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Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a natural polymer composed of glutamic acid monomer and it has garnered substantial attention in both the fields of material science and biomedicine. Its remarkable cell compatibility, degradability, and other advantageous characteristics have made it a vital component in the medical field. In this comprehensive review, we delve into the production methods, primary application forms, and medical applications of γ-PGA, drawing from numerous prior studies. Among the four production methods for PGA, microbial fermentation currently stands as the most widely employed. This method has seen various optimization strategies, which we summarize here. From drug delivery systems to tissue engineering and wound healing, γ-PGA's versatility and unique properties have facilitated its successful integration into diverse medical applications, underlining its potential to enhance healthcare outcomes. The objective of this review is to establish a foundational knowledge base for further research in this field.

Indocyanine green (ICG) is an important kind of near infrared (NIR) photosensitive molecules for PTT/PDT therapy as well as imaging. When exposed to NIR light, ICG can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can kill cancer cells and pathogenic bacteria. Moreover, the absorbed light can also be converted into heat by ICG molecules to eliminate cancer cells. In addition, it performs exceptionally well in optical imaging-guided tumor therapy and antimicrobial therapy due to its deeper tissue penetration and low photobleaching properties in the near-infrared region compared to other dyes. In order to solve the problems of water and optical stability and multi-function problem of ICG molecules, composite nanomaterials based on ICG have been designed and widely used, especially in the fields of tumors and sterilization. So far, ICG molecules and their composite materials have become one of the most famous infrared sensitive materials. However, there have been no corresponding review articles focused on ICG molecules. In this review, the molecular structure and properties of ICG, composite material design, and near-infrared light- triggered anti-tumor, and antibacterial, and clinical applications are reviewed in detail, which of great significance for related research.

In this study, a piperazinyl-based emulsifier (EA/AMPA) was synthesized to prepare water-in-oil (W/O) high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs). Using kerosene as the oil phase, stable HIPEs with internal phase fractions of up to 98% were prepared. This enabled the EA/AMPA to have a high efficiency, as the HIPEs with a 90% internal phase fraction could be easily prepared with 0.1% of EA/AMPA. In addition, the formation of HIPEs was not affected by the addition of Na + . Because of the fact that EA/AMPA has a hydrophilic head with two tertiary amines, EA/AMPA could be easily recovered from the oil phase by adjusting the pH to acidic values. Moreover, the unique structure promoted the formation of stable HIPEs, even with crude oil used as the oil phase. The results indicate that EA/AMPA has the potential to significantly contribute to the preparation of W/O HIPEs and that the design of the hydrophilic head with two tertiary amines can provide a reference for the fabrication of new W/O emulsifiers.

Pollution control policies have achieved remarkable results in China. However, industrial firms still lack enthusiasm for technological innovation to reduce pollution and endogenous motivation for controlling pollution, which pose severe obstacles to industrial pollution control. The top-runner scheme can stimulate the pollution control behaviors of firms to a certain extent. Therefore, the top-runner scheme is combined with economic incentive policies to design an appropriate incentive scheme in this paper, theoretical research is conducted on the selection standards and incentive methods, and four industries mainly responsible for pollution in a developed province of China are investigated as case studies. The results show that (1) the selection standard that stipulates the rewarded quotas instead of the discharge amount achieved higher emission reduction efficiency; (2) tax cuts are the best incentive for top-runners, and (3) the top-runner incentive scheme achieves a greater reduction effect in high-pollution industries than low-pollution industries. Value-added tax exemption for the top-runner, as determined by the rewarded quotas, contributes to increasing the enthusiasm from firms to participate in and improve pollution control measures.

The resource contention problem is critical in Just-Enough-Time (JET) based optical burst switching (OBS) networks. Although deflection routing (DR) reduces the contention probability in some degree, it does not give much improvement under heavy traffic load. This paper analyzed the inducement causing contention in OBS networks, and proposed Resource Information Sharing Enhancement (RISE) scheme. Theoretical analysis shows that this scheme achieves shorter length of the detour path than normal DR. We simulated this scheme on both full mesh network and practical 14-node NSFNET. The simulation results show that it gives at best 2 orders magnitude improvement in reducing the burst contention probability over its previous routing approaches.

For real-time services, protection is preferable for its fast failure recovery in optical networks. Recently, sub-path protection has been proposed to provide scalable and efficient protection. However, it suffers from the long latency in connection provisioning and lack of protection for domain border node (DBN) failures. In this paper, DBN-Pair based Network Partition (DPNP) was presented to solve this problem. We develop the Integer Linear Program (ILP) formulation for network partition, as well as Sub-Path InCorporatE (SPICE) algorithm to provide protection for DBN failures in all routing scenarios. Our simulation results show that DPNP behaves much better than previous approaches in terms of connection blocking ratio, resource utilization efficiency and failure recovery time scalability.