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Targeted protein degraders such as PROTACs and molecular glues are a rapidly emerging therapeutic modality within industry and academia. Degraders possess unique mechanisms of action that lead to the removal of specific proteins by co-opting the cell's natural degradation mechanisms via induced proximity. Their optimisation thus far has often been largely empirical, requiring the synthesis and screening of a large number of analogues. In addition, the synthesis and development of degraders is often challenging, leading to lengthy optimisation campaigns to deliver candidate-quality compounds. This review highlights how the synthesis of degraders has evolved in recent years, in particular focusing on means of applying high-throughput chemistry and screening approaches to expedite these timelines, which we anticipate to be valuable in shaping the future of degrader optimisation campaigns.

The bromodomain and extra terminal (BET) family of proteins are an integral part of human epigenome regulation, the dysregulation of which is implicated in multiple oncology and inflammatory diseases. Disrupting the BET family bromodomain acetyl-lysine (KAc) histone protein-protein interaction with small-molecule KAc mimetics has proven to be a disease-relevant mechanism of action, and multiple molecules are currently undergoing oncology clinical trials. This work describes an efficiency analysis of published GSK pan-BET bromodomain inhibitors, which drove a strategic choice to focus on the identification of a ligand-efficient KAc mimetic with the hypothesis that lipophilic efficiency could be drastically improved during optimization. This focus drove the discovery of the highly ligand-efficient and structurally distinct benzoazepinone KAc mimetic. Following crystallography to identify suitable growth vectors, the benzoazepinone core was optimized through an explore-exploit structure-activity relationship (SAR) approach while carefully monitoring lipophilic efficiency to deliver I-BET432 ( 41 ) as an oral candidate quality molecule.

Purpose: The data concerning long-term follow-up and outcomes of penetrating trauma are poorly detailed in the literature. The main objective of our study was to analyze the hospital and extra-hospital follow-up of penetrating trauma victims and to evaluate the late complications and long-term consequences of these traumas., Methods: This work was a retrospective longitudinal monocentric observational study conducted at Laveran Military Hospital, from January 2007 to January 2017. All patients hospitalized for gunshot wound or stab wound management during this period were identified via a retrospective systematic query in the hospital information system using the ICD-10 codes. Epidemiological data, traumatism characteristics, hospital management, follow-up and traumatism consequences (i.e., persistent disability) were analyzed. To improve evaluation of traumatism long-term consequences, extra-hospital follow-up data from general physicians (GP) were collected by phone call. During this interview, 9 closed questions were asked to the GP. The survey evaluated: the date of the last consultation related to injury with the GP, the specific follow-up carried out by the GP, traumatism consequences, and recurrence of traumatism. Descriptive, univariate and multivariate with regression analysis were used for statistical analysis., Results: A total number of 165 patients were included. Median (Q1, Q3) of hospital follow-up was 28 (4, 66) days. One hundred one patients (61.2%) went to their one-month consultation at hospital. GP follow-up was achieved for 76 patients (55.2%). Median (Q1, Q3) of GP follow-up was 47 (21, 75) months. Twenty-four patients (14.5%) have been totally lost to follow up. The overall follow-up identified 54 patients (32.7%) with long-term consequences, 20 being psychiatric disorders and 30 organic injuries. Organic consequences were mainly peripheral nerve damages (n = 20; 12.1%). Most of the psychiatric consequences were diagnosed during GP follow-up (n = 14; 70%). Seventeen cases (10.3%) of recurrence were found and late mortality occurred in 4 patients (2.4%). High injury severity score, older age and gunshot wound were significantly linked to long-term consequences. Data collection and analysis were carried out in accordance with MR004 reference methodology., Conclusion: This study showed a high rate of long-term consequences among patients managed for penetrating injury. If all organic lesions are diagnosed during hospital follow-up and jointly managed by hospital and extra-hospital physicians, most socio-psychiatric consequences were detected and followed by extra-hospital workers. However, for half of the patients, the extra-hospital follow-up could not be assessed. Thus, these consequences are very probably underestimated. It appears imperative to strengthen the compliance and adherence of these patients to the care network. Awareness and involvement of medical, paramedical teams and GP role seems essential to screen and manage these consequences., (Copyright © 2022 Chinese Medical Association. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Covalent inhibition is a powerful strategy to develop potent and selective small molecule kinase inhibitors. Targeting the conserved catalytic lysine is an attractive method for selective kinase inactivation. We have developed novel, selective inhibitors of phosphoinositide 3-kinase δ (PI3Kδ) which acylate the catalytic lysine, Lys779, using activated esters as the reactive electrophiles. The acylating agents were prepared by adding the activated ester motif to a known selective dihydroisobenzofuran PI3Kδ inhibitor. Three esters were designed, including an acetate ester which was the smallest lysine modification evaluated in this work. Covalent binding to the enzyme was characterized by intact protein mass spectrometry of the PI3Kδ-ester adducts. An enzymatic digest coupled with tandem mass spectrometry identified Lys779 as the covalent binding site, and a biochemical activity assay confirmed that PI3Kδ inhibition was a direct result of covalent lysine acylation. These results indicate that a simple chemical modification such as lysine acetylation is sufficient to inhibit kinase activity. The selectivity of the compounds was evaluated against lipid kinases in cell lysates using a chemoproteomic binding assay. Due to the conserved nature of the catalytic lysine across the kinome, we believe the covalent inhibition strategy presented here could be applicable to a broad range of clinically relevant targets.

Differential blood count is an excellent complementary test to complete blood count, which allows analysis of the white cell differentiation and their morphologic particularity. As the tendency currently leads to targeted laboratory analysis, differential blood count provides a diagnostic and prognostic value in many clinical situations, notably in patients with an infection. Based on clinical cases, this article reviews the different white blood cell lines to provide key points for interpretation of qualitative and quantitative anomalies encountered in the daily hospital practice., Competing Interests: Les auteurs n’ont déclaré aucun conflit d’intérêts en relation avec cet article.

To understand the molecular basis of freezing tolerance in plants, several low temperature-responsive genes have been identified from wheat. Among these are two genes named TaIRI-1 and TaIRI-2 (Triticum aestivum ice recrystallization inhibition) that are up-regulated during cold acclimation in freezing-tolerant species. Phytohormones involved in pathogen defense pathways (jasmonic acid and ethylene) induce the expression of one of the two genes. The encoded proteins are novel in that they have a bipartite structure that has never been reported for antifreeze proteins. Their N-terminal part shows similarity with the leucine-rich repeat-containing regions present in the receptor domain of receptor-like protein kinases, and their C-terminus is homologous to the ice-binding domain of some antifreeze proteins. The recombinant TaIRI-1 protein inhibits the growth of ice crystals, confirming its function as an ice recrystallization inhibition protein. The TaIRI genes were found only in the species belonging to the Pooideae subfamily of cereals. Comparative genomic analysis suggested that molecular evolutionary events took place in the genome of freezing-tolerant cereals to give rise to these genes with putative novel functions. These apparent adaptive DNA rearrangement events could be part of the molecular mechanisms that ensure the survival of hardy cereals in the harsh freezing environments.