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Background: The internet is a common source of health information for patients and caregivers. To date, content and information quality of YouTube videos on sarcoidosis has not been studied. The aim of our study was to investigate the content and quality of information on sarcoidosis provided by YouTube videos., Methods: Of the first 200 results under the search term "sarcoidosis," all English-language videos with content directed at patients were included. Two independent investigators assessed the content of the videos based on 25 predefined key features (content score with 0-25 points), as well as reliability and quality (HONCode score with 0-8 points, DISCERN score with 1-5 points). Misinformation contained in the videos was described qualitatively., Results: The majority of the 85 included videos were from an academic or governmental source (n = 63, 74%), and median time since upload was 33 months (IQR 10-55). Median video duration was 8 min (IQR 3-13) and had a median of 2,044 views (IQR 504 - 13,203). Quality assessment suggested partially sufficient information: mean HONCode score was 4.4 (SD 0.9) with 91% of videos having a medium quality HONCode evaluation. Mean DISCERN score was 2.3 (SD 0.5). Video content was generally poor with a mean of 10.5 points (SD 0.6). Frequently absent key features included information on the course of disease (6%), presence of substantial geographical variation (7%), and importance of screening for extrapulmonary manifestations (11%). HONCode scores were higher in videos from academic or governmental sources (p = 0.003), particularly regarding "transparency of sponsorship" (p < 0.001). DISCERN and content scores did not differ by video category., Conclusions: Most YouTube videos present incomplete information reflected in a poor content score, especially regarding screening for extrapulmonary manifestations. Quality was partially sufficient with higher scores in videos from academic or governmental sources, but often missing references and citing specific evidence. Improving patient access to trustworthy and up to date information is needed., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Purpose: Determine the correct mathematical phase description for balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) signals in multi-compartment systems., Theory and Methods: Based on published bSSFP signal models, different phase descriptions can be formulated: one predicting the presence and the other predicting the absence of destructive interference effects in multi-compartment systems. Numerical simulations of bSSFP signals of water and acetone were performed to evaluate the predictions of these different phase descriptions. For experimental validation, bSSFP profiles were measured at 3T using phase-cycled bSSFP acquisitions performed in a phantom containing mixtures of water and acetone, which replicates a system with two signal components. Localized single voxel MRS was performed at 7T to determine the relative chemical shift of the acetone-water mixtures., Results: Based on the choice of phase description, the simulated bSSFP profiles of water-acetone mixtures varied significantly, either displaying or lacking destructive interference effects, as predicted theoretically. In phantom experiments, destructive interference was consistently observed in the measured bSSFP profiles of water-acetone mixtures, supporting the theoretical description that predicts such interference effects. The connection between the choice of phase description and predicted observation enables unambiguous experimental identification of the correct phase description for multi-compartment bSSFP profiles, which is consistent with the Bloch equations., Conclusion: The study emphasizes that consistent phase descriptions are crucial for accurately describing multi-compartment bSSFP signals, as incorrect phase descriptions result in erroneous predictions., (© 2024 The Authors. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.)

Purpose: To develop a novel signal representation for balanced steady state free precession (bSSFP) displaying its T 2 independence on B 1 and on magnetization transfer (MT) effects., Methods: A signal model for bSSFP is developed that shows only an explicit dependence (up to a scaling factor) on E 2 (and, therefore, T 2 ) and a novel parameter c (with implicit dependence on the flip angle and E 1 ). Moreover, it is shown that MT effects, entering the bSSFP signal via a binary spin bath model, can be captured by a redefinition of T 1 and, therefore, leading to modification of E 1 , resulting in the same signal model. Various sets of phase-cycled bSSFP brain scans (different flip angles, different TR, different RF pulse durations, and different number of phase cycles) were recorded at 3 T. The parameters T 2 (E 2 ) and c were estimated using a variable projection (VARPRO) method and Monte-Carlo simulations were performed to assess T 2 estimation precision., Results: Initial experiments confirmed the expected independence of T 2 on various protocol settings, such as TR, the flip angle, B 1 field inhomogeneity, and the RF pulse duration. Any variation (within the explored range) appears to directly affect the estimation of the parameter c only-in agreement with theory., Conclusion: BSSFP theory predicts an extraordinary feature that all MT and B 1 -related variational aspects do not enter T 2 estimation, making it a potentially robust methodology for T 2 quantification, pending validation against existing standards., (© 2024 The Authors. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.)

Background: Several magnetic resonance (MR) techniques have been suggested for radiation-free imaging of osseous structures., Purpose: To compare the diagnostic value of ultra-short echo time and gradient echo T1-weighted MRI for the assessment of vertebral pathologies using histology and computed tomography (CT) as the reference standard., Study Type: Prospective., Subjects: Fifty-nine lumbar vertebral bodies harvested from 20 human cadavers (donor age 73 ± 13 years; 9 male)., Field Strength/sequence: Ultra-short echo time sequence optimized for both bone (UTEb) and cartilage (UTEc) imaging and 3D T1-weighted gradient-echo sequence (T1GRE) at 3 T; susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) gradient echo sequence at 1.5 T. CT was performed on a dual-layer dual-energy CT scanner using a routine clinical protocol., Assessment: Histopathology and conventional CT were acquired as standard of reference. Semi-quantitative and quantitative morphological features of degenerative changes of the spines were evaluated by four radiologists independently on CT and MR images independently and blinded to all other information. Features assessed were osteophytes, endplate sclerosis, visualization of cartilaginous endplate, facet joint degeneration, presence of Schmorl's nodes, and vertebral dimensions. Vertebral disorders were assessed by a pathologist on histology., Statistical Tests: Agreement between T1GRE, SWI, UTEc, and UTEb sequences and CT imaging and histology as standard of reference were assessed using Fleiss' κ and intra-class correlation coefficients, respectively., Results: For the morphological assessment of osteophytes and endplate sclerosis, the overall agreement between SWI, T1GRE, UTEb, and UTEc with the reference standard (histology combined with CT) was moderate to almost perfect for all readers (osteophytes: SWI, κ range: 0.68-0.76; T1GRE: 0.92-1.00; UTEb: 0.92-1.00; UTEc: 0.77-0.85; sclerosis: SWI, κ range: 0.60-0.70; T1GRE: 0.77-0.82; UTEb: 0.81-0.92; UTEc: 0.61-0.71). For the visualization of the cartilaginous endplate, UTEc showed the overall best agreement with the reference standard (histology) for all readers (κ range: 0.85-0.93)., Data Conclusions: Morphological assessment of vertebral pathologies was feasible and accurate using the MR-based bone imaging sequences compared to CT and histopathology. T1GRE showed the overall best performance for osseous changes and UTEc for the visualization of the cartilaginous endplate., Level of Evidence: 1 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2., (© 2023 The Authors. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.)

Background: Simultaneous positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a novel hybrid imaging method integrating the advances of morphological tissue characterization of MRI with the pathophysiological insights of PET applications., Aim: This study evaluated the use of simultaneous 18-FDG PET/MR imaging for characterizing atherosclerotic lesions in lower extremity arterial disease (LEAD)., Methods: Eight patients with symptomatic stenoses of the superficial femoral artery (SFA) under simultaneous acquisition of 18-FDG PET and contrast-enhanced MRI using an integrated whole-body PET/MRI scanner. Invasive plaque characterization of the SFA was performed by intravascular imaging using optical coherence tomography. Histological analysis of plaque specimens was performed after directional atherectomy., Results: MRI showed contrast enhancement at the site of arterial stenosis, as assessed on T2-w and T1-w images, compared to a control area of the contralateral SFA (0.38 ± 0.15 cm vs. 0.23 ± 0.11 cm; 1.77 ± 0.19 vs. 1.57 ± 0.15; p -value <0.05). On PET imaging, uptake of 18F-FDG (target-to-background ratio TBR > 1) at the level of symptomatic stenosis was observed in all but one patient. Contrast medium-induced MR signal enhancement was detected in all plaques, whereas FDG uptake in PET imaging was increased in lesions with active fibroatheroma and reduced in fibrocalcified lesions., Conclusion: In this multimodal imaging study, we report the feasibility and challenges of simultaneous PET/MR imaging of LEAD, which might offer new perspectives for risk estimation., Competing Interests: TK received research grants and speaker honoraria from Abbott Medical Germany. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision., (© 2024 Koppara, Dregely, Nekolla, Nährig, Langwieser, Bradaric, Ganter, Laugwitz, Schwaiger and Ibrahim.)

