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Metabolic compartmentalization of stroma-rich tumors, like pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), greatly contributes to malignancy. This involves cancer cells importing lactate from the microenvironment (reverse Warburg cells) through monocarboxylate transporter-1 (MCT1) along with substantial phenotype alterations. Here, we report that the reverse Warburg phenotype of PDAC cells compensated for the shortage of glutamine as an essential metabolite for redox homeostasis. Thus, oxidative stress caused by glutamine depletion led to an Nrf2-dependent induction of MCT1 expression in pancreatic T3M4 and A818-6 cells. Moreover, greater MCT1 expression was detected in glutamine-scarce regions within tumor tissues from PDAC patients. MCT1-driven lactate uptake supported the neutralization of reactive oxygen species excessively produced under glutamine shortage and the resulting drop in glutathione levels that were restored by the imported lactate. Consequently, PDAC cells showed greater survival and growth under glutamine depletion when utilizing lactate through MCT1. Likewise, the glutamine uptake inhibitor V9302 and glutaminase-1 inhibitor CB839 induced oxidative stress in PDAC cells, along with cell death and cell cycle arrest that were again compensated by MCT1 upregulation and forced lactate uptake. Our findings show a novel mechanism by which PDAC cells adapt their metabolism to glutamine scarcity and by which they develop resistance against anticancer treatments based on glutamine uptake/metabolism inhibition.

Introduction: High-power short-duration ablation (HPSD) is an effective therapy for atrial fibrillation with thermal esophageal injury as a rare but relevant side effect., Aim and Methods: In this retrospective single-center analysis we evaluated the incidence and relevance of ablation-induced findings and the prevalence of ablation-independent incidental gastrointestinal findings. For 15 months all patients undergoing ablation were screened by postablation esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Pathological findings were followed up and treated if necessary., Results: 286 consecutive patients (66±10 years; 54.9% male) were included. 19.6% of patients showed ablation-associated alterations (10.8% esophageal lesions, 10.8% gastroparesis, 1.7% both findings). Logistic multivariable regression analysis confirmed an influence of lower BMI on the occurrence of RFA-associated endoscopic findings (OR 0.936, 95% CI 0.878-0.997, p<0.05). 48.3% of patients demonstrated incidental gastrointestinal findings. In 1.0% neoplastic lesions were present, 9.4% showed precancerous lesions and in 4.2% neoplastic lesions of unknown dignity were found requiring further diagnostics or therapy. 18.1% of patients demonstrated findings associated with a potentially increased risk of bleeding under anticoagulation. Patients with clinically relevant incidental findings were significantly more often male, 68.8% vs. 49.5% (p<0.01)., Conclusion: HPSD ablation is safe, no devasting complication occurred in any patient. It resulted in 19.6% ablation-induced thermal injury whereas incidental findings of the upper GI tract were found in 48.3% of patients. Due to the high prevalence of 14.7% of findings requiring further diagnostics, therapy, or surveillance in a cohort that is mimicking the general population, screening endoscopy of the upper GI tract seems to be reasonable in the general population., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest None to declare., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

The emergence of resistance to systemic therapies in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is still a major obstacle in clinical practice. Both, constitutive and inducible NF-κB activity are known as key players in this context. To identify differentially expressed and TRAIL resistance mediating NF-κB target genes, TRAIL sensitive and resistant PDAC cell lines were analyzed by transcriptome assays. In this context, A20 was identified as an NF-κB/RelA inducible target gene. Translational PDAC tissue analysis confirmed the correlation of elevated A20 protein expression with activated RelA expression in PDAC patients. In in vitro experiments, an elevated A20 expression is accompanied by a specific resistance toward TRAIL-mediated apoptosis but not to chemotherapeutic-induced cell death. This TRAIL resistance was attributed to A20´s E3-ligase activity-mediating Zink finger domain. Furthermore, the ubiquitin-binding scaffold protein p62 was identified as indispensable for the TRAIL-mediated apoptosis-inducing pathway affected by A20. The results of this study identify A20 as a possible therapeutic target to affect resistance to TRAIL-induced apoptosis in PDAC cells., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Tumor-related death is primarily caused by metastasis; consequently, understanding, preventing, and treating metastasis is essential to improving clinical outcomes. Metastasis is mainly governed by the dissemination of tumor cells in the systemic circulation: so-called circulating tumor cells (CTCs). CTCs typically arise from epithelial tumor cells that undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), resulting in the loss of cell-cell adhesions and polarity, and the reorganization of the cytoskeleton. Various oncogenic factors can induce EMT, among them the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, as well as Wnt and Notch signaling pathways. This entails the activation of numerous transcription factors, including ZEB, TWIST, and Snail proteins, acting as transcriptional repressors of epithelial markers, such as E-cadherin and inducers of mesenchymal markers such as vimentin. These genetic and phenotypic changes ultimately facilitate cancer cell migration. However, to successfully form distant metastases, CTCs must primarily withstand the hostile environment of circulation. This includes adaption to shear stress, avoiding being trapped by coagulation and surviving attacks of the immune system. Several applications of CTCs, from cancer diagnosis and screening to monitoring and even guided therapy, seek their way into clinical practice. This review describes the process leading to tumor metastasis, from the generation of CTCs in primary tumors to their dissemination into distant organs, as well as the importance of subtyping CTCs to improve personalized and targeted cancer therapy.

