant of CHEK2 increases the risk of colorectal cancer among MMR-negative, HNPCC/HNPCC-related families in Poland.

Multiple uterine leiomyomas are present in a large population of women and may cause several uncommon clinical symptoms, including disseminated vein thrombosis and hydronephrosis. We report a case of giant uterine leiomyomas causing bilateral hydronephrosis coexisting with endometrial cancer (EC) deriving from a uterine polyp. A 50-year-old woman was admitted due to bilateral hydronephrosis caused by monstrous abdominal tumor to the IInd Department of Gynecology, Lublin Medical University, Lublin, Poland. A bilateral double-J catheter was inserted. Pelvic examination revealed a huge, rough tumor, originating from the uterus. Total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy was performed, and a giant uterus weighing 15.2 kg and measuring 35 x 29 x 18 cm was removed. Histopathological examination revealed multiple uterine leiomyomas with calcification and partial necrosis, and well-differentiated (G1), endometrioid-type EC (Stage IA) concomitant with atypical endometrial hyperplasia, deriving from a uterine polyp. The postoperative recovery was without complications, and the patient was discharged on postoperative day 10. In conclusion, giant uterine leiomyoma may incidentally compress the urinary tract organs, causing hydronephrosis.

Objectives: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) plays a key role in the processes underlying the development of pelvic endometriosis. TNF-alpha acts on target cells via two receptors: TNFR1(p55) and TNFR2(p75). Depending on cell type and its activation state, ligand binding to TNF-alpha may induce activation and proliferation of the cells or promote apoptosis. The aim of our study has been to evaluate the expression of TNFR1 and TNFR2 on peritoneal fluid macrophages and T lymphocytes derived from women with endometriosis., Material and Methods: The study group consisted of 22 patients with endometriosis (stage I and II rAFS). 14 patients with benign, non-inflammatory ovarian tumors composed the reference group. Mononuclear cells have been isolated from peritoneal fluid, obtained during laparoscopy. The expression of TNFR1 and TNFR2 proteins has been evaluated by means of flow cytometry, using monoclonal antibodies against CD120a, CD120b, CD3 and CD14., Results: The percentage of peritoneal fluid macrophages revealing the expression of TNFR1 and TNFR2 proteins has been higher in patients with endometriosis, in comparison with control group (22.6+/-5.3% vs. 6.8+/-1,8%; p=0.03 and 29.3+/-2.3% vs. 8.8+/-1.8%; p=0.01, respectively). The percentage of T lymphocytes with the expression of TNFR1 and TNFR2 has been similar in endometriosis and control group., Conclusion: Higher percentage of peritoneal fluid macrophages expressing TNFR1 and TNFR2 proteins in endometriosis suggests dependence of these cells on TNF-alpha stimulation. Changes in TNF receptors distribution on PF macrophages, but not lymphocyte, may play its role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis.

A number of studies published recently focused on the putative role of leptin in the pathogenesis of various primary human malignancies. Current study was aimed at investigating ObR, PI3-kinase, phospho-Akt kinase and PTEN proteins expression in forty-five primary human endometrioid-type endometrial carcinomas (EC). ObR immunostaining was detected in 21 of 45 (47%) ECs, presented in almost 60% of well- and moderately-differentiated tumors compared to only 17% of poorly-differentiated neoplasms (P<0.05). Semi-quantitative histological score (H-score) ObR values were inversely correlated with patients' body mass index (R=-0.35; P=0.019). ObR expression was significantly higher in normal weight compared to overweight and obese patients (P=0.024). All slides displayed intense PI3-kinase immunoreactivity, whereas phospho-Akt kinase expression was reported in 96% (43 out of 45) cases. Fifteen (33%) ECs were negative for PTEN expression, nine (20%) showed heterogeneous immunostaining pattern, whereas 21 (47%) were PTEN-positive. There was a trend towards a higher phospho-Akt kinase intensity immunostaining in PTEN-negative compared to PTEN-positive cases, but the difference was not significant. There was no significant association between each PI3-K/Akt signaling pathway proteins immunostaining in endometrioid-type ECs. In conclusion, ObR expression is associated with histological grading and the weight of women affected by EC. The components of PI3-K/Akt kinase signaling pathway are expressed in most of the primary endometrioid-type endometrial neoplasms.