Introduction: Many patients use the internet as a source of health information. Sarcoidosis is a complex disease, and internet resources have not yet been analyzed for reliability and content on sarcoidosis., Aims: Our study aimed to investigate the content and the quality of information on sarcoidosis provided by internet resources., Methods: Google, Yahoo, and Bing were searched for the term "sarcoidosis," and the first 200 hits were saved in each case. Those websites that met the inclusion criteria (English language, no registration fees, and relevant to sarcoidosis) were then analyzed by two independent investigators for readability, quality (HON, JAMA, and DISCERN), and content (25 predefined key facts) of the provided information., Results: The websites were most commonly scientific or governmental ( n = 57, 46%), and the median time since the last update was 24 months. Quality was rated with a median JAMA score of 2 (1; 4) and a median overall DISCERN score of 2.4 (1.1; 4.1), both scores represent partially sufficient information. In total, 15% of websites had a HON certificate. Website content measured by the median key fact score was 19 (ranging from 2.5 to 25) with the lowest scores for acute vs. chronic course of the disease, screening for extrapulmonary disease, and diffuse body pain. Poor results were achieved in industry websites and blogs ( p = 0.047) with significant differences regarding definition ( p = 0.004) and evaluation ( p = 0.021)., Discussion: Sarcoidosis-related content of internet resources is partially sufficient; however, several important aspects are frequently not addressed, and the quality of information is moderate. Future directions should focus on providing reliable and comprehensive information on sarcoidosis; physicians from different disciplines and patients including self-support groups should collaborate on achieving this., Competing Interests: KB received payment for lectures from Boehringer Ingelheim and a grant from Sarkoidose-Netzwerk e.V. JF has received grant funding from the University of Toronto and the Canadian Pulmonary Fibrosis Foundation and has received honoraria from Boehringer Ingelheim and AstraZeneca. CR reports grants from Boehringer Ingelheim and Hoffman la Roche; consulting fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, Hoffman la Roche, Astra Zeneca, Veracyte, Ensho, and Pliant Therapeutics; payment for lectures from Boehringer Ingelheim, Hoffman la Roche, and Cipla Ltd.; and support for attending meetings from Cipla Ltd., and Boehringer Ingelheim (unrelated to this submission). FH reports payment for lectures from Astra Zeneca, GSK, and Chiesi and is a part of the Data Safety Monitoring Board from Apogenix. MK reports grants, consulting fees, and payment for lectures from Boehringer Ingelheim and Roche. KK was employed by Limbach Gruppe SE. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Buschulte, Höger, Ganter, Wijsenbeek, Kahn, Kriegsmann, Wilkens, Fisher, Ryerson, Herth and Kreuter.)

Background and Objective: The optimal management of unclassifiable Interstitial lung disease (ILD) remains a challenge. The aim of this study was to describe pulmonary function trajectories for patients treated with immunomodulatory therapy and for untreated patients., Methods: Clinical information and treatment data were obtained retrospectively at two ILD centres. Pulmonary function data were analysed using (1) mixed effects linear regression models with and without clinical covariates and (2) propensity score matching using gender, age, physiology (GAP) stage, smoking and presence of ground glass opacities., Results: Sixty-five percent of the 249 patients included received corticosteroids and/or other immunomodulators. Treated patients had lower forced vital capacity (FVC) (72% vs. 83% predicted) and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLco) (44% vs. 60% predicted). In mixed effects linear regression, the adjusted change in FVC was -0.22%, [-0.34; -0.11], and -0.15% [-0.28;-0.012] for DLco. The difference in pulmonary function decline between treated and untreated patients was insignificant, -0.082% per month, [-0.28; 0.11], p = 0.10 for FVC and -0.14% per month, [-0.36; 0.079], p = 0.15, for DLco. In propensity score matched analysis, the difference in change in FVC was 0.039% per month, p = 0.12, and for DLco, 0.0085% per month, p = 0.7., Conclusion: The pulmonary function trajectories for treated and untreated patients were parallel, despite treated patients having more severe disease at baseline. The persisting differences between the groups suggest no overall effect, although improvement or stabilization may be seen in some patients. Prospective studies are needed to define subsets of patients with unclassifiable interstitial lung disease and their optimal management., (© 2022 The Authors. Respirology published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Asian Pacific Society of Respirology.)

Background: Sarcoidosis is a multisystemic disease with a heterogenous course of disease. Comprehensive information about the complexity and treatment indications is essential for improving patient knowledge and adhering to therapy., Objectives: The aim of our study was to investigate the level and resources of information in patients with sarcoidosis and to analyze differences in patient subgroups including age and gender., Methods: We conducted a questionnaire-based online survey in Germany and three semi-structured focus group interviews. The interviews were evaluated independently by two investigators using a structured qualitative content analysis., Results: A total of 402 completed questionnaires were analyzed, 65.8% of participants were women, and the mean age was 53 years. The majority of patients felt well informed about their disease in general (59.4%), but 40.6% were inadequately informed. The most relevant information gaps related to the future perspective (70.6%) as well as fatigue and diffuse pain (63.9%). Most patients received information from their treating pulmonologist (72.1%). 94% used the internet, especially homepages of patient support groups (75.2%). Male participants more often reported being well informed about their disease and were more satisfied with the information (p = 0.001). During the interviews, patients expressed their wish for more comprehensive information and highlighted the importance of psychological co-care as well as the future perspective., Conclusions: A relevant proportion of patients with sarcoidosis are inadequately informed about their own disease, particularly with regard to factors impeding quality of life such as fatigue. Efforts are needed to improve the level and quality of information., (© 2023 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Four novel intensively blue luminescent chromophores were readily synthesized by bromine-lithium exchange borylation-Suzuki (BLEBS) sequence in moderate to good yields. Their electronic properties were studied by absorption and emission spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations revealing deep-blue emission in solution as well as in the solid state and upon embedding into a PMMA (polymethylmethacrylate) matrix with small FWHM (full width at half maximum) values and CIE y values smaller than 0.1. Moreover, high photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQY), partially close to unity, are found., (© 2022 The Authors. Chemistry - A European Journal published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Background: The Internet is commonly used by patients to acquire health information. To date, no studies have evaluated the quality of information available on YouTube regarding lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM). Our aim was to determine the quality and content of YouTube videos regarding LAM and to compare the information provided with current knowledge and guidelines about the disease., Methods: The first 200 video hits on YouTube in English for the search term "lymphangioleiomyomatosis" were recorded. All videos suitable for patient education on LAM were included. Video quality was analyzed independently by two investigators utilizing the Health on the Net (HONcode) score, which assesses whether websites provide understandable, accessible, and trustworthy health information; the DISCERN score, which evaluates the quality of information about treatment decisions; and a newly developed LAM-related content score (LRCS) with 31 guideline elements., Results: The search identified 64 eligible videos. The "engagement rate" of 0.3 was low, with a median number of views of 408 (range 42-73,943), a median of 4 likes (range 0-2082), and the majority (53%) receiving a low HONcode score (≤ 2) and only 10% of videos achieving a high score (> 5). The median DISCERN score was 28 (range 15-61, maximum possible score 80), indicating poor video quality and reliability. The median LRCS was 8 (range 0-29, maximum possible score 31) and videos frequently failed to provide sources of information., Conclusions: Online resources could contribute to the limited and often inaccurate information available to patients with LAM, with only a few YouTube videos providing high-quality patient-relevant information., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Purpose: Local solutions provide little intuition about the contrast, generated by MRI sequences with unbalanced gradients. A configuration space representation of the spin density allows to formalize signal localization and thereby overcome these limitations., Theory and Methods: The continuous configuration model (CCM) constitutes a Fourier integral decomposition of the spin density, such that intrinsic tissue properties are separated from accumulated effects due to gradients and/or bulk off-resonance. Thereby, any set of local dynamic equations is automatically transformed into a corresponding set of differential equations between configurations., Results: The CCM generalizes the Fourier-based EPG formalism such that it becomes applicable to arbitrary MRI sequences. It enables a rigorous and concise treatment of signal localization (selective excitation, spatial encoding), inhomogeneous broadening and motion. Applied to frequency swept NMR, a close connection between SWIFT and SSFP sequences can be found., Conclusion: The CCM allows to view arbitrary MRI sequences from a signal processing perspective, which might simplify the development and optimization of novel imaging strategies., (© 2021 The Authors. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.)

