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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients receiving preoperative stoma marking by a certified wound, ostomy and continence nurse (CWOCN) to patients who did not receive preoperative marking., Design: Quasi-experimental, nonrandomized comparison cohort study., Subjects and Setting: The sample comprised 59 patients immediately following creation of a fecal stoma during an 18-month period between 2008 and 2010. The experimental group consisted of 35 patients with a mean age of 49.7 years who received preoperative stoma site marking by a CWOCN. Six of those 35 patients (17%) received preoperative ostomy education and stoma site marking. The control group consisted of 24 patients with a mean age of 60.1 years who did not receive preoperative stoma site marking or preoperative ostomy education. The study setting was a 500-bed Midwest Magnet-designated teaching hospital., Methods: Data collection occurred at 2 points: within 72 hours before hospital discharge and 8 weeks after discharge. The Stoma Quality of Life (Stoma-QOL) instrument was used to measure HRQOL. Two CWOCNs and 3 RNs, all members of Memorial's Ostomy & Wound Services, administered the Stoma QOL within 72 hours before hospital discharge. The 2 CWOCNs followed a scripted message to collect functional lifestyle factors and administer the Stoma-QOL, for the second time at 8 weeks after discharge., Results: Groups were compared using analysis of covariance to control for age; analysis demonstrated significantly higher HOQOL in the marked group compared to the unmarked group (F = 4.9, P = .031)., Conclusion: Findings demonstrated that patients who underwent stoma site marking reported higher HRQOL than those who did not.

Responses to conflict were studied in samples of college students from a highly collectivistic society (China, n = 207) and a highly individualistic society (United States n = 209). As predicted, the collectivistic society reported more conflict-reducing behaviors and less verbal or physical aggression. However, the effect of individualism/collectivism was moderated by both the ingroup/outgroup status of the target and gender of the participant. Chinese and US women did not differ on any measure. However, of the four groups, Chinese men reported the most conflict-reducing behaviors and the least physical aggression, whereas US men reported the fewest conflict-reducing behaviors and the greatest physical aggression. As predicted, conflict-reducing behaviors were more common in the ingroup condition and both verbal and physical aggression was more common in the outgroup condition. However, the latter were moderated by gender of the participant. US men reported greater physical aggression than any other group. Neither gender nor society had any effect on the level of indirect aggression. There were no gender or individualism/collectivism effects on indirect aggression. Observed gender effects were attributed to differences in how collectivistic and individualistic societies conceptualize masculinity. The effect sizes associated with the ingroup/outgroup condition were consistently and substantially larger than effect sizes associated with individualism/collectivism or gender., (© 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.)

This study reports results from the first International Body Project (IBP-I), which surveyed 7,434 individuals in 10 major world regions about body weight ideals and body dissatisfaction. Participants completed the female Contour Drawing Figure Rating Scale (CDFRS) and self-reported their exposure to Western and local media. Results indicated there were significant cross-regional differences in the ideal female figure and body dissatisfaction, but effect sizes were small across high-socioeconomic-status (SES) sites. Within cultures, heavier bodies were preferred in low-SES sites compared to high-SES sites in Malaysia and South Africa (ds = 1.94-2.49) but not in Austria. Participant age, body mass index (BMI), and Western media exposure predicted body weight ideals. BMI and Western media exposure predicted body dissatisfaction among women. Our results show that body dissatisfaction and desire for thinness is commonplace in high-SES settings across world regions, highlighting the need for international attention to this problem.

Dating aggression and sexual coercion were studied in Polish college women (n = 100) and men ( n = 101) using the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (Straus, Hamby, Boney-McCoy, & Sugarman, 1996). Rates of psychological and physical aggression, sexual coercion, and injury were compared for men and women. Rates of physical aggression, sexual coercion, and injury were compared with preliminary data from 31 universities and 16 countries from the International Dating Violence Study (IDVS; Straus, 2003, 2004). Rates of psychological aggression, physical aggression, and sexual coercion were high with respective rates of 77%, 36%, and 42% for men and 89%, 48%, and 40% for women. Relative to the IDVS samples, Polish men and women had high levels of physical aggression and sexual coercion. Relative to the IDVS samples, women, but not men, had high levels of causing injury to their partner and using threats or actual physical force to obtain oral, anal, or vaginal intercourse. The possible influences of high levels of domestic violence in Polish society and rapid changes in women's roles are discussed.

