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We previously reported a novel polymeric surface coating, namely, HaloFilm™ that can immobilize and extend the antimicrobial activity of chlorine on surfaces. In this study, we demonstrated the continuous antiviral efficacy of HaloFilm when applied on stainless steel and cotton gauze as two representative models for non-porous and porous surfaces against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Forty-eight hours post HaloFilm application and chlorination and 2 h post the viral challenge, the inoculum titre was reduced by 2.25 ± 0.33 and ≥4.36 ± 0.23 log 10 TCID 50 on non-porous and porous surfaces, respectively. The half-life of the virus was shorter (13.86 min) on a HaloFilm-coated surface than what has been reported on copper (46.44 min)., (© 2022 Society for Applied Microbiology.)

An analysis was performed of direct maternal mortality over 22 years (1950 through 1971) in the state of Michigan. The overall direct maternal mortality rate fell from 5.0/10,000 live births in 1950 to 1.5 in 1971. The rate among nonwhites was more than four times greater than among whites and the difference in relative risk did not narrow over the 22 years. Mortality rates increased with increasing maternal age but not with increasing parity. Nulliparous women had a significantly higher mortality rate than did parous women, particularly those over 25 years of age. when the white gravida of urban Wayne County were compared with the white gravida of 33 rural counties, no difference in direct maternal mortality rates could be attributed to rurality per se. Hemorrhage, infection, and toxemia were the leading causes of direct maternal death. The data suggest that hospitals with less active obstetrical services were associated with a higher risk of direct maternal mortality than were hospitals whose obstetrical services were more active. An increasing proportion of the direct maternal deaths was designated as preventable over the study period. It is believed that analyses of maternal mortality have led to improved perinatal and obstetrical care and that further advances require their continued support. (Am. J. Public Health 67:821-829, 1977)