Purpose: To show that for tissues the conspicuous asymmetries in the frequency response function of bSSFP can be mitigated by using a short enough TR., Theory and Methods: Configuration theory indicates that bSSFP becomes apparently "pure" (i.e., exhibiting a symmetric profile) in the limit of TR → 0 . To this end, the frequency profile of bSSFP was measured as a function of the TR using a manganese-doped aqueous probe, as well as brain tissue that was shown to exhibit a pronounced asymmetry due to its microstructure. The frequency response function was sampled using N = 72 (phantom) and N = 36 (in vivo) equally distributed linear RF phase increments in the interval [ 0 , 2 π ) . Imaging was performed with 2.0 mm isotropic resolution over a TR range of 1.5-8 ms at 3 and 1.5 T., Results: As expected, pure substances showed a symmetric TR-independent frequency profile, whereas brain tissue revealed a pronounced asymmetry. The observed asymmetry for the tissue, however, decreases with decreasing TR and gives strong evidence that the frequency response function of bSSFP becomes symmetric in the limit of TR → 0 , in agreement with theory. The limit of apparently pure bSSFP imaging can thus be achieved for a TR ∼ 1.5 ms at 1.5 T, whereas at 3 T, tissues still show some residual asymmetry., Conclusion: In the limit of short enough TR, tissues become apparently pure for bSSFP. This limit can be reached for brain tissue at 1.5 T with TR ∼ 1-2 ms at clinically relevant resolutions., (© 2021 The Authors. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.)

Background: Comorbidities are common in interstitial lung diseases (ILD) and have an important association with survival, but the frequency and prognostic impact of comorbidities in unclassifiable interstitial lung disease (uILD) remains elusive. We aimed to describe the prevalence of comorbidities and assess the impact on survival in patients with uILD. Furthermore, we aimed to identify and characterize potential phenotypes based on clusters of comorbidities and examine their association with disease progression and survival., Methods: Incident patients diagnosed with uILD were identified at two ILD referral centers in Denmark and Germany from 2003 to 2018. The diagnosis uILD was based on multidisciplinary team meetings. Clinical characteristics and comorbidities were extracted from ILD registries and patient case files. Survival analyses were performed using Cox regression analyses, disease progression was analyzed by linear mixed effects models, and clusters of comorbidities were analyzed using self-organizing maps., Results: A total of 249 patients with uILD were identified. The cohort was dominated by males (60%), former (49%) or current (15%) smokers, median age was 70 years, mean FVC was 75.9% predicted, and mean DLCO was 49.9% predicted. One-year survival was 89% and three-year survival was 73%. Eighty-five percent of the patients had ≥ 1 comorbidities, 33% had ≥ 3 comorbidities and 9% had ≥ 5 comorbidities. The only comorbidity associated with excess mortality was dyslipidemia. No association between survival and number of comorbidities or the Charlson comorbidity index was observed. Three clusters with different comorbidities profiles and clinical characteristics were identified. A significant annual decline in FVC and DLCO % predicted was observed in cluster 1 and 2, but not in cluster 3. No difference in mortality was observed between the clusters., Conclusions: The comorbidity burden in uILD is lower than reported in other types of ILD and the impact of comorbidities on mortality needs further clarification. Three clusters with distinct comorbidity profiles were identified and could represent specific phenotypes. No difference in mortality was observed between clusters, but slower disease progression was observed in cluster 3. Better understanding of disease behavior and mortality will require further studies of subgroups of uILD with longer observation time., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Purpose: To present a new complex-valued B 1 + mapping method for electrical properties tomography using Carr-Purcell spin echoes., Methods: A Carr-Purcell (CP) echo train generates pronounced flip-angle dependent oscillations that can be used to estimate the magnitude of B 1 + . To this end, a dictionary is used that takes into account the slice profile as well as T 2 relaxation along the echo train. For validation, the retrieved B 1 + map is compared with the actual flip angle imaging (AFI) method in a phantom (79 ε 0 , 0.34 S/m). Moreover, the phase of the first echo reflects the transceive phase. Overall, the CP echo train yields an estimate of the complex-valued B 1 + , allowing electrical properties tomography with both permittivity and conductivity. The presented method is evaluated in phantom scans as well as for in vivo brain at 3 T., Results: In the phantom, the obtained magnitude B 1 + maps retrieved from the CP echo train and the AFI method show excellent agreement, and both the reconstructed estimated permittivity (79 ± 3) ε 0 and conductivity (0.35 ± 0.04) S/m values are in accordance with expectations. In the brain, the obtained electrical properties are also close to expectations. In addition to the retrieved complex B 1 + information, the decay of the CP echo trains also yields an estimate for T 2 ., Conclusion: The CP sequence can be used to simultaneously provide both B 1 + magnitude and phase estimations, and therefore allows for full reconstruction of the electrical properties., (© 2021 The Authors. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.)

The sterically demanding carbene ITr ( N,N '-bis(triphenylmethyl)imidazolylidene) was used as a ligand for the preparation of luminescent copper(I) complexes of the type [(ITr)Cu(R-pyridine/R'-quinoline)]BF 4 (R = H, 4-CN, 4-CHO, 2,6-NH 2 , and R' = 8-Cl, 6-Me). The selective formation of linear, bis(coordinated) complexes was observed for a series of pyridine and quinoline derivatives. Only in the case of 4-cyanopyridine a one-dimensional coordination polymer was formed, in which the cyano group of the cyanopyridine ligand additionally binds to another Cu atom in a bridging manner, thus leading to a trigonal planar coordination environment. In contrast, employing sterically less demanding monotrityl-substituted carbene 3 , no (NHC)Cu-pyridine complexes could be prepared. Instead, a bis-carbene complex [( 3 ) 2 Cu]PF 6 was obtained which showed no luminescence. All linear pyridine/quinoline coordinated complexes show weak emission in solution but intense blue to orange luminescence doped with 10% in PMMA films and in the solid state either from triplet excited states with unusually long lifetimes of up to 4.8 ms or via TADF with high radiative rate constants of up to 1.7 × 10 5 s -1 at room temperature. Combined density functional theory and multireference configuration interaction calculations have been performed to rationalize the involved photophysics of these complexes. They reveal a high density of low-lying electronic states with mixed MLCT, LLCT, and LC character where the electronic structures of the absorbing and emitting state are not necessarily identical.