Body dissatisfaction was studied in 123 predominately European-American college women. Desired changes in body characteristics were associated with scores on the Sociocultural Attitudes Toward Appearance Questionnaire (SATAQ-3) and the Objectified Body Consciousness Scale (OBCS). All SATAQ-3 measures were associated with desired changes in bust size and height, but were not related to desired upper body size. In contrast, the OBCS Surveillance and Body Shame Scales were related to desired upper body size, but were not related to desired bust size or height. As hypothesized, the SATAQ-3 Pressure and Internalization-General Scales and the OBCS Surveillance and Body Shame Scales were related to desired weight and lower body size. Results indicate body dissatisfaction is a complex construct and different aspects of this construct are related to different dispositional measures. Results also indicate that the OBCS is a more narrowly focused measure than the SATAQ-3.

Aggressive male sports have been criticized as bastions of sexism and training grounds for aggression against women, but there have been few empirical demonstrations of these alleged relationships. The authors studied self-reported dating aggression and sexual coercion in 147 college men. Men who had participated in aggressive high school sports, as compared with other men, engaged in more psychological aggression, physical aggression, and sexual coercion toward their dating partners, caused their partners more physical injury, were more accepting of violence, had more sexist attitudes and hostility toward women, were more accepting of rape myths, and were less tolerant of homosexuality. Results indicate that participation in aggressive high school sports is one of the multiple developmental pathways leading to relationship violence.

201 college women's and 179 men's impressions of the Jackson-Timberlake Super Bowl incident were related to measures of benevolent sexism, hostile sexism, and erotophobia. For both women and men high benevolent sexism was correlated (.17-.24) to perceptions that the incident was degrading and that agents (e.g., MTV, NFL, Hollywood) other than the actors were responsible for the incident, whereas high erotophobia was correlated (.29-.39) to perceptions that the incident was degrading, attributable to others, and personally upsetting.

The development and factor structure of a brief, 5-item, measure of negative attitudes toward atheists is described with a sample of 176 college men and 231 college women. The single factor was reliable; the internal consistency was .83; and face validity was high. Although other forms of reliability and validity should be pursued, the scale appears to be suitable for research on negative attitudes toward atheists.

A predominately European American sample of middle class college students rated hypermuscular female bodybuilders and the men who were romantically involved with them on measures of perceived gender traits, personality traits, social behaviors, and heterosexual behaviors. Participants perceived hypermuscular women, as compared to the average woman, as having more masculine and fewer feminine interests, less likely to be good mothers, and less intelligent, socially popular, and attractive. However, participants also perceived them as being less likely to engage in socially deviant behaviors or to be sexually manipulative and more likely to be extraverted, conscientious, and open to new experiences than the average woman. Participants perceived men who are romantically involved with hypermuscular women as having stronger masculine traits, interests, and identities than the average man. The authors found no relationships between the perceiver's gender type and his or her perceptions of hypermuscular women or the men who were romantically involved with them.

The literature on college women's experiences with sexual coercion is reviewed, with an emphasis on work published since 1990. Sexual coercion is defined as any situation in which one person uses verbal or physical means (including the administration of drugs or alcohol, with or without the other person's consent) to obtain sexual activity against consent. We argue that coercive sexual behavior among college students can best be understood within the context of other sexual behaviors and values on college campuses. Significant definitional and methodological problems are identified and discussed. Important victim, perpetrator, and situational variables are identified and discussed. These include attitudes toward women, beliefs about sexual behavior (including rape-supporting beliefs and values), communication problems, coercion-supporting peer groups (including fraternities and athletics), concepts of masculinity and femininity, sexual promiscuity, and alcohol.

Herein modern body composition techniques are described, and the uses to which they are put are set forth. They have increased our knowledge of the human growth process as well as the effects of disease, hormones, and nutrition. In essence they provide for a bloodless dissection of the human body.