Obesity and obesity-associated diseases represent one of the key health challenges of our time. In this context, aberrant hepatic lipid accumulation is a central pathological aspect of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). By comparing methylation signatures of liver biopsies before and after bariatric surgery, we recently demonstrated the strong enrichment of differentially methylated heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) binding sites (>400-fold) in the process of liver remodeling, indicating a crucial role of HSF1 in modulating central aspects of NAFLD pathogenesis. Using cellular models of NAFLD, we were able to show that HSF1 is activated during fat accumulation in hepatocytes, mimicking conditions in patients before bariatric surgery. This induction was abolished by starving the cells, mimicking the situation after bariatric surgery. Regarding this connection, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 isoform A (CTP1a), a central regulator of lipid beta-oxidation, was identified as a HSF1 target gene by promoter analysis and HSF1 knockdown experiments. Finally, pharmacological activation of HSF1 through celastrol reduced fat accumulation in the cells in a HSF1-dependent manner. In conclusion, we were able to confirm the relevance of HSF1 activity and described a functional HSF1-CPT1a pathway in NAFLD pathogenesis.

Background: Oncogenic Kras initiates and drives carcinogenesis in the pancreas by complex signaling networks, including activation of the NFκB pathway. Although recent evidence has shown that oncogenic gains in Nfκb2 collaborate with Kras in the carcinogenesis, no data at the level of genetics for the contribution of Nfκb2 is available so far., Methods: We used Nfkb2 knock-out mice to decipher the role of the gene in Kras-driven carcinogenesis in vivo., Results: We show that the Nfkb2 gene is needed for cancer initiation and progression in Kras G12D -driven models and this requirement of Nfkb2 is mechanistically connected to proliferative pathways. In contrast, Nfκb2 is dispensable in aggressive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) models relying on the simultaneous expression of the Kras oncogene and the mutated tumor suppressor p53., Conclusions: Our data add to the understanding of context-dependent requirements of oncogenic Kras signaling during pancreatic carcinogenesis., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

With a five-year survival rate under 9%, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) represents one of the deadliest tumors. Although the treatment options are slightly improving, PDAC is the second leading cause of cancer related death in 2020 in the US. In addition to a pronounced desmoplastic stroma reaction, pancreatic cancer is characterized by one of the lowest levels of oxygen availability within the tumor mass and these hypoxic conditions are known to contribute to tumor development and progression. In this context, the major hypoxia associated transcription factor family, HIF, regulates hundreds of genes involved in angiogenesis, metabolism, migration, invasion, immune escape and therapy resistance. Current research implications show, that hypoxia also modulates diverse areas of epigenetic mechanisms like non-coding RNAs, histone modifications or DNA methylation, which cooperate with the hypoxia-induced transcription factors as well as directly regulate the hypoxic response pathways. In this review, we will focus on hypoxia-mediated epigenetic alterations and their impact on pancreatic cancer.