Background: Lung-protective ventilation is key in bridging patients suffering from COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) to recovery. However, resource and personnel limitations during pandemics complicate the implementation of lung-protective protocols. Automated ventilation modes may prove decisive in these settings enabling higher degrees of lung-protective ventilation than conventional modes., Method: Prospective study at a Swiss university hospital. Critically ill, mechanically ventilated COVID-19 ARDS patients were allocated, by study-blinded coordinating staff, to either closed-loop or conventional mechanical ventilation, based on mechanical ventilator availability. Primary outcome was the overall achieved percentage of lung-protective ventilation in closed-loop versus conventional mechanical ventilation, assessed minute-by-minute, during the initial 7 days and overall mechanical ventilation time. Lung-protective ventilation was defined as the combined target of tidal volume <8 ml per kg of ideal body weight, dynamic driving pressure <15 cmH 2 O, peak pressure <30 cmH 2 O, peripheral oxygen saturation ≥88% and dynamic mechanical power <17 J/min., Results: Forty COVID-19 ARDS patients, accounting for 1,048,630 minutes (728 days) of cumulative mechanical ventilation, allocated to either closed-loop (n = 23) or conventional ventilation (n = 17), presenting with a median paO 2 / FiO 2 ratio of 92 [72-147] mmHg and a static compliance of 18 [11-25] ml/cmH 2 O, were mechanically ventilated for 11 [4-25] days and had a 28-day mortality rate of 20%. During the initial 7 days of mechanical ventilation, patients in the closed-loop group were ventilated lung-protectively for 65% of the time versus 38% in the conventional group (Odds Ratio, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.76-1.82; P < 0.001) and for 45% versus 33% of overall mechanical ventilation time (Odds Ratio, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.21-1.23; P < 0.001)., Conclusion: Among critically ill, mechanically ventilated COVID-19 ARDS patients during an early highpoint of the pandemic, mechanical ventilation using a closed-loop mode was associated with a higher degree of lung-protective ventilation than was conventional mechanical ventilation.

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) and decreased costs of genomic testing are changing the paradigm in precision medicine and continue to fuel innovation. Integration of NGS into clinical drug development has the potential to accelerate clinical trial conduct and ultimately will shape the landscape of clinical care by making it easier to identify patients who would benefit from particular therapy(ies) and to monitor treatment outcomes with less invasive tests. This has led to an increased use of NGS service providers by pharmaceutical sponsors: to screen patients for clinical trials eligibility and for patient stratification, expanded Companion Diagnostic (CDx) development for treatment recommendations and Comprehensive Genomic profiling (CGP). These changes are reshaping the face of clinical quality considerations for precision medicine. Although some clinical quality considerations do exist in Health Authorities (HA) guidances and regulations (e.g., International Conference of Harmonization Good Clinical Practices-GCP), there is currently no holistic GxP-like detailed framework for pharmaceutical sponsors using NGS service providers in clinical trials, or for the development of CDx and CGP. In this research, we identified existing and applicable regulations, guidelines and recommendations that could be translated into clinical quality considerations related to technology, data quality, patients and oversight. We propose these considerations as a basis for pharmaceutical sponsors using NGS service providers in clinical drug development to develop a set of guidelines for NGS clinical quality., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Objective: Evaluation of software tools for segmentation, quantification, and characterization of fibrotic pulmonary parenchyma changes will strengthen the role of CT as biomarkers of disease extent, evolution, and response to therapy in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients., Methods: 418 nonenhanced thin-section MDCTs of 127 IPF patients and 78 MDCTs of 78 healthy individuals were analyzed through 3 fully automated, completely different software tools: YACTA, LUFIT, and IMBIO. The agreement between YACTA and LUFIT on segmented lung volume and 80th (reflecting fibrosis) and 40th (reflecting ground-glass opacity) percentile of the lung density histogram was analyzed using Bland-Altman plots. The fibrosis and ground-glass opacity segmented by IMBIO (lung texture analysis software tool) were included in specific regression analyses., Results: In the IPF-group, LUFIT outperformed YACTA by segmenting more lung volume (mean difference 242 mL, 95% limits of agreement -54 to 539 mL), as well as quantifying higher 80th (76 HU, -6 to 158 HU) and 40th percentiles (9 HU, -73 to 90 HU). No relevant differences were revealed in the control group. The 80th/40th percentile as quantified by LUFIT correlated positively with the percentage of fibrosis/ground-glass opacity calculated by IMBIO (r = 0.78/r = 0.92)., Conclusions: In terms of segmentation of pulmonary fibrosis, LUFIT as a shape model-based segmentation software tool is superior to the threshold-based YACTA, tool, since the density of (severe) fibrosis is similar to that of the surrounding soft tissues. Therefore, shape modeling as used in LUFIT may serve as a valid tool in the quantification of IPF, since this mainly affects the subpleural space., (© 2021 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Objective: To measure T2 values for magnetic resonance neurography (MRN) of the healthy distal sciatic nerve and compare those to T2 changes in patients with nerve compression., Materials and Methods: Twenty-one healthy subjects and five patients with sciatica due to disc herniation underwent MRN using a T2-prepared turbo spin echo (TSE) sequence of the distal sciatic nerve bilaterally. Six and one of those healthy subjects further underwent a commonly used multi-echo spin-echo (MESE) sequence and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), respectively., Results: T2 values derived from the T2-prepared TSE sequence were 44.6 ± 3.0 ms (left) and 44.5 ± 2.6 ms (right) in healthy subjects and showed good inter-reader reliability. In patients, T2 values of 61.5 ± 6.2 ms (affected side) versus 43.3 ± 2.4 ms (unaffected side) were obtained. T2 values of MRS were in good agreement with measurements from the T2-prepared TSE, but not with those of the MESE sequence., Discussion: A T2-prepared TSE sequence enables precise determination of T2 values of the distal sciatic nerve in agreement with MRS. A MESE sequence tends to overestimate nerve T2 compared to T2 from MRS due to the influence of residual fat on T2 quantification. Our approach may enable to quantitatively assess direct nerve affection related to nerve compression.

Correction for 'A tropylium annulated N-heterocyclic carbene' by Sebastian Appel et al., Chem. Commun., 2020, 56, 9020-9023, DOI: .

Derivatives of the cationic tropylium annulated imidazolylidene ITrop + are obtained by hydride abstraction from related cycloheptatriene compounds. Spectroscopic, structural and theoretical data indicate that, as a cationic relative of benzimidazolylidenes, ITrop + has highly reduced σ-donor and strong π-acceptor character.

Differently 5-substituted 8-methoxypsoralens can be synthesized by an efficient synthetic route with various cross-coupling methodologies, such as Suzuki, Sonogashira and Heck reaction. Compared to previously synthesized psoralens, thereby promising daylight absorbing compounds as potentially active agents against certain skin diseases can be readily accessed. Extensive investigations of all synthesized psoralen derivatives reveal fluorescence in the solid state as well as several distinctly emissive derivatives in solution. Donor-substituted psoralens exhibit remarkable photophysical properties, such as high fluorescence quantum yields and pronounced emission solvatochromicity and acidochromicity, which were scrutinized by Lippert-Mataga and Stern-Volmer plots. The results indicate that the compounds exceed the limit of visible light, a significant factor for potential applications as an active agent. In addition, (TD)DFT calculations were performed to elucidate the underlying electronic structure and to assign experimentally obtained data., (© 2020 The Authors. Published by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.)

Purpose: Isotropic high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance neurography (MRN) is increasingly used to depict even small and highly oblique nerves of the lumbosacral plexus (LSP). The present study introduces a T2 mapping sequence (T2-prepared 3D turbo spin echo) that is B1-insensitive and enables quantitative assessment of LSP nerves., Methods: In this study 15 healthy subjects (mean age 28.5 ± 3.8 years) underwent 3 T MRN of the LSP area three times. The T2 values were calculated offline on a voxel-by-voxel basis and measured at three segments (preganglionic, ganglionic, postganglionic) of three LSP nerves (S1, L5, L4) by two independent investigators (experienced and novice). Normative data for the different nerves were extracted and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated to assess reproducibility and interobserver reliability of T2 measurements., Results: The T2 mapping showed excellent reproducibility with ICCs ranging between 0.99 (S1 preganglionic) and 0.89 (L5 postganglionic). Interobserver reliability was less robust with ICCs ranging between 0.78 (S1 preganglionic) and 0.44 (L5 postganglionic) for S1 and L5. A mean T2 value of 74.6 ± 4.7 ms was registered for preganglionic segments, 84.7 ± 4.1 ms for ganglionic and 65.4 ± 2.5 ms for postganglionic segments, respectively. There was a statistically significant variation of T2 values across the nerve (preganglionic vs ganglionic vs postganglionic) for S1, L5, and L4., Conclusion: Our approach enables isotropic high-resolution and B1-insensitive T2 mapping of LSP nerves with excellent reproducibility. It might reflect a robust and clinically useful method for future diagnostics of LSP pathologies.