The motives, family experiences, and personality characteristics of 341 college students with and without tattoos or piercings were studied. Participants completed Lippa's 1991 measures of the Big Five personality factors, a shortened version of the Body Cathexis Scale, a series of questions about their childhood experiences, and questions about risk-taking behaviors. In addition, reasons to have or not have body modifications and the perceptions of people with body modifications were investigated. Of the 116 men and 186 women, 25% and 33%, respectively, had at least one tattoo or body piercing. There were very few differences in the childhood experiences or personality characteristics of people with or without body modifications. Although people with body modifications did not differ from people without modifications on the Big Five personality measures, people without modifications perceived people with modifications as much different from themselves on these measures. These results indicate that tattoos and piercings in college students are associated with significantly more risk-taking behavior, greater use of alcohol and marijuana, and less social conformity. However, the traditional stereotype that body modifications are indicators of social or personal pathology does not describe contemporary college students.

In most situations involving a significant change in body weight, both fat-free body mass (FFM) and body fat participate, but the relative contribution of FFM and fat to the total weight change is influenced by the initial body fat content. Overfeeding: In experiments of at least 3-weeks' duration, the weight gain of thin people comprises 60-70% lean tissues, whereas in the obese it is 30-40%. Underfeeding: In humans, there is an inverse curvilinear relationship between initial body fat content and the proportion of weight loss consisting of lean tissue. The same trend holds for animals and birds, including loss during hibernation. Another factor is the magnitude of the energy deficit: as energy intake is reduced, lean tissue makes up an increasing fraction of the total weight loss. Exercise: If individuals lose much weight with exercise, the result is usually some loss of lean tissue as well as fat, and once again the proportion of lean loss to total weight loss is greater in thin people than in those who have larger body fat burdens. Members of twin pairs often differ in weight. In thin individuals, lean accounts for about half of the intrapair weight difference, whereas in the obese it accounts for only one quarter. Body fat content must be taken into account in evaluating body composition changes induced by nutrition and exercise.

Background: Almost all of the data on changes in body composition during aging are cross-sectional in nature. These show that fat-free mass (FFM) declines with age., Objective: The goal was to analyze results of assays done in the author's laboratory of the FFM of normal adults studied at intervals for >/=2 decades to ascertain longitudinal changes., Design: (40)K counting was used to estimate FFM in adult university personnel (15 men, 5 women) over periods ranging from 21 to 38 y. No advice was given about diet or exercise., Results: There was considerable variation in the change of FFM over time. Some subjects lost FFM as the years went by, whereas others actually gained FFM. Analysis of the data showed that change in body weight was a prime factor in determining the magnitude and direction of the FFM change (R(2) = 0.54). Adults who maintained their weight lost an average of 1.5 kg FFM per decade and so gained an equal amount of fat; those who lost weight lost even more FFM, whereas those who gained weight either gained FFM or lost it more slowly than the others. Data from the literature confirmed this trend., Conclusions: FFM loss is not inevitable during adulthood-at least up to age 81 y, the oldest age yet studied. The magnitude and direction of the FFM change, be it positive or negative, is strongly influenced by change in body weight.

The following is a listing of body composition techniques now available, together with a brief description of the underlying assumptions and the advantages and disadvantages of each.

Ability of the Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA) to distinguish between referred children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and other (OTHER) clinical diagnoses were studied. The ADHD group differed from the OTHER group on TOVA variables and most measures from the Revised Conners Teacher Rating Scale (RCTRS) and ADD-H Comprehensive Teacher's Rating Scale (ACTeRS). The criteria of any one TOVA variable > 1.5 standard deviations from age and sex adjusted means correctly identified 80% of the sample with attention deficit disorders and 72% of the sample without attention deficit disorder. Cases misclassified by teacher ratings were often correctly classified by the TOVA and conversely. The TOVA makes a unique and important contribution to diagnostic evaluations.