Pancreatic cancer is one of the carcinomas with the worst prognoses, as shown by its five-year survival rate of 9%. Although there have been new therapeutic innovations, the effectiveness of these therapies is still limited, resulting in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) becoming the second leading cause of cancer-related death in 2020 in the US. In addition to tumor cell intrinsic resistance mechanisms, this disease exhibits a complex stroma consisting of fibroblasts, immune cells, neuronal and vascular cells, along with extracellular matrix, all conferring therapeutic resistance by several mechanisms. The NF-κB pathway is involved in both the tumor cell-intrinsic and microenvironment-mediated therapeutic resistance by regulating the transcription of a plethora of target genes. These genes are involved in nearly all scenarios described as the hallmarks of cancer. In addition to classical regulators of apoptosis, NF-κB regulates the expression of chemokines and their receptors, both in the tumor cells and in cells of the microenvironment. These chemokines mediate autocrine and paracrine loops among tumor cells but also cross-signaling between tumor cells and the stroma. In this review, we will focus on NF-κB-mediated chemokine signaling, with an emphasis on therapy resistance in pancreatic cancer., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal malignant neoplasms and registers rising death rates in western countries. Due to its late detection in advanced stages, its extremely aggressive nature and the minimal effectiveness of currently available therapies, PDAC is a challenging problem in the clinical field. One characteristic of PDAC is a distinct desmoplasia consisting of fibroblasts, endothelial and immune cells as well as non-cellular components, contributing to therapy resistance. It is well established that the NF-κB signaling pathway controls inflammation, cancer progression and apoptosis resistance in PDAC. This study attempts to identify NF-κB target genes mediating therapy resistance of humane PDAC cell lines towards death ligand induced apoptosis. By using a genome wide unbiased approach the chemokine CX3CL1 was established as a central NF-κB target gene mediating therapy resistance. While no direct impact of CX3CL1 expression on cancer cell apoptosis was identified in co-culture assays it became apparent that CX3CL1 is acting in a paracrine fashion, leading to an increased recruitment of inflammatory cells. These inflammatory cells in turn mediate apoptosis resistance of PDAC cells. Therefore, our data dissect a bifunctional cross-signaling pathway in PDAC between tumor and immune cells giving rise to therapy resistance.

The original version of this Article contained an error in the spelling of the author Robert Häsler, which was incorrectly given as Robert Häesler. This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.

FOXO3 is consistently annotated as a human longevity gene. However, functional variants and underlying mechanisms for the association remain unknown. Here, we perform resequencing of the FOXO3 locus and single-nucleotide variant (SNV) genotyping in three European populations. We find two FOXO3 SNVs, rs12206094 and rs4946935, to be most significantly associated with longevity and further characterize them functionally. We experimentally validate the in silico predicted allele-dependent binding of transcription factors (CTCF, SRF) to the SNVs. Specifically, in luciferase reporter assays, the longevity alleles of both variants show considerable enhancer activities that are reversed by IGF-1 treatment. An eQTL database search reveals that the alleles are also associated with higher FOXO3 mRNA expression in various human tissues, which is in line with observations in long-lived model organisms. In summary, we present experimental evidence for a functional link between common intronic variants in FOXO3 and human longevity.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) represents one of the deadliest cancers. From a clinical view, the transcription factor NF-κB is of particular importance, since this pathway confers apoptosis resistance and limits drug efficacy. Whereas the role of the most abundant NF-κB subunit p65/RelA in therapeutic resistance is well documented, only little knowledge of the RelA downstream targets and their functional relevance in TRAIL mediated apoptosis in PDAC is available. In the present study TRAIL resistant and sensitive PDAC cell lines were analyzed for differentially expressed RelA target genes, to define RelA downstream targets mediating TRAIL resistance. The most upregulated target gene was then further functionally characterized. Unbiased genome-wide expression analysis demonstrated that the chemokine CCL20 represents the strongest TRAIL inducible direct RelA target gene in resistant PDAC cells. Unexpectedly, targeting CCL20 by siRNA, blocking antibodies or by downregulation of the sole CCL20 receptor CCR6 had no effect on PDAC cell death or cancer cell migration, arguing against an autocrine role of CCL20 in PDAC. However, by using an ex vivo indirect co-culture system we were able to show that CCL20 acts paracrine to recruit immune cells. Importantly, CCL20-recruited immune cells further increase TRAIL resistance of CCL20-producing PDAC cells. In conclusion, our data show a functional role of a RelA-CCL20 pathway in PDAC TRAIL resistance. We demonstrate how the therapy-induced cross-talk of cancer cells with immune cells affects treatment responses, knowledge needed to tailor novel bi-specific treatments, which target tumor cell as well as immune cells., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) represents one of the deadliest malignancies with an overall life expectancy of 6 months despite current therapies. NF-κB signalling has been shown to be critical for this profound cell-autonomous resistance against chemotherapeutic drugs and death receptor-induced apoptosis, but little is known about the role of the c-Rel subunit in solid cancer and PDAC apoptosis control. In the present study, by analysis of genome-wide patterns of c-Rel-dependent gene expression, we were able to establish c-Rel as a critical regulator of tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis in PDAC. TRAIL-resistant cells exhibited a strong TRAIL-inducible NF-κB activity, whereas TRAIL-sensitive cells displayed only a small increase in NF-κB-binding activity. Transfection with siRNA against c-Rel sensitized the TRAIL-resistant cells in a manner comparable to siRNA targeting the p65/RelA subunit. Gel-shift analysis revealed that c-Rel is part of the TRAIL-inducible NF-κB complex in PDAC. Array analysis identified NFATc2 as a c-Rel target gene among the 12 strongest TRAIL-inducible genes in apoptosis-resistant cells. In line, siRNA targeting c-Rel strongly reduced TRAIL-induced NFATc2 activity in TRAIL-resistant PDAC cells. Furthermore, siRNA targeting NFATc2 sensitized these PDAC cells against TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Finally, TRAIL-induced expression of COX-2 was diminished through siRNA targeting c-Rel or NFATc2 and pharmacologic inhibition of COX-2 with celecoxib or siRNA targeting COX-2, enhanced TRAIL apoptosis. In conclusion, we were able to delineate a novel c-Rel-, NFATc2- and COX-2-dependent antiapoptotic signalling pathway in PDAC with broad clinical implications for pharmaceutical intervention strategies.