Multireference configuration interaction methods including spin-orbit interactions have been employed to investigate the photophysical properties of various linear N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) copper(I) pyridine complexes with the aim of designing performant thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters for use in organic-light-emitting diodes. Our theoretical results indicate that this structural motif is very favorable for generating excited triplet states with high quantum yield. The first excited singlet (S MLCT ) and corresponding triplet state (T MLCT ) are characterized by d σ → π Py metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) excitations. Efficient intersystem crossing (ISC) and reverse ISC (rISC) between these states is mediated by a near-degenerate second triplet state (T MLCT/LC ) with large d π → π Py contributions. Spin-vibronic coupling is strong and is expected to play a major role in the (r)ISC processes. The calculations reveal, however, that the luminescence is effectively quenched by locally excited triplet states if the NHC ligand carries two diisopropylphenyl (DIPP) substituents. When DIPP is replaced with 1-adamantyl residues, this quenching process is suppressed and TADF in the UV spectral regime is predicted to proceed at a rate of about 1/μs. The introduction of +I substituents on the carbene and -M substituents on the pyridine allows tuning of the emission wavelength from the UV to the blue-green or green spectral region.

A series of easily accessible linear N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) copper(I) complexes, bearing pyridine (py) and its derivatives as chromophore ligands, are barely emissive in the single-crystalline solid state. However, their powders, neat films, and dilute doped films of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA; 1-10%) show very intense blue-to-blue-green photoluminescence with remarkable quantum yields φ of up to 87% and microsecond lifetimes, indicative of triplet states being involved. These luminescence properties are similar to trigonal coordinated NHC copper(I) bis(pyridine) complexes, which we have also isolated and characterized with respect to their structures and photophysics. Our spectroscopic and theoretical studies provide detailed insight into the nature of the luminescence enhancing effect of the linear two-coordinated copper(I) compounds, which is based on the formation of Cu-F interactions between the BF 4 - anions and [Cu(NHC)(2-R-py)] + (R = H, Me, Ph) cations. These interactions are absent in the single crystals but lead to a distorted ground-state structure in the precipitated powders or in PMMA films, giving rise to high k r . In addition, we found that our linear copper(I) complexes exhibit mechanochromic luminescence because grinding of the single crystals leads to enhanced emission intensity. In light of the recently reported cation-anion contact-induced mechanochromic luminescence of two-coordinated copper(I) complexes, this study supports the generality of this new mechanism for the design of mechanoresponsive phosphorescent materials.

Objective: Lumbosacral radicular syndrome (LRS) is a very common condition, often requiring diagnostic imaging with the aim of elucidating a structural cause when symptoms are longer lasting. However, findings on conventional anatomical MRI do not necessarily correlate with clinical symptoms, and it is primarily performed for the qualitative evaluation of surrounding compressive structures, such as herniated discs, instead of to evaluate the nerves directly. The present study investigated the performance of quantitative imaging by using magnetic resonance neurography (MRN) in patients with LRS., Methods: Eighteen patients (55.6% males, mean age 64.4 ± 10.2 years), with strict unilateral LRS matching at least one dermatome and suspected disc herniation, underwent high-resolution 3-T MRN using T2 mapping. On T2 maps, the presumably affected and contralateral unaffected nerves were identified; subsequent regions of interest (ROIs) were placed at preganglionic, ganglionic, and postganglionic sites; and T2 values were extracted. Patients then underwent an epidural steroid injection (ESI) with local anesthetic agents at the site of suspected nerve affection. T2 values of the affected nerves were compared against the contralateral nerves. Furthermore, receiver operating characteristics were calculated based on the measured T2 values and the responsiveness to ESI., Results: The mean T2 value was 77.3 ± 1.9 msec for affected nerves and 74.8 ± 1.4 msec for contralateral nerves (p < 0.0001). In relation to ESI performed at the site of suspected nerve affection, MRN with T2 mapping had a sensitivity/specificity of 76.9%/60.0% and a positive/negative predictive value of 83.3%/50.0%. Signal alterations in affected nerves according to qualitative visual inspection were present in only 22.2% of patients., Conclusions: As one of the first of its kind, this study revealed elevated T2 values in patients suffering from LRS. T2 values of lumbosacral nerves might be used as more objective parameters to directly detect nerve affection in such patients.

Background: Research in migraine points towards central-peripheral complexity with a widespread pattern of structures involved. Migraine-associated neck and shoulder muscle pain has clinically been conceptualized as myofascial trigger points (mTrPs). However, concepts remain controversial, and the identification of mTrPs is mostly restricted to manual palpation in clinical routine. This study investigates a more objective, quantitative assessment of mTrPs by means of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with T2 mapping., Methods: Ten subjects (nine females, 25.6 ± 5.2 years) with a diagnosis of migraine according to ICHD-3 underwent bilateral manual palpation of the upper trapezius muscles to localize mTrPs. Capsules were attached to the skin adjacent to the palpated mTrPs for marking. MRI of the neck and shoulder region was performed at 3 T, including a T2-prepared, three-dimensional (3D) turbo spin echo (TSE) sequence. The T2-prepared 3D TSE sequence was used to generate T2 maps, followed by manual placement of regions of interest (ROIs) covering the trapezius muscles of both sides and signal alterations attributable to mTrPs., Results: The trapezius muscles showed an average T2 value of 27.7 ± 1.4 ms for the right and an average T2 value of 28.7 ± 1.0 ms for the left side (p = 0.1055). Concerning signal alterations in T2 maps attributed to mTrPs, nine values were obtained for the right (32.3 ± 2.5 ms) and left side (33.0 ± 1.5 ms), respectively (p = 0.0781). When comparing the T2 values of the trapezius muscles to the T2 values extracted from the signal alterations attributed to the mTrPs of the ipsilateral side, we observed a statistically significant difference (p = 0.0039). T2 hyperintensities according to visual image inspection were only reported in four subjects for the right and in two subjects for the left side., Conclusions: Our approach enables the identification of mTrPs and their quantification in terms of T2 mapping even in the absence of qualitative signal alterations. Thus, it (1) might potentially challenge the current gold-standard method of physical examination of mTrPs, (2) could allow for more targeted and objectively verifiable interventions, and (3) could add valuable models to understand better central-peripheral mechanisms in migraine.

Background: As health is influenced by the social, economic and environmental conditions in which individuals live, local communities are an ideal setting to promote health and wellbeing. However, up to now various health promotion interventions at the community level have had limited success, perhaps related to an incomplete understanding of local contexts and priorities. We therefore aimed to develop a broader and deeper understanding of topics or issues that were most salient to residents of a South-West German community by exploring their perceptions of needs, challenges, barriers and existing resources related to health and well-being., Methods: As an initial step of a multi-year community-based participatory research project, we conducted semi-structured interviews with key informants (n = 30) from various community settings (e.g., child care, elderly care, businesses, non-profit organizations, village councils, and local government). The terms "health" and "wellbeing" were included in the stem of each question in the semi-structured interview guide to enable a focus on related perceived needs, challenges, barriers and existing resources. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim and analyzed using qualitative content analysis techniques., Results: Themes emerging from our interviews appeared to center primarily in three distinct areas: natural resources and built environment, access to services, and social cohesion including subthemes on the importance of social engagement and volunteerism, sense of community, and shared identity., Conclusions: That health and wellbeing were not identified explicitly as a priority by key informants suggests that these should not be presented as the primary focus of a community-wide initiative. Instead themes with a higher priority should be addressed in ways that can lead to better health and wellbeing as a secondary goal.

