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If you encounter an unexplained case of bone marrow edema in a young patient, consider the possibility of osteoid osteoma (OO). Even in the presence of a nidus near vital structures, RFA can safely be used to treat OO., Competing Interests: No author states to have any conflicts of interest., (© 2024 The Author(s). Clinical Case Reports published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Spaceflight-induced brain changes have been commonly reported in astronauts. The role of microgravity in the alteration of the brain structure, microstructure, and function can be tested with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of Spaceflight studies exploring the potential role of brain alterations identified by MRI in astronauts. We conducted a search on PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus to find neuroimaging correlates of spaceflight experience using MRI. A total of 20 studies (structural MRI n = 8, diffusion-based MRI n = 2, functional MRI n = 1, structural MRI and diffusion-weighted MRI n = 6, structural MRI and functional MRI n = 3) met our inclusion criteria. Overall, the studies showed that regardless of the MRI techniques, mission duration significantly impacts the human brain, prompting the inclusion of various brain regions as features in the analyses. After spaceflight, notable alterations were also observed in the superior occipital gyrus and the precentral gyrus which show alterations in connectivity and activation during spaceflight. The results provided highlight the alterations in brain structure after spaceflight, the unique patterns of brain remodeling, the challenges in drawing unified conclusions, and the impact of microgravity on intracranial cerebrospinal fluid volume., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Brain functional abnormalities have been commonly reported in anxiety disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, and specific phobias. The role of functional abnormalities in the discrimination of these disorders can be tested with machine learning (ML) techniques. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of ML studies exploring the potential discriminating role of functional brain alterations identified by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in anxiety disorders., Methods: We conducted a search on PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus of ML investigations using fMRI as features in patients with anxiety disorders. A total of 12 studies (resting-state fMRI n = 5, task-based fMRI n = 6, resting-state and task-based fMRI n=1) met our inclusion criteria., Results: Overall, the studies showed that, regardless of the classifiers, alterations in functional connectivity and aberrant neural activation involving the amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex, hippocampus, insula, orbitofrontal cortex, temporal pole, cerebellum, default mode network, dorsal attention network, sensory network, and affective network were able to discriminate patients with anxiety from controls, with accuracies spanning from 36 % to 94 %., Limitations: The small sample size, different ML approaches and heterogeneity in the selection of regions included in the multivariate pattern analyses limit the conclusions of the present review., Conclusions: ML methods using fMRI as features can distinguish patients with anxiety disorders from healthy controls, indicating that these techniques could be used as a helpful tool for the diagnosis and the development of more targeted treatments for these disorders., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objective: A small percentage of acute pulmonary thromboembolisms (PTE) persist as chronic fibrin clots, potentially leading to chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). A scoring system for evaluating the burden of acute PTE based on computed tomography pulmonary angiogram (CTPA) findings was tested for its association with CTEPH within one year., Material and Methods: In this retrospective cohort of 475 patients with a definitive diagnosis of acute PTE, the Qanadli score (QS) was calculated on the initial CTPA. Through regular follow-up over 1 year, symptomatic patients underwent extensive evaluation., Results: Of the 475 patients enrolled in the study [age 58.3 ± 16.6, 195 (41.1%) female, QS: 13.01 ± 7.37/40], 321 patients completed the study. A total of 22 (6.8%) patients were definitively diagnosed with CTEPH. In univariate analysis, the initial QS was significantly higher in patients with subsequent CTEPH than in patients without (17 ± 5.6 vs. 13 ± 7.6, P = .009). QS was directly associated with CTEPH (odds ratio: 1.08, 95% confidence interval: 1.0-1.16, P = .042). The evolution of CTEPH in men could be predicted with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 54% when a cut-off point of 14.5 (43.5%) was set for QS. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve in this setting was 0.74 with a P-value of .032. Qanadli score failed to predict CTEPH in women., Conclusion: Scoring the clot burden in the pulmonary arteries through the Qanadli method can predict the evolution of CTEPH only in men 1 year after acute PTE. Women comprise most of the CTEPH patients. Thus, strict follow-up adherence seems to be even more important in women.