Nrf2 has gained great attention with respect to its pivotal role in cell and tissue protection. Primarily defending cells against metabolic, xenobiotic and oxidative stress, Nrf2 is essential for maintaining tissue integrity. Owing to these functions, Nrf2 is regarded as a promising drug target in the chemoprevention of diseases, including cancer. However, much evidence has accumulated that the beneficial role of Nrf2 in cancer prevention essentially depends on the tight control of its activity. In fact, the deregulation of Nrf2 is a critical determinant in oncogenesis and found in many types of cancer. Therefore, amplified Nrf2 activity has profound effects on the phenotype of tumor cells, including radio/chemoresistance, apoptosis protection, invasiveness, antisenescence, autophagy deficiency, and angiogenicity. The deregulation of Nrf2 can result from various epigenetic and genetic alterations directly affecting Nrf2 control or from the complex interplay of Nrf2 with numerous oncogenic signaling pathways. Additionally, alterations of the cellular environment, eg, during inflammation, contribute to Nrf2 deregulation and its persistent activation. Therefore, the status of Nrf2 as anti- or protumorigenic is defined by many different modalities. A better understanding of these modalities is essential for the safe use of Nrf2 as an activation target for chemoprevention on the one hand and as an inhibition target in cancer therapy on the other. The present review mainly addresses the conditions that promote the oncogenic function of Nrf2 and the resulting consequences providing the rationale for using Nrf2 as a target structure in cancer therapy.

Although nuclear factor E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) protects from carcinogen-induced tumorigenesis, underlying the rationale for using Nrf2 inducers in chemoprevention, this antioxidative transcription factor may also act as a proto-oncogene. Thus, an enhanced Nrf2 activity promotes formation and chemoresistance of colon cancer. One mechanism causing persistent Nrf2 activation is the adaptation of epithelial cells to oxidative stress during chronic inflammation, e.g. colonocytes in inflammatory bowel diseases, and the multifunctional stress response gene immediate early response-3 (IER3) has a crucial role under these conditions. We now demonstrate that colonic tissue from Ier3(-/-) mice subject of dextran sodium sulfate colitis exhibit greater Nrf2 activity than Ier3(+/+) mice, manifesting as increased nuclear Nrf2 protein level and Nrf2 target gene expression. Likewise, human NCM460 colonocytes subjected to shRNA-mediated IER3 knockdown exhibit greater Nrf2 activity compared with control cells, whereas IER3 overexpression attenuated Nrf2 activation. IER3-deficient NCM460 cells exhibited reduced reactive oxygen species levels, indicating increased antioxidative protection, as well as lower sensitivity to TRAIL or anticancer drug-induced apoptosis and greater clonogenicity. Knockdown of Nrf2 expression reversed these IER3-dependent effects. Further, the enhancing effect of IER3 deficiency on Nrf2 activity relates to the control of the inhibitory tyrosine kinase Fyn by the PI3K/Akt pathway. Thus, the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 or knockdown of Akt or Fyn expression abrogated the impact of IER3 deficiency on Nrf2 activity. In conclusion, the interference of IER3 with the PI3K/Akt-Fyn pathway represents a novel mechanism of Nrf2 regulation that may get lost in tumors and by which IER3 exerts its stress-adaptive and tumor-suppressive activity.