Objective: Changes in peritoneal fluid (PF) composition may affect fertilization as well as early embryonic development. Leptin, an adipocyte hormone, has been shown to act as a link between adipose tissue and the reproductive system. Therefore, we decided to assess peritoneal and serum leptin levels in infertile endometriotic patients., Patients: Seventy-two women were studied, including 30 fertile and 18 infertile women with ovarian endometriotic cysts and, as a reference group, 24 patients with unexplained infertility., Results: No significant difference in the peritoneal and leptin levels was found between the studied groups. Significantly higher PF leptin concentration was observed in patients with stages III and IV of endometriosis as compared to those with minimal stage of the disease. In fertile patients with endometriosis a positive correlation has been found between PF and serum leptin concentrations., Conclusions: No differences in peritoneal or serum leptin levels between infertile and fertile women with endometriosis suggest that this cytokine is not involved in pathophysiology of endometriosis-related infertility.

Introduction: Abnormal expression of cytokines is considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of endometriosis., Material and Methods: In 63 women with various stages of endometriosis preoperative levels of cytokines, including IL-6, IL-8, BVEGF, b-FGF, of TNF RI and TNF RII were analysed employing ELISA tests (R&D kits)., Results: In the sera of endometriosis patients significantly augmented levels of IL-6 and of b-FGF were detected as well as a trend for elevated IL-8 levels., Conclusion: Elevated serum levels of cytokines may show poor correspondence to the localized pathological process. Endometriosis would find a stricter reflection in cytokine levels in fluids or tissues of the pelvis minor.

Problem: Identification of myeloid and lymphoid dendritic cells (DCs) in peritoneal fluid (PF) and peripheral blood (PB) of patients with ovarian pathology., Method of Study: PF and PB were collected from 60 patients who underwent laparoscopy because of non-malignant ovarian tumors. Mononuclear cells were separated by gradient centrifugation. The cell surface antigens were determined by flow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies., Results: Both myeloid and lymphoid DCs were detected in PF and PB of women with ovarian tumors. The percentage of myeloid DCs was significantly higher in PF than in PB. The concentration of PF myeloid DCs was the highest (P < 0.05) in patients with dermoid cysts (0.67 x 10(6)/mL PF) in comparison with the other studied groups, excluding patients with normal pelvis., Conclusions: Domination of myeloid and not lymphoid cells in PF may support the hypothesis that local PF immune disturbances may play a role in some non-malignant ovarian pathology.

The myeloid lineage-derived DCs are the most potent antigen-presenting cells (APC), which are highly specialized in capturing antigens and triggering adaptive immune responses. The purpose of our study was to identify of the myeloid DCs in peritoneal fluid of women with nonmalignant ovarian tumors. With use of flow cytometry we detected myeloid dendritic cells in peritoneal fluid of the studied patients. Myeloid DCs were identified as a discrete population of mononuclear cells expressing high levels of HLA-DR and CD33, but without expression of CD14 and CD16. The number of DCs was shown as a percentage of mononuclear cells. Dendritic cells comprised 3.02% (0.35%-8.41%) in patients with ovarian tumors and 1.72% (0.51%-6.2%) of peritoneal fluid mononuclear cells in women with unexplained infertility. The percentage of DCs in peritoneal fluid was significantly higher than in peripheral blood.

Due to major developments in genetics over the past decade, molecular biology tests are serving promising tools in early diagnosis and follow-up of cancer patients. Recent epidemiological studies revealed that the risk for each individual to develop cancer is closely linked to his/her own genetic potentialities. Some populations that are defective in DNA repair processes, for example in Xeroderma pigmentosum or in the Lynch syndrome, are particularly prone to cancer due to the accumulation of mutations within the genome. Such populations would benefit from the development of tests aimed at identifying people who are particularly at risk. Here, we review some data suggesting that the inactivation of mismatch repair is often found in endometrial cancer and we discuss molecular-based strategies that would help to identify the affected individuals in families with cases of glandular malignancies.