Purpose: 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), an effective chemotherapy drug, is commonly applied for colorectal cancer treatment. Nevertheless, its toxicity to normal tissues and the development of tumor resistance are the main obstacles to successful cancer chemotherapy and hence, its clinical application is limited. The use of resveratrol can increase 5-FU-induced cytotoxicity and mitigate the unwanted adverse effects. This study aimed to review the potential therapeutic effects of resveratrol in combination with 5-FU against colorectal cancer., Methods: According to the PRISMA guideline, a comprehensive systematic search was carried out for the identification of relevant literature in four electronic databases of PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus up to May 2021 using a pre-defined set of keywords in their titles and abstracts. We screened 282 studies in accordance with our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Thirteen articles were finally included in this systematic review., Results: The in vitro findings showed that proliferation inhibition of colorectal cancer cells in the groups treated by 5-FU was remarkably higher than the untreated groups and the co-administration of resveratrol remarkably increased cytotoxicity induced by 5-FU. The in vivo results demonstrated a decrease in tumor growth of mice treated by 5-FU than the untreated group and a dramatic decrease was observed following combined treatment of resveratrol and 5-FU. It was also found that 5-FU alone and combined with resveratrol could regulate the cell cycle profile of colorectal cancer cells. Moreover, this chemotherapeutic agent induced the biochemical and histopathological changes in the cancerous cells/tissues and these alterations were synergized by resveratrol co-administration (for most of the cases), except for the inflammatory mediators., Conclusion: The results obtained from this systematic review demonstrated that co-administration of resveratrol could sensitize the colorectal cancer cells to 5-FU treatment via various mechanisms, including regulation of cell cycle distribution, oxidant, apoptosis, anti-inflammatory effects., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Glioblastoma, WHO grade IV astrocytoma, is the most aggressive type of brain tumors. These cancerous cells have a rapid growth rate, tendency to penetrate vital brain structures, molecular heterogeneity, etc. and this cancer is associated with a poor prognosis and low survival rate. Due to the resistance of glioblastoma cells to conventional therapeutic modalities (such as radiation therapy and chemotherapy) as well as the adverse effects of these modalities, the researchers have attempted to discover an appropriate alternative or adjuvant treatment for glioblastoma. Resveratrol, as an herbal and natural polyphenolic compound, has anti-tumoral property and has shown to be effective in GBM treatment. Resveratrol exerts its anti-tumoral effect through various mechanisms such as regulation of cell cycle progression and cell proliferation, autophagy, oxidant system, apoptosis pathways, and so on. Resveratrol in combination with radiation therapy and chemotherapy has also been used. In the present study, we summarized the current findings on therapeutic potentials of resveratrol in glioblastoma radiotherapy and chemotherapy., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Background: Cancer antigen 15-3 (CA15-3) is a common tumor marker and the serum level of this tumor marker is evaluated during the treatment period (periodically) in breast cancer patients. Assuming that the elevated serum levels of this tumor marker can be a potential risk, this study was conducted to determine the association between CA15-3 and bone metastasis and CA15-3 and metastasis spreading rate in breast cancer patients. Methods: In this study, 70 women with the mean of age 51.69 (10.77) years who suffered from breast cancer were studied by performing both bone scintigraphy and measuring CA15-3. Independent sample t test, Fisher's exact test, Spearman rho correlation, and logistic regression were used for inferential section. To determine the new cross section, Roc curve and coordinates of the curve were applied. Also, significance level was set at p<0.05. Data were analyzed by SPSS 16 software. Results: There was no difference among patients in age (p=0.123). Assuming the CA15-3 (≥ 30 U/mL) as a potential risk, there was no association between CA15-3 and bone metastases (p=0.167). Based on Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, there was no significant correlation between CA15-3 and metastasis spreading rate (r=-0.07, p=0.851). Based on ROC curve and Youden's J statistic index, the new cutoff was pointed at CA15-3 ≥21.76 Unit/mL, which correlated with bone metastases (p<0.001). Conclusion: This study found a decreased cutoff point at CA15-3 (≥21.76) against 30 (routine value). Based on CA15-3 (≥21.76), there was a correlation between bone metastases and CA15-3, indicating that patients with CA15-3 (≥21.76) were most likely to experience bone metastases., (© 2019 Iran University of Medical Sciences.)