Evidence accumulates that the transcription factor nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) has an essential role in cancer development and chemoresistance, thus pointing to its potential as an anticancer target and undermining its suitability in chemoprevention. Through the induction of cytoprotective and proteasomal genes, Nrf2 confers apoptosis protection in tumor cells, and inhibiting Nrf2 would therefore be an efficient strategy in anticancer therapy. In the present study, pancreatic carcinoma cell lines (Panc1, Colo357 and MiaPaca2) and H6c7 pancreatic duct cells were analyzed for the Nrf2-inhibitory effect of the coffee alkaloid trigonelline (trig), as well as for its impact on Nrf2-dependent proteasome activity and resistance to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and anticancer drug-induced apoptosis. Chemoresistant Panc1 and Colo357 cells exhibit high constitutive Nrf2 activity, whereas chemosensitive MiaPaca2 and H6c7 cells display little basal but strong tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ)-inducible Nrf2 activity and drug resistance. Trig efficiently decreased basal and tBHQ-induced Nrf2 activity in all cell lines, an effect relying on a reduced nuclear accumulation of the Nrf2 protein. Along with Nrf2 inhibition, trig blocked the Nrf2-dependent expression of proteasomal genes (for example, s5a/psmd4 and α5/psma5) and reduced proteasome activity in all cell lines tested. These blocking effects were absent after treatment with Nrf2 siRNA, a condition in which proteasomal gene expression and proteasome activity were already decreased, whereas siRNA against the related transcription factor Nrf1 did not affect proteasome activity and the inhibitory effect of trig. Depending on both Nrf2 and proteasomal gene expression, the sensitivity of all cell lines to anticancer drugs and TRAIL-induced apoptosis was enhanced by trig. Moreover, greater antitumor responses toward anticancer drug treatment were observed in tumor-bearing mice when receiving trig. In conclusion, representing an efficient Nrf2 inhibitor capable of blocking Nrf2-dependent proteasome activity and thereby apoptosis protection in pancreatic cancer cells, trig might be beneficial in improving anticancer therapy.

Although a profound barrier dysfunction has been reported, little is known about the pathophysiological mechanism evoking gastrointestinal graft-vs.-host disease (GI-GvHD) and apparent therapeutic options. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of oral glutamine on the course of GI-GvHD in an acute semiallogenic graft-vs.-host disease (GvHD) in irradiated B6D2F1 mice. An acute semiallogenic GvHD was induced by intraperitoneal injection of lymphocytes from C57BL/6 mice to irradiated B6D2F1 mice. Half of the GvHD animals received oral glutamine supplementation for 6 days started at the time of lymphocyte transfer. Six days after induction of the semiallogenic GvHD, jejunum specimens were prepared. The expression of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α and the tight junction protein occludin was investigated by PCR. Histological changes along with the apoptotic response were evaluated and intestinal permeability was assessed. Animals with GvHD showed a strong increase in paracellular permeability as a sign of the disturbed barrier function. TNF-α expression was significantly increased and the expression of the tight junction protein occludin decreased. GvHD led to mucosal atrophy, crypt hyperplasia, crypt apoptosis, and a disintegration of the tight junctions. Glutamine-treated mice showed reduced expression of TNF-α, increased occludin expression, fewer histological changes in the jejunum, smaller number of apoptotic cells in the crypt, and reduced gastrointestinal permeability. In conclusion, oral glutamine seems to have beneficial effects on the severity of inflammatory changes in the course of GvHD and might be a therapeutic option.

Patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have an increased risk to develop colorectal cancer (CRC) particularly after long duration of the disease. Chronic inflammation of the intestinal mucosa is characterized by a marked enrichment of immune cells such as macrophages as well as by high expression of cytokines and growth factors including transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1). The adhesion molecule L1CAM mediates chemoresistance and migration of tumor cells and is elevated in CRC tissues being associated with metastatic spread and poor prognosis for the patients. In this study, we examine the role of TGF-β1-induced L1CAM expression and macrophages in malignant transformation of intestinal epithelial cells. We demonstrate that TGF-β1 stimulation leads to a Slug-dependent upregulation of L1CAM expression already in the colonic intestinal epithelial cell line NCM460 thereby enhancing cell motility and apoptosis resistance. Accordingly, NCM460 cells acquired a migratory and apoptosis-resistant phenotype if transfected with L1CAM. Immunohistochemistry of colonic biopsies revealed considerable L1CAM expression in intestinal epithelial cells in tissues from IBD patients but not in normal colonic tissues. Moreover, L1CAM expression increased with duration of disease being associated with the presence of CD33+ macrophages. Coculture with macrophages generated from monocyte colony-stimulating factor (MCSF)-treated monocytes led to the upregulation of Slug and L1CAM in NCM460 cells thereby elevating cell motility and apoptosis resistance. Pharmacological inhibition of TGF-β1 signalling abolished expression of Slug and L1CAM in cocultured NCM460 cells resulting in decreased cell migration and apoptosis resistance. In conclusion, these data provide new insights into the mechanisms by which IBD promotes malignant transformation of intestinal epithelial cells and underscore the role of L1CAM and macrophages in this scenario.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and chronic pancreatitis, representing one risk factor for PDAC, are characterized by a marked desmoplasia enriched of pancreatic myofibroblasts (PMFs). Thus, PMFs are thought to essentially promote pancreatic tumorigenesis. We recently demonstrated that the adhesion molecule L1CAM is involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition of PMF-cocultured H6c7 human ductal epithelial cells and that L1CAM is expressed already in ductal structures of chronic pancreatitis with even higher elevation in primary tumors and metastases of PDAC patients. This study aimed at investigating whether PMFs and L1CAM drive malignant transformation of pancreatic ductal epithelial cells by enhancing their tumorigenic potential. Cell culture experiments demonstrated that in the presence of PMFs, H6c7 cells exhibit a profound resistance against death ligand-induced apoptosis. This apoptosis protection was similarly observed in H6c7 cells stably overexpressing L1CAM. Intrapancreatic inoculation of H6c7 cells together with PMFs (H6c7co) resulted in tumor formation in 7/8 and liver metastases in 6/8 severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice, whereas no tumors and metastases were detectable after inoculation of H6c7 cells alone. Likewise, tumor outgrowth and metastases resulted from inoculation of L1CAM-overexpressing H6c7 cells in 5/7 and 3/7 SCID mice, respectively, but not from inoculation of mock-transfected H6c7 cells. Treatment of H6c7co tumor-bearing mice with the L1CAM antibody L1-9.3/2a inhibited tumor formation and liver metastasis in 100 and 50%, respectively, of the treated animals. Overall, these data provide new insights into the mechanisms of how PMFs and L1CAM contribute to malignant transformation of pancreatic ductal epithelial cells in early stages of pancreatic tumorigenesis.

Adaptation of epithelial cells to persistent oxidative stress plays an important role in inflammation-associated carcinogenesis. This adaptation process involves activation of Nrf2 (nuclear factor-E2-related factor-2), which has been recently shown to contribute to carcinogenesis through the induction of proteasomal gene expression and proteasome activity. To verify this possible link between inflammation, oxidative stress, and Nrf2-dependent proteasome activation, we explored the impact of inflammatory (M1) macrophages on the human colon epithelial cell line NCM460. Transwell cocultures with macrophages differentiated from granulocyte monocyte-colony-stimulating factor-treated monocytes led to an increased activity of Nrf2 in NCM460 cells along with an elevated proteasome activity. This higher proteasome activity resulted from Nrf2-dependent induction of proteasomal gene expression, as shown for the 19 and 20 S subunit proteins S5a and α5, respectively. These effects of macrophage coculture were preceded by an increase of reactive oxygen species in cocultured NCM460 cells and could be blocked by catalase or by the reactive oxygen species scavenger Tiron, whereas transient treatment of NCM460 cells with H(2)O(2) similarly led to Nrf2-dependent proteasome activation. Through the Nrf2-dependent increase of proteasomal gene expression and proteasome activity, the sensitivity of NCM460 cells to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand- or irinotecan-induced apoptosis declined. These findings indicate that inflammatory conditions such as the presence of M1 macrophages and the resulting oxidative stress are involved in the Nrf2-dependent gain of proteasome activity in epithelial cells, e.g. colonocytes, giving rise of greater resistance to apoptosis. This mechanism might contribute to inflammation-associated carcinogenesis, e.g. of the colon.