Unlabelled: FSH-R expression in granulosa cells varies during the course of ovarian ontogenesis, as well as, during each menstrual cycle. Expression of follicle-stimulating hormone receptors (FSH-R) on Sertoli cells of the testis and ovarian granulosa cells depend on many paracrine and autocrine factors. The modulation of FSH-R synthesis is accomplished via a number of mechanisms including regulation of the promoter activity. Little is known about factors involved in control of FSH-R transcription in different species. The aim of the present study was to investigate differences in the regulation of human and rat FSH-R promoter activity by E2F transcriptional factors., Material and Methods: The 5'-flanking regions of human and rat FSH receptor gene subcloned in the pGL3 plasmid were transiently transfected into cultured CHO cells and rat granulosa cells. Rat granulosa cells were obtained by puncturing ovaries from DES primed immature Sprague-Dawley rats. Promoter activity was determined by measuring firefly luciferase luminescence of the cell lysate. Transfection efficiency was normalized by the renilla luciferase activity generated by co-transfected pRL-CMV vector. In order to determine the influence of E2F1, E2F4 and E2F5, on FSH-R promoter activity, cells were transfected either with promoter construct alone or with its mixture with selected expression vector., Results: Rat FSH-R promoter construct (-1033/+6 bp) and human FSH-R promoter construct (-1485/-1 bp) were both active in transfected cells. Overexpression of E2F1 protein decreased both, human and rat wild type FSH-R promoter activity. Overexpression of E2F4 did not affect neither rat nor human FSH-R gene transcription. Expression vector for E2F5 increased both, human and rat, FSH-R promoter activity. Folds of increase were markedly higher in case of rat FSH-R construct transfection, comparing to human FSH-R promoter., Conclusions: Results suggest, that the E2F1 and E2F5 factors might play an opposite role in the regulation of FSH-R promoter activity. More pronounced stimulatory effect of E2F5 on the rat FSH-R can be explained by the presence of E2F site in the promoter. Since there is no E2F sensitive element in the human FSH-R promoter sequence, E2F1 and E2F5 can also indirectly influence FSH-R promoter activity.

Dendritic cells (DC) play a crucial role in the activation of naive T lymphocytes and in the generation of primary T cell responses. DC are present in lymphoid and non lymphoid tissues. Our previous data have shown, that DC are present in peritoneal fluid (PF). There is no other data in literature on this subject. The aim of our study was identification of DC in peritoneal fluid and peripheral blood patients with infertility (n = 5) and benign noninflammatory ovarian tumor (n = 16). Mononuclear cells from PF and peripheral blood were isolated on gradient density centrifugation (Lymphoprep, Nycomed-Norway). Isolated cells (106 of cells per tube) were incubated with mAbs. We collected 300.000 cells using a FACSCalibur flow cytometer and analysed with CellQuest Software. The following directly conjugated monoclonal antibodies were used: anti-BDCA-1(CD1c) FITC, anti-BDCA-2 FITC (Miltenyi Biotec) and anti-CD19 CyChrome, anti-CD123 PE (Pharmingen, USA). The concentrations of peritoneal fluid leukocytes in infertility patients and women with ovarian tumor approximated 6.8 x 10(6) and 7.76 x 10(6), respectively. Using this method, myeloid DC comprised 8.08 +/- 2.69% mononuclear cells PF in infertile women and 11.23 +/- 6.59% mononuclear cells PF in patients with ovarian tumor. The average mean of lymphoid DC was 0.63 +/- 0.33% mononuclear cells PF in infertile women and 0.59 +/- 0.33% mononuclear cells PF in patients with ovarian tumor. The percentage of dendritic cells in peritoneal fluid was significantly higher than in peripheral blood in both studied groups (p < 0.05).

Leptin may play a role in the regulation of menstrual cycle acting either directly on ovaries or at the level of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Peritoneal fluid is a biologically active environment that influences ovarian function but, on the other hand, concentration of many substances in peritoneal fluid can reflect the functional status of ovaries. In our study, we estimated leptin concentration in peritoneal fluid in relation to serum leptin concentration in infertile patients. A study group consisted of 31 infertile patients that underwent laparoscopy. In 15 patients, laparoscopy did not solve the problem and they were grouped as unexplained infertility, in eight patients we found endometriosis and eight patients were diagnosed as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). We found significantly higher peritoneal fluid leptin concentrations in patients with unexplained infertility and endometriosis compared to those with PCOS. The plasma leptin concentration did not differ between the groups studied. There was no correlation between peritoneal fluid and plasma leptin concentrations in any patient group. Taking into account our results, the role of leptin in reproduction should be emphasized but further investigation is needed to determine its mechanism of action.