Following a previous microbial inoculation, plants can induce broad-spectrum immunity to pathogen infection, a phenomenon known as systemic acquired resistance (SAR). SAR establishment in Arabidopsis thaliana is regulated by the Lys catabolite pipecolic acid (Pip) and flavin-dependent-monooxygenase1 (FMO1). Here, we show that elevated Pip is sufficient to induce an FMO1-dependent transcriptional reprogramming of leaves that is reminiscent of SAR. In planta and in vitro analyses demonstrate that FMO1 functions as a pipecolate N-hydroxylase, catalyzing the biochemical conversion of Pip to N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP). NHP systemically accumulates in plants after microbial attack. When exogenously applied, it overrides the defect of NHP-deficient fmo1 in acquired resistance and acts as a potent inducer of plant immunity to bacterial and oomycete infection. Our work has identified a pathogen-inducible L-Lys catabolic pathway in plants that generates the N-hydroxylated amino acid NHP as a critical regulator of systemic acquired resistance to pathogen infection., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To examine changes in prevalence of obesity and target health behaviors (fruit, vegetable, and beverage consumption; physical activity; screen time; sleep duration) among students from communities that participated in the Massachusetts Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration (MA-CORD) project compared to controls., Methods: MA-CORD was implemented in two low-income communities. School-level prevalence of obesity among students in first, fourth, and seventh grades was calculated for the intervention communities and nine matched control communities pre and post intervention. Fourth- and seventh-grade students' self-reported health behaviors were measured in intervention communities at baseline and post intervention., Results: Among seventh-graders (the student group with greatest intervention exposure), a statistically significant decrease in prevalence of obesity from baseline to post intervention in Community 2 (-2.68%, P = 0.049) and a similar but nonsignificant decrease in Community 1 (-2.24%, P = 0.099) was observed. Fourth- and seventh-grade students in both communities were more likely to meet behavioral targets post intervention for sugar-sweetened beverages (both communities: P < 0.0001) and water (Community 1: P < 0.01; Community 2: P = 0.04) and in Community 2 for screen time (P < 0.01)., Conclusions: This multisector intervention was associated with a modest reduction in obesity prevalence among seventh-graders in one community compared to controls, along with improvements in behavioral targets., (© 2017 The Obesity Society.)

Purpose: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an excellent imaging modality for displaying peripheral nerves. Since the knowledge about MRI of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) is limited, this pilot study aims to identify the prospects and limitations of MRI of the IAN, with special consideration of metal artifacts., Materials and Methods: Initially, in vitro MRI of a dental implant was performed to establish an optimized protocol for metal artifact reduction using WARP sequences (a software package provided by Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany) including view angle tilting (VAT) and slice-encoding metal artifact correction (SEMAC) techniques. MRI with this optimized protocol was performed in three volunteers and four patients presenting with postoperative IAN impairment. Measuring the evaluable area and the artifact size was performed to assess the benefit of the specific artifact reduction sequences., Results: In vitro imaging of a dental implant demonstrated that WARP sequences with VAT and SEMAC techniques led to a volume reduction of the artifact of up to 69.1%. Observations in both volunteers and patients with neurosensory IAN impairment showed a distinct artifact reduction with the MRI protocol adapted to metallic materials. Additionally VAT and SEMAC techniques improved the imaging due to further artifact reduction. As a main drawback of the VAT technique, the image quality was compromised by a blurring effect. Still, on 3-T MRI the resolution was high enough to reveal even fine structures. Imaging of the IAN was successful in all cases despite metallic material in the region of interest, and structural IAN changes could be detected in correlation with clinical symptoms., Conclusion: In contrast to conventional radiography and computed tomography, MRI can directly depict the IAN and provide reliable information on its position and exact course within the mandible. MRI offers an objective assessment of IAN injuries, supporting the decision-making process regarding surgical exploration and microneural repair. With the advent of specialized MRI techniques such as VAT and SEMAC, reduction of metal artifacts is considerably improved., (Copyright © 2017 European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Childhood obesity is a multifaceted disease that requires sustainable, multidimensional approaches that support change at the individual, community, and systems levels. The Massachusetts Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration project addressed this need by using clinical and public health evidence-based methods to prevent childhood obesity. To date, little information is known about successes and lessons learned from implementing such large-scale interventions. To address this gap, we examined perspectives of community stakeholders from various sectors on successes achieved and lessons learned during the implementation process., Methods: We conducted 39 semistructured interviews with key stakeholders from 6 community sectors in 2 low-income communities from November 2013 through April 2014, during project implementation. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed by using the constant comparative method. Data were analyzed by using QSR NVivo 10., Results: Successes included increased parental involvement in children's health and education, increased connections within participating organizations and within the broader community, changes in organizational policies and environments to better support healthy living, and improvements in health behaviors in children, parents, and stakeholders. Lessons learned included the importance of obtaining administrative and leadership support, involving key stakeholders early in the program planning process, creating buffers that allow for unexpected changes, and establishing opportunities for regular communication within and across sectors., Conclusion: Study findings indicate that multidisciplinary approaches support health behavior change and provide insight into key issues to consider in developing and implementing such approaches in low-income communities.

Introduction: Although evidence-based interventions to prevent childhood obesity in school settings exist, few studies have identified factors that enhance school districts' capacity to undertake such efforts. We describe the implementation of a school-based intervention using classroom lessons based on existing "Eat Well and Keep Moving" and "Planet Health" behavior change interventions and schoolwide activities to target 5,144 children in 4th through 7th grade in 2 low-income school districts., Methods: The intervention was part of the Massachusetts Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration (MA-CORD) project, a multisector community-based intervention implemented from 2012 through 2014. Using mixed methods, we operationalized key implementation outcomes, including acceptability, adoption, appropriateness, feasibility, implementation fidelity, perceived implementation cost, reach, and sustainability., Results: MA-CORD was adopted in 2 school districts that were facing resource limitations and competing priorities. Although strong leadership support existed in both communities at baseline, one district's staff reported less schoolwide readiness and commitment. Consequently, fewer teachers reported engaging in training, teaching lessons, or planning to sustain the lessons after MA-CORD. Interviews showed that principal and superintendent turnover, statewide testing, and teacher burnout limited implementation; passionate wellness champions in schools appeared to offset implementation barriers., Conclusion: Future interventions should assess adoption readiness at both leadership and staff levels, offer curriculum training sessions during school hours, use school nurses or health teachers as wellness champions to support teachers, and offer incentives such as staff stipends or play equipment to encourage school participation and sustained intervention activities.

Background: The involvement of fathers in caregiving has increased substantially over the past 30 years. Yet in child and adolescent psychopathology, few studies include fathers as research participants and few present results for fathers separate from those for mothers. We test for the first time whether a similar pattern exists in research on parenting and childhood obesity., Objectives: To conduct a systematic review and quantitative content analysis of observational studies on parenting and childhood obesity to (1) document the inclusion of fathers, relative to mothers, as research participants and (2) examine characteristics of studies that did and did not include fathers. This study presents new data on the number and gender of parent research participants., Search Methods: We searched title, abstract, and Medical Subject Headings term fields in 5 research databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Academic Search Premier, PsycINFO, and CINAHL) using terms combining parents or parenting (e.g., mother, father, caregiver, parenting style, food parenting) and obesity (e.g., obesity, body weight, overweight) or obesity-related lifestyle behaviors (e.g., diet, snacking, physical activity, outdoor play, exercise, media use)., Selection Criteria: We identified and screened studies as per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) published between January 2009 and December 2015, examining links between parenting and childhood obesity, including parents or caregivers as research participants, and written in English. We excluded interventions, nonhuman studies, dissertations, conference abstracts, and studies on youths with specific medical conditions. Of 5557 unique studies, 667 studies were eligible., Data Collection and Analysis: For each of the 667 studies, 4 coders were trained to code characteristics of the study (e.g., publication year, geographic region, journal, study focus) and parent research participants (e.g., parent gender, demographic background, biological relationship with child, and residential status). We established intercoder reliability before coding the full sample of studies (mean Krippendorf's alpha = .79; average percentage agreement = 94%)., Main Results: Of the studies, 1% included only fathers. By contrast, 36% included only mothers. Although slightly more than 50% of studies (n = 347) included at least 1 father, only 57 studies reported results for fathers separate from those for mothers. When we combined them with studies including only fathers, 10% of studies overall reported results for fathers. Samples sizes of fathers were small compared with mothers. Of studies with fathers, 59% included 50 or fewer fathers, whereas 22% of studies with mothers included 50 or fewer mothers. The mean sample size for fathers across all eligible studies was 139, compared with 672 for mothers. Overall, fathers represented 17% of parent participants across all eligible studies., Conclusions: This study unequivocally demonstrates that fathers are underrepresented in recent observational research on parenting and childhood obesity. Public health implications. The underrepresentation of fathers in obesity research compromises the development of effective family interventions for childhood obesity prevention. Targeted opportunities and incentives are needed to support research with fathers.