Members of the Slug/Snail family of transcription factors are thought to drive epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT) in preneoplastic epithelial cells, thereby contributing to malignant transformation. One mediator in the EMT of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells and a potential target gene of Slug is the cellular adhesion molecule L1CAM. Using the human pancreatic ductal epithelial cell line H6c7 and the PDAC cell line Panc1, we could show that along with TGF-β1-induced EMT, L1CAM expression is increased in a Slug- but not Snail-dependent fashion. Two E-box recognition motifs in the L1CAM promoter upstream of the most distal transcriptional start site could be verified by gel shift and supershift assay to interact with Slug. ChIP assays detected an increased interaction of Slug with both recognition motifs of the human L1CAM promoter in TGF-β1-treated H6c7 cells, whereas binding of Snail was downregulated. Moreover, ChIP assays with Panc1 cells confirmed this interaction of Slug with the human L1CAM promoter and further detected an interaction of both recognition sites with RNA-polymerase II in a Slug-dependent fashion. Luciferase reporter gene assays using wild-type or single- and double-mutated variants of the L1CAM promoter confirmed transcriptional activation by Slug involving both recognition motifs. By demonstrating the direct transcriptional control of L1CAM expression through Slug during TGF-β1-induced EMT of PDAC cells, our findings point to a novel mechanism by which Slug contributes quite early to tumorigenesis. Moreover, our study is the first one describing the control of the human L1CAM promoter in tumor cells.

Background: The L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) was originally identified as a neural adhesion molecule involved in axon guidance. In many human epithelial carcinomas L1CAM is overexpressed and thereby augments cell motility, invasion and metastasis formation. L1CAM positive carcinomas are associated with bad prognosis. Recent data point out that L1CAM is regulated in a fashion similar to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Previous studies have implied the transcription factors Slug and/or β-catenin in L1CAM transcriptional regulation. However, the regulation of human L1CAM expression at the transcriptional level is not well understood., Results: To better understand the molecular basis of L1CAM transcriptional regulation, we carried out a detailed characterization of the human L1CAM promoter. We identified two transcription start sites, the first in front of a non-translated exon 0 (promoter 1) and the other next to the first protein-coding exon 1 (promoter 2). Both sites could be verified in endometrial carcinoma (EC) cell lines and appear to be used in a cell-type specific manner. The two identified promoter regions showed activity in luciferase reporter assays. Chromatin-IP analyses confirmed the in silico predicted E-boxes, binding sites for transcription factors Snail and Slug, as well as Lef-1 sites, which are related to β-catenin-mediated transcriptional regulation, in both promoters. Overexpression of β-catenin exclusively augmented activity of promoter 1 whereas Slug enhanced promoter 1 and 2 activity suggesting that both promoters can be active. Overexpression of β-catenin or Slug could upregulate L1CAM expression in a cell-type specific manner., Conclusions: Our results, for the first time, provide evidence that the L1CAM gene has two functionally active promoter sites that are used in a cell-type specific manner. Slug and β-catenin are involved L1CAM transcriptional regulation. Nevertheless, Slug rather than β-catenin levels are correlated with L1CAM expression in EC cell lines. Our findings suggest that the L1CAM transcriptional regulation is more complex than anticipated and this study provides the basis for a better understanding of L1CAM regulation in non-neuronal/tumor cells.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is thought to originate from ductal structures, exhibiting strong desmoplastic reaction with stromal pancreatic myofibroblasts (PMF), which are supposed to drive PDAC tumorigenesis. Previously, we observed high expression of the adhesion molecule L1CAM (CD171) in PDAC cells accounting for chemoresistance. Thus, this study aimed to investigate whether PMFs are involved in the induction of tumoral L1CAM and whether this contributes to malignant transformation of pancreatic ductal cells and PDAC tumorigenesis. Immunohistochemistry of tissues from chronic pancreatitis specimens revealed considerable L1CAM expression in ductal structures surrounded by dense fibrotic tissue, whereas no L1CAM staining was seen in normal pancreatic tissues. Using the human pancreatic duct cell line H6c7, we show that coculture with PMFs led to a transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1)-dependent up-regulation of L1CAM expression. Similarly, L1CAM expression increased in monocultured H6c7 cells after administration of exogenous TGF-beta1. Both TGF-beta1- and PMF-induced L1CAM expression were independent of Smad proteins but required c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase activation leading to the induction of the transcription factor Slug. Moreover, Slug interacted with the L1CAM promoter, and its knockdown abrogated the TGF-beta1- and PMF-induced L1CAM expression. As a result of L1CAM expression, H6c7 cells acquired a chemoresistant and migratory phenotype. This mechanism of TGF-beta1-induced L1CAM expression and the resulting phenotype could be verified in the TGF-beta1-responsive PDAC cell lines Colo357 and Panc1. Our data provide new insights into the mechanisms of tumoral L1CAM induction and how PMFs contribute to malignant transformation of pancreatic duct cells early in PDAC tumorigenesis.