Phagocytic activity of macrophages isolated from peritoneal fluid (PF) was estimated using flow cytometry. Study group consists of 28 patients with endometriosis and 19 patients with benign noninflammatory tumour of adnex(is) served as reference group. Macrophages were processed in two ways: fresh cells were obtained from women with endometriosis (n = 7) and reference group (n = 10) and frozen cells derived from patients with endometriosis (n = 21) and reference group (n = 9). Phagocytic activity of macrophages was measured against opsonized and conjugated with FITC E. coli. It is worth to notify that phagocytosis was determined in PF environment in the study. Percentage of phagocytosing fresh macrophages did not differ (p = 0.05) between subjected groups of patients and was respectively 64.3% +/- 17.3% vs 49.0 +/- 4.0%. Phagocytic activity of frozen macrophages derived from patients with endometriosis was significantly higher (p < 0.02) in comparison to reference group (14.3 +/- 9.1% vs 5.2 +/- 2.8%).

Dendritic cells represent discrete leukocyte subpopulation of specialist or "professional" antigen-presenting cells (APC). They play a crucial role in the activation of naive T cells "in vivo" They have monocyte/macrophages origin. There are no data in literature on the presence of dendritic cells derived from peritoneal fluid monocytes/macrophages. In our study we tried to culture PF macrophages from patients who undergone surgery so that to obtain dendritic cells. PF was aspirated during laparoscopy from patients with endometriosis, unexplained infertility or benign noninflammatory ovarian tumor. Peritoneal macrophages were isolated using adherence method then were cultured and stimulated with GM-CSF and IL-4. Phenotype of cultured cell was estimated using flow cytometry after incubation with monoclonal antibodies CD45/14, CD 40/HLA-DR, CD28/3, CD3/40L, CD25/5 and CD69/HLA-DR. Morphology of cultured cells was confirmed microscopically after May-Grunvald-Giemsa staining. PF leukocytes concentration varied from 1.2 x 10(6) cells/mm3 to 22.6 x 10(6) cells/mm3. Cultured monocytes/macrophages from PF had morphology typical for dendritic cells. We also found that only dendritic cells from patients with endometriosis had higher expression HLA-DR antigen (93.6% of cells) and low expression of CD40 (2.7% of cells) on their surface in comparison to reference group. It is worthy to notify that dendritic cells from patients with endometriosis expressed also CD25 antigen characteristic for T leukocytes. To our data it is the first report in literature on dendritic cells obtained from PF macrophages.

Objectives: Metalloproteinases and their inhibitors appear to control connective tissue remodelling during follicular rupture. The aim of the study was to establish if oocytes fertilisation rate after ovulation induction depends on the concentrations of MMP-1, its inhibitor TIMP-1, MMP-1/TIMP-1 complex and I CTP in follicular fluid (FF)., Material and Methods: FF were collected from 37 infertile patients undergoing ovulation induction using either short or long protocol. FF was obtained 36 hours after administration of hCG (Pregnyl). The level of MMP-1, TIMP-1, MMP-1/TIMP-1 complex were measured using ELISA kits and I CTP, E2, FSH, LH, using RIA assay kits., Results: Statistically significant (p < 0.05) difference was found in TIMP-1, E2, and FSH concentration, being higher in the group with more than 75% fertilisation rate: TIMP-1 728.8 + 100.1 ng/ml vs 666.3 + 94.5 ng/ml; E2 477.3 +/- 160.0 ng/ml vs 368.0 +/- 190.0 ng/ml and FSH 7.27 +/- 1.45 mIU/ml vs 6.24 +/- 1.6 mIU/ml., Conclusions: Statistically significant increase in TIMP-1 concentration observed among patients with fertilisation rate above 75% indicates an important role of this substance in ovulation process.

Objective: To determine whether impairment of the antioxidant systems of peritoneal fluid might be a factor responsible for infertility., Study Design: Total antioxidant status was measured in peritoneal fluid obtained from 18 infertile women suffering from minimal or mild endometriosis, 23 patients with unexplained infertility, 12 women with tubal infertility and 13 fertile women., Results: Total antioxidant status was significantly lower in peritoneal fluid from women with unexplained infertility (0.49+/-0.21 mmol/l) compared to both fertile patients (0.67+/-0.24 mmol/l, P=0.02) and women with tubal infertility (0.76+/-0.26 mmol/l, P=0.001). Peritoneal fluid total antioxidant status did not differ significantly between patients with endometriosis (0.61+/-0.2 mmol/l), tubal infertility and the fertile group (P>0.05)., Conclusions: Our results suggest that low antioxidant status in peritoneal fluid may play a role in the pathogenesis of infertility.

Objectives: To evaluate the activity of an extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC SOD) and total antioxidant status in peritoneal fluid (PF) and plasma from women with unexplained infertility (UI)., Materials and Methods: PF and plasma samples were collected from 10 women with UI and 10 patients with tubal infertility (reference group). TAS was measured using Randox diagnostic reagent system. The activity of EC SOD was estimated using Calbiochem assay kit., Results: TAS was significantly lower in PF from women with UI. Plasma TAS did not differ significantly between the groups. Peritoneal TAS was significantly lower compared to plasma TAS and there was a positive correlation between PF and plasma total antioxidant status. Activity of EC SOD did not differ significantly between the groups in either PF and plasma samples., Conclusions: These data demonstrate that low antioxidant status of PF but not that of blood may be responsible for idiopathic infertility. The activity of EC SOD doesn't appear to play a role in UI.

Objective: To estimate the concentration of malonyldialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant status in the peritoneal fluid (PF) of patients with unexplained infertility (UI) and infertile women with minimal and mild endometriosis., Materials and Methods: PF was obtained during laparoscopy from 8 women with UI, 12 infertile women with endometriosis (I degree and II degrees rAFS) and 10 women with benign noninflammatory ovarian tumours. All laparoscopies were performed in the follicular phase of the cycle. MDA concentration was measured according to Ledwozyw method, TAS was measured spectrophotometrically using RANDOX diagnostic reagent system., Results: We found significantly higher concentration of MDA in PF from both patients with UI (p = 0.03) and with endometriosis (p = 0.046) compared to the control group. TAS was significantly (p = 0.027) higher in PF of women with UI but did not differ significantly (p = 0.49) between patients with endometriosis and controls., Conclusions: Our results show that an imbalance between lipid peroxides and the antioxidant system in PF environment may be one of the main factors responsible for the UI. In the group with endometriosis a marginally significant difference in MDA levels, no significant differences in TAS and data from the literature, suggest that accelerated lipid peroxidation in PF doesn't appear to play a role in the endometriosis associated infertility.

Objectives: We measured the concentration of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interleukin-2 soluble receptor (sIL-2R) in peritoneal fluid (PF) of patients with unexplained infertility., Materials and Methods: PF was obtained during laparoscopy from 7 women with unexplained infertility (UI) and 11 women with benign noninflammatory ovarian tumors. All laparoscopies were performed in follicular phase of the cycle. IL-2 and sIL-2R concentrations were measured in PF supernate stored in -70 degrees C until analysis using ELISA method (ENDOGEN)., Results: We found significantly (p = 0.009) lower concentration of sIL-2R in PF from patients with UI (303.844 U/ml) than in reference group (556.385 U/ml). The level of IL-2 was not detectable in 2 cases from women with UI and 5 cases from reference group. The concentration of IL-2 in PF did not differ (p = 0.135) between patients with UI (2.346 pg/ml) and those from reference group (1.064 pg/ml)., Conclusions: The concentration of sIL-2R in PF of patients with UI was lower than in those from reference group. This may be the factor responsible for insufficient local immunosuppression, affecting reproduction.

The presence of leukocyte subpopulations was demonstrated in peritoneal fluid and in endometrial tissue of women with (n = 16) and without (n = 20) endometriosis. Peritoneal fluid samples were also assayed for effects on lymphocyte proliferation in vitro. Peritoneal fluid leukocyte profiles were observed to be different between these groups. The most significant elevations in total number of leukocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells were observed in women with endometriosis. In normal eutopic endometrium T lymphocytes (CD3+), macrophages (Ki-M1+) and NK cells (CD16- CD5+) were present. In contrast aggregates of NK cells (CD16+ CD56-) were only identified in ectopic endometrial tissue. Mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation was significantly higher in the presence of peritoneal fluid from patients with severe stage of endometriosis as compared with other samples. Our data indicate that disturbances of the cellular immune system may lead to progression of endometriosis in female peritoneal cavity.

During therapy of anovulatory infertility, percentage of pregnancies is lower than the ovulation rate. Cause of this phenomenon is connected as well with the inadequate corpus luteum as others anomalies of the genital tract. Hysterosalpingography was performed in 120 infertile women in whom pregnancy did not occur in spite of effective induction of ovulation. Patency of both tubes was observed in 79 percent of patients. Occlusion of right tube has occurred in 8 percent, left tube in 5 percent, and both tubes in 8 percent of women. Authors suggest that laparoscopy should be obligatory as diagnostic and therapeutic procedure in woman with concomitant ovarian failure and abnormal HSG results.