Background: Extracorporeal life support (ECLS) as a bridge to lung retransplantation has been reported only anecdotally. Thus, we analyzed combined data from our center with pooled data from published studies to identify selection criteria for this advanced therapy., Methods: Four patients at our center were bridged on ECLS to lung retransplantation. Patient data were retrospectively retrieved from electronic records. The MEDLINE database was searched using the PubMed engine and yielded 13 relevant studies that included a minimum of 3 patients bridged to lung retransplantation, and four studies described detailed data on 17 patients. Patient data from our center (n = 4) were pooled with data from the MEDLINE database (n = 17) and analyzed., Results: Of 21 patients, 3 (14%) died on ECLS awaiting retransplantation, and 18 (86%) underwent retransplantation after a median of 37 months (range, 0 to 168 months) after primary transplantation. Type of ECLS was extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal (ECCO2R) in 4, venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in 7, venoarterial ECMO in 5, or was not mentioned in 2. The 90-day postoperative mortality was 28%. Overall 1-year survival was 48%. Patients bridged to retransplantation with ECCO2R/venovenous ECMO (p = 0.05) or on awake ECMO (p = 0.06) showed strong trends toward better survival in univariate analysis. Univariate and multivariate analysis identified a longer intertransplant interval as a statistically significant favorable prognostic factor. In a selected subgroup of patients (awake ECCO2R/venovenous ECMO support and intertransplant interval >2 years), 1-year survival reached 67%., Conclusions: Despite limited overall 1-year survival for patients bridged with ECLS to lung retransplantation, careful patient selection may yield an acceptable 1-year survival of 67%., (Copyright © 2016 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: A quantitative content analysis of research on parenting and childhood obesity was conducted to describe the recent literature and to identify gaps to address in future research., Methods: Studies were identified from multiple databases and screened according to an a priori defined protocol. Eligible studies included non-intervention studies, published in English (January 2009-December 2015) that focused on parenting and childhood obesity and included parent participants., Results: Studies eligible for inclusion (N = 667) focused on diet (57%), physical activity (23%) and sedentary behaviours (12%). The vast majority of studies used quantitative methods (80%) and a cross-sectional design (86%). Few studies focused exclusively on fathers (1%) or included non-residential (1%), non-biological (4%), indigenous (1%), immigrant (7%), ethnic/racial minority (15%) or low-socioeconomic status (19%) parents., Discussion: While results illustrate that parenting in the context of childhood obesity is a robust, global and multidisciplinary area of inquiry, it is also evident that the vast majority of studies are conducted among Caucasian, female, biological caregivers living in westernized countries. Expansion of study foci and design is recommended to capture a wider range of caregiver types and obesity-related parenting constructs, improve the validity and generalizability of findings and inform the development of culture-specific childhood obesity prevention interventions and policies. © 2016 World Obesity., (© 2016 World Obesity.)

Objective: Although television (TV) viewing is frequently paired with snacking among young children, little is known about the environment in which caregivers promote this behaviour. We describe low-income pre-schoolers' snacking and TV viewing habits as reported by their primary caregivers, including social/physical snacking contexts, types of snacks and caregiver rationales for offering snacks. These findings may support the development of effective messages to promote healthy child snacking., Design: Semi-structured interviews assessed caregiver conceptualizations of pre-schoolers' snacks, purpose of snacks, snack context and snack frequency., Setting: Interviews occurred in Boston, Massachusetts and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA., Subjects: Forty-seven low-income multi-ethnic primary caregivers of children aged 3-5 years (92 % female, 32 % Hispanic/Latino, 34 % African American) described their child's snacking in the context of TV viewing., Results: TV viewing and child snacking themes were described consistently across racial/ethnic groups. Caregivers described snacks offered during TV viewing as largely unhealthy. Labels for TV snacks indicated non-nutritive purposes, such as 'time out', 'enjoyment' or 'quiet.' Caregivers' primary reasons for providing snacks included child's expectations, behaviour management (e.g. to occupy child) and social time (e.g. family bonding). Some caregivers used TV to distract picky children to eat more food. Child snacking and TV viewing were contextually paired by providing child-sized furniture ('TV table') specifically for snacking., Conclusions: Low-income caregivers facilitate pre-schoolers' snacking and TV viewing, which are described as routine, positive and useful for non-nutritive purposes. Messages to caregivers should encourage 'snack-free' TV viewing, healthy snack options and guidance for managing children's behaviour without snacks or TV.

Background: It has been hypothesized that the n-6:n-3 (ω-6:ω-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) ratio in the maternal diet during the prenatal and early postnatal phase positively affects the body composition of the offspring. However, only limited data from prospective human intervention studies with long-term follow-up are available., Objective: We assessed the long-term effects of a reduced n-6:n-3 LCPUFA ratio in the diets of pregnant and lactating women [1020 mg docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) plus 180 mg eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)/d together with an arachidonic acid-balanced diet compared with a control diet] on the body weights and compositions of their offspring from 2 to 5 y of age with a focus on the 5-y results., Design: Participants in the randomized controlled trial received follow-up assessments with annual body-composition measurements including skinfold thickness (SFT) measurements (primary outcome), a sonographic assessment of abdominal subcutaneous and preperitoneal fat, and child growth. In addition, abdominal MRI was performed in a subgroup of 5-y-old children. For the statistical analysis, mixed models for repeated measures (MMRMs) were fit with the use of data from each visit since birth (except for MRI)., Results: Maternal LCPUFA supplementation did not significantly influence the children's sum of 4 SFTs [means ± SDs at 5 y of age: intervention, 23.9 ± 4.7 mm (n = 57); control, 24.5 ± 5.0 mm (n = 55); adjusted mean difference, -0.5 (95% CI: -2.2, 1.2)], growth, or ultrasonography measures at any time point in the adjusted MMRM model (all P values < 0.05). Results were consistent with abdominal MRI measurements (n = 44) at 5 y of age, which showed no significant differences in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue volumes and ratios., Conclusion: The current study provides no evidence that a dietary reduction of the n-6:n-3 LCPUFA ratio in the maternal diet during pregnancy and lactation is a useful early preventive strategy against obesity at preschool age. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00362089., (© 2016 American Society for Nutrition.)

Background: We conducted a systematic review to obtain studies on childhood obesity and parenting published between 2009 and 2015, and draw out those studies with a particular focus on media parenting. Our analysis addresses two major aims: 1) to describe how media use and media-related parenting practices and skills are operationalized in studies and 2) to explore whether studies measured ecological factors (e.g. individual-, family-, and community-level factors), which could be associated with media parenting practices., Methods: Using a standardized, multi-stage process, we identified and screened articles focused on parenting and childhood obesity (N = 667). Studies were eligible for this analysis if they measured media parenting and/or the home media environment, resulting in a sample of 103 studies. We used quantitative content analysis to code the full text articles for content related to our study aims; analyses were performed using SAS 9.4., Results: Seventy nine percent of studies measured media use, 82 % measured media parenting, and 65 % measured the home media environment. Studies measuring media use focused on a limited number of devices; while all studies measured child/parent use of televisions, only 3 % measured use of smartphones, 1 % measured use of laptops, and no studies measured use of tablets. Measures of parenting practices focused largely on rules specific to limiting screen time. Although 60 % of studies measured at least one ecological factor, child-specific and neighborhood/community-level factors were rarely measured., Conclusions: More detailed measurements of media use that reflects current technology trends and diverse contexts of use are needed to better understand media use and parent regulation of child media exposure. Measures of the ecological context can more fully assess factors impacting media parenting and, subsequently, child risk for overweight and obesity.