We recently showed that the adhesion molecule L1CAM (CD171) is overexpressed in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) essentially contributing to chemoresistance of PDAC cells. In search of the mechanisms of this effect we now identified alpha5-integrin as the L1CAM ligand being essential for L1CAM-mediated chemoresistance of these highly malignant tumor cells. Thus, blockade or knock-down of alpha5-integrin in the L1CAM expressing PDAC cell lines PT45-P1res, Colo357 and Panc1 increased anti-cancer drug sensitivity. In line with the previously reported NO-dependent caspase inhibition resulting from L1CAM induced iNOS expression, the loss of chemoresistance upon alpha5-integrin inhibition was preceded by decreased iNOS expression and enhanced caspase-3/-7 activation. Accordingly, the loss of anti-cancer drug protection by alpha5-integrin inhibition could be overcome by administration of the NO-donor SNAP. Moreover, the gain of chemoresistance of parental PT45-P1 cells when transfected with L1CAM was abrogated by alpha5-integrin inhibition, whereas transfection of PT45-P1 cells with an integrin binding-deficient L1CAM mutant (L1mutRGE) did neither induce chemoresistance or iNOS expression nor conferred sensitivity to alpha5-integrin inhibition as seen upon transfection with wild-type L1CAM. Thus, mutational loss of the integrin binding site in the L1CAM molecule or the blockade of alpha5-integrin abolished the induction of iNOS expression and chemoresistance by L1CAM, indicating that both a functional L1CAM and alpha5-integrin are indispensable of L1CAM-induced drug resistance in PDAC cells.

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) track-etched membranes with average pore diameters of 692 and 1629 nm were functionalized using the monomer N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) and a photoinitiated "grafting-from" approach in which a surface-selective reaction has been most efficiently achieved by combinations of the unmodified PET surface with benzophenone and, alternatively, of an aminated PET surface with benzophenone carboxylic acid. Consistent estimations of the pore diameters of the base PET membranes and of the effective grafted polyNIPAAm layer thicknesses on the PET pore walls were possible only on the basis of the permeabilities measured with aqueous solutions of higher ionic strength (e.g., 0.1 M NaCl). However, the permeabilities measured with ultrapure water indicated that the "electroviscous effect" was significant for both base membranes. The influences of membrane pore diameter, surface charge, and solution ionic strength could be interpreted in the framework of the space-charge model. Functionalized membranes with collapsed grafted polymer hydrogel layer thicknesses of a few nanometers exhibited almost zero values of the zeta potential estimated from the trans-membrane streaming potential measurements. This was caused by a "hydrodynamic screening" of surface charge by the neutral hydrogel. Very pronounced changes in permeability as a function of temperature were measured for PET membranes with grafted polyNIPAAm layers, and the effective layer thickness in the swollen state--here up to approximately 300 nm--correlated well with the degree of functionalization. The subtle additional effects of solution ionic strength on the hydrodynamic layer thickness at 25 degrees C were different from the effects for the base PET membranes and could be explained by a variation in the degree of swelling, resembling a "salting-out" effect. Overall, it had been demonstrated that the functionalized capillary pore membranes are well suited for a detailed and quantitative evaluation of the relationships between the synthesis, the structure, and the function of grafted stimuli-responsive polymer layers.

Adult pancreatic stem cells (PSCs) are able to differentiate spontaneously in vitro into various somatic cell types. Stem cells isolated from rat pancreas show extensive self-renewal ability and grow in highly viable long-term cultures. Additionally, these cells express typical stem cell markers such as Oct-4, nestin and SSEA-1. Although differentiation potential is slightly decreasing in long-term cultures, it is possible to keep cell lines up to passage 140. Clonal cell lines could be established from different passages and showed similar characteristics. Remarkably, one clonal cell line, generated from passage 75, showed deviant properties during further culture. Clonal cells formed aggregates, which built tissue-like structures in suspension culture. These generated 3D aggregates produced permanently new cells at the outside margin. Released cells had remarkable size, and closer examination by light microscopy analysis revealed oocyte-like morphology. A comparison of the gene expression patterns between primary cultures of passages 8 and 75, the clonal cell line and the produced oocyte-like cells (OLCs) from tissue-like structures demonstrated some differences. Expression of various germ cell markers, such as Vasa, growth differentiation marker 9 and SSEA-1, increased in the clonal cell line, and OLCs showed additionally expression of meiosis-specific markers SCP3 and DMC1. We here present a first pilot study investigating the putative germ line potential of adult PSCs.