The objective of this study was to test three hypotheses concerning age-related differences in the composition of the weight gained by pregnant adolescents. We studied the change in maternal body composition during gestation in relation to maternal age and infant birth weight in relation to change in maternal body composition in 108 consecutive, low-income, pregnant, black adolescents. Regardless of age, approximately 26% of adolescents' body weight and 38% of the weight adolescents gain during gestation is fat. A hierarchical regression analysis revealed that the rate of gestational weight gain is significant predictor of infant birth weight among younger (R2 change = 0.15, P = 0.004), but not older (R2 change = 0.01, not significant), adolescents. Among younger adolescents, the rate of fat weight gain is the best predictor of infant birth weight. Maternal age interacts with fat weight gain (but not total or lean weight gain) to predict infant birth weight (R2 change = 0.046, P = 0.022). During gestation maternal age does not have a clinically important effect on the composition of the body or weight gained by pregnant adolescents. However, maternal age interacts with the composition of the gestational weight gain to predict infant birth weight; the fat component of the weight gain is a significant predictor of infant birth weight in younger, but not older, adolescents.

A study of 49 pairs of monozygous (MZ) twins and 38 pairs of same-sexed dizygous (DZ) twins showed that lean body mass (LBM), as determined by potassium 40 counting, is under genetic influence. Intrapair variances for LBM are much smaller than those for body fat, which suggests that LBM has a higher degree of heritability. There is a correlation between the magnitude of intrapair LBM differences and intrapair weight differences for both sets of twins, showing that environment is also an important influence. The effect of weight variation on LBM variation is greater for thin people than for those with appreciable burdens of body fat, an observation previously made on individuals who undergo a nutrition-induced weight change.

Past decades have witnessed a continuing discussion on the relative role of food intake in the pathogenesis of obesity. Some observers argue that overeating is paramount; others claim that the obese are metabolically more efficient in energy utilization, and thus may not need as much food. There is a considerable amount of evidence that big people do need more food than those who are smaller and thinner. However, a recent study using advanced techniques has revealed a clear discrepancy between self-reported and actual energy intake and self-reported and actual physical activity in obese subjects, especially those who had great difficulty in losing weight by dietary means.

Exercise can produce a modest gain of lean body mass (LBM) and loss of fat in weight-stable individuals, but it is important to realize that if much weight is lost during exercise there is a risk of some erosion of the LBM. Data from both human and animal experiments show that exercise cannot conserve lean weight in the face of significant energy deficit, although moderate obesity affords a modicum of protection in this respect.

Objective: --To study the changes in body composition produced by large doses of testosterone and reversal of changes when the drug is discontinued., Design: --Weekly injections of testosterone enanthate were given to young adult male volunteers for 12 weeks. Repeated assays of lean body mass (LBM) by potassium 40 counting were made during this period and at intervals during the ensuing 5 to 6 months., Participants and Setting: --Subjects who were living on their own, who were known to be free of significant disease, and who volunteered as controls for a study of patients with neuromuscular disease. Assays were done in the Clinical Research Center., Main Outcome Measures: --Changes in body weight, LBM, and (by subtraction) body fat., Results: --Testosterone treatment produced a progressive increase in LBM and a progressive decrease in body fat. Body composition reverted slowly toward normal when the injections were stopped; thus, the effects of testosterone lingered for some time. The magnitude of the observed changes in LBM was in keeping with the change in urinary creatinine excretion reported for these same subjects., Conclusion: --Testosterone is a powerful anabolic agent that also serves to reduce body fat content.

Total energy expenditure under free-living conditions of 12 normal-weight and 26 overweight women was determined with the 2H2(18)O method. Overweight women tended to expend more energy (mean +/- SD, 11.20 +/- 1.79 MJ/d) than normal-weight women (9.46 +/- 0.87 MJ/d, P less than 0.005). Approximately half of this effect was explained by an increase in basal metabolic rate (BMR) in the overweight group compared with the normal-weight group (6.47 +/- 0.74 vs 5.68 +/- 0.39 MJ/d, respectively, P less than 0.005) and the other half by an increase in above-basal energy expenditure (4.73 +/- 1.49 vs 3.78 +/- 0.94 MJ/d, P less than 0.05). Total energy expenditure was approximately 1.7 times the BMR in both groups. After adjusting