A media competition was part of the Massachusetts Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration (MA-CORD) Study. Criss et al., previously outlined the development and implementation of the competition, including variation in reach and adoption of the intervention across schools and afterschool programs. In this qualitative study, we examine community, provider, and organizational factors that explain the variation of media competition reach in school and afterschool programs, and describe the awareness of the media competition across other community sectors. Durlak and DuPre's ecological framework for understanding effective implementation provided the theoretical underpinnings for this study. Fifty-four key informant interviews were conducted, transcribed, and analyzed. Organizational capacity of committed teachers/staff and adaptability of the media competition seemed to be drivers for higher reach within school and afterschool programs. Salient themes that emerged as facilitators of effective implementation were having a cascade of champions and providing opportunity to participate in the media competition outside traditional class time. Clinics and coalitions were identified as additional sectors aware of the media competition. Specifically, our findings offer a new perspective on intervention design and a recommended direction for further study.

Prior research has identified numerous factors contributing to increased rates of childhood obesity. However, few studies have focused explicitly on the experience of community stakeholders in low-income communities. This study sought to capture the perspectives of these on-the-ground experts regarding major factors contributing to childhood obesity as well as gaps in current prevention and control efforts. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 39 stakeholders from different community sectors (e.g., healthcare providers, childcare providers, teachers). Data were drawn from the Massachusetts Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration project, a multi-level, multi-sector intervention designed to reduce childhood obesity being implemented in two low-income communities in Massachusetts. Interviews were conducted at baseline, transcribed, coded using grounded theory approach, and analyzed in NVivo 10.0. The vast majority of stakeholders had recently participated in obesity prevention strategies, and nearly all of them identified gaps in prevention efforts either within their organizations or in the broader community. In addition to factors previously identified in the literature, several themes emerged including the need to change policies to increase physical activity during school, offer healthier snacks in schools and afterschool programs, and increase communication and collaboration within the community in prevention efforts. Community stakeholders can impact the success of interventions by bridging the gap between science and lived experience. The results of this study can guide future research by highlighting the importance of including stakeholders' frontline experiences with target populations, and using information on identified gaps to augment intervention planning efforts.

Purpose: Variable flip angle (VFA) T1 quantification using three-dimensional (3D) radiofrequency (RF) spoiled gradient echo imaging offers the acquisition of whole-brain T1 maps in clinically acceptable times. However, conventional VFA T1 relaxometry is biased by incomplete spoiling (i.e., residual T2 dependency). A new postprocessing approach is proposed to overcome this T2-related bias., Methods: T1 is quantified from the signal ratio of two spoiled gradient echo (SPGR) images acquired at different flip angles using an analytical solution for the RF-spoiled steady-state signal in combination with a global T2 guess. T1 accuracy is evaluated from simulations and in vivo 3D SPGR imaging of the human brain at 3 Tesla., Results: The simulations demonstrated that the sensitivity of VFA T1 mapping to T2 can considerably be reduced using a global T2 guess. The method proved to deliver reliable and accurate T1 values in vivo for white and gray matter in good agreement with inversion recovery reference measurements., Conclusion: Based on a global T2 estimate, the accuracy of VFA T1 relaxometry in the human brain can substantially be improved compared with conventional approaches which rely on the generally wrong assumption of ideal spoiling., (© 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Despite agreement that snacks contribute significant energy to children's diets, evidence of the effects of snacks on health, especially in children, is weak. Some of the lack of consistent evidence may be due to a non-standardized definition of snacks. Understanding how caregivers of preschool-aged children conceptualize and define child snacks could provide valuable insights on epidemiological findings, targets for anticipatory guidance, and prevention efforts. Participants were 59 ethnically-diverse (White, Hispanic, and African American), low-income urban caregivers of children age 3-5 years. Each caregiver completed a 60-90 min semi-structured in-depth interview to elicit their definitions of child snacks. Data were coded by two trained coders using theoretically-guided emergent coding techniques to derive key dimensions of caregivers' child snack definitions. Five interrelated dimensions of a child snack definition were identified: (1) types of food, (2) portion size, (3) time, (4) location, and (5) purpose. Based on these dimensions, an empirically-derived definition of caregivers' perceptions of child snacks is offered: A small portion of food that is given in-between meals, frequently with an intention of reducing or preventing hunger until the next mealtime. These findings suggest interrelated dimensions that capture the types of foods and eating episodes that are defined as snacks. Child nutrition studies and interventions that include a focus on child snacks should consider using an a priori multi-dimensional definition of child snacks., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To compare diagnostic accuracy of intensivists to radiologists in reading bedside chest X-rays., Methods: In a retrospective trial, 33 bedside chest X-rays were evaluated by five radiologists and five intensivists with different experience. Images were evaluated for devices and lung pathologies. Interobserver agreement and diagnostic accuracy were calculated. Computed tomography served as reference standard., Results: Seniors had higher diagnostic accuracy than residents (mean-ExpB(Senior)=1.456; mean-ExpB(Resident)=1.635). Interobserver agreement for installations was more homogenously distributed between radiologists compared to intensivists (ExpB(Rad)=1.204-1.672; ExpB(Int)=1.005-2.368). Seniors had comparable diagnostic accuracy., Conclusion: No significant difference in diagnostic performance was seen between seniors of both disciplines, whereas the resident intensivists might still benefit from an interdisciplinary dialogue., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

4-Phenylsemicarbazide and 1,5-diphenylcarbazide are suitable starting materials for the syntheses of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) compounds with new backbone structures. In the first case, cyclisation and subsequent methylation leads to a cationic precursor whose deprotonation affords the triazolon-ylidene 2, which was converted to the corresponding sulfur and selenium adducts and a range of metal complexes. In contrast, cyclisation of diphenylcarbazide affords a neutral betain-type NHC-precursor 7, which is not in equilibrium with its carbene tautomer 7a. Precursor 7 can either be deprotonated to give the anionic NHC 8 or methylated at the N or O atom of the backbone resulting in two isomeric cationic species 16 and 20. Deprotonation of the latter two provides neutral NHC compounds with a carboxamide or carboximidate backbone, respectively. The ligand properties of the new NHC compounds were evaluated by IR and (77) Se NMR spectroscopy. Tolman electronic parameter (TEP) values range from 2050 to 2063 cm(-1) with the anionic NHC 8 being the best overall donor., (© 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Background: Snacking contributes to excessive energy intakes in children. Yet factors shaping child snacking are virtually unstudied. This study examines food parenting practices specific to child snacking among low-income caregivers., Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted in English or Spanish with 60 low-income caregivers of preschool-aged children (18 non-Hispanic white, 22 African American/Black, 20 Hispanic; 92% mothers). A structured interview guide was used to solicit caregivers' definitions of snacking and strategies they use to decide what, when and how much snack their child eats. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and analyzed using an iterative theory-based and grounded approach. A conceptual model of food parenting specific to child snacking was developed to summarize the findings and inform future research., Results: Caregivers' descriptions of food parenting practices specific to child snacking were consistent with previous models of food parenting developed based on expert opinion [1, 2]. A few noteworthy differences however emerged. More than half of participants mentioned permissive feeding approaches (e.g., my child is the boss when it comes to snacks). As a result, permissive feeding was included as a higher order feeding dimension in the resulting model. In addition, a number of novel feeding approaches specific to child snacking emerged including child-centered provision of snacks (i.e., responding to a child's hunger cues when making decisions about snacks), parent unilateral decision making (i.e., making decisions about a child's snacks without any input from the child), and excessive monitoring of snacks (i.e., monitoring all snacks provided to and consumed by the child). The resulting conceptual model includes four higher order feeding dimensions including autonomy support, coercive control, structure and permissiveness and 20 sub-dimensions., Conclusions: This study formulates a language around food parenting practices specific to child snacking, identifies dominant constructs, and proposes a conceptual framework to guide future research.