Treatment efficacy of radioembolization using Yttrium-90 ((90)Y) microspheres is assessed by the (90)Y bremsstrahlung single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging following radioembolization. The radioisotopic image has the potential of providing reliable activity map of (90)Y microspheres distribution. One of the main reasons of the poor image quality in (90)Y bremsstrahlung SPECT imaging is the continuous and broad energy spectrum of the related bremsstrahlung photons. Furthermore, collimator geometry plays an impressive role in the spatial resolution, sensitivity and image contrast. Due to the relatively poor quality of the (90)Y bremsstrahlung SPECT images, we intend to optimize the medium-energy (ME) parallel-hole collimator and energy window. The Siemens e.cam gamma camera equipped with a ME collimator and a voxelized phantom was simulated by the SImulating Medical Imaging Nuclear Detectors (SIMIND) program. We used the SIMIND Monte Carlo program to generate the (90)Y bremsstrahlung SPECT projection of the digital Jaszczak phantom. The phantom consist of the six hot spheres ranging from 9.5 to 31.8mm in diameter, which are used to evaluate the image contrast. In order to assess the effect of the energy window on the image contrast, three energy windows ranging from 60 to 160 KeV, 160 to 400 KeV, and 60 to 400 KeV were set on a (90)Y bremsstrahlung spectrum. As well, the effect of the hole diameter of a ME collimator on the image contrast and bremsstrahlung spectrum were investigated. For the fixed collimator and septa thickness values (3.28 cm and 1.14 mm, respectively), a hole diameter range (2.35-3.3mm) was chosen based on the appropriate balance between the spatial resolution and sensitivity. The optimal energy window for (90)Y bremsstrahlung SPECT imaging was extended energy window from 60 to 400 KeV. Besides, The optimal value of the hole diameter of ME collimator was obtained 3.3mm. Geometry of the ME parallel-hole collimator and energy window are indeed important indicators of the image quality in (90)Y bremsstrahlung imaging. The obtained optimal ME collimator and optimal energy window have the potential to improve the image contrast of (90)Y bremsstrahlung images. Subsequently, high quality (90)Y bremsstrahlung images can provide reliable estimate of the (90)Y microsphere activity distribution after radioembolization., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The collimator in single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is a critical component of the imaging system and plays an impressive role in the imaging quality. In this study, the effect of the collimator material on the radioisotopic image and its functional parameters was studied. The simulating medical imaging nuclear detectors (SIMIND) Monte Carlo program was used to simulate a Siemens E.CAM SPECT (Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany) system equipped with a low-energy high-resolution (LEHR) collimator. The simulation and experimental data from the SPECT imaging modality using (99m)Tc were obtained on a point source and Jaszczak phantom. Seventeen high atomic number materials were considered as LEHR collimator materials. In order to determine the effect of the collimator material on the image and functional parameters, the energy resolution, spatial resolution, contrast, and collimator characteristics parameters such as septal penetration and scatter-to-primary ratio were investigated. Energy spectra profiles, full width at half maximums (FWHMs) (mm) of the point spread function (PSF) curves, system sensitivity, and contrast of cold spheres of the Jaszczak phantom for the simulated and experiment systems have acceptability superimposed. The results of FWHM and energy resolution for the 17 collimators showed that the collimator made of 98% lead and 2% antimony could provide the best FWHM and energy resolution, 7.68 mm and 9.87%, respectively. The LEHR collimator with 98% lead and 2% antimony offers the best resolution and contrast when compared to other high atomic number metals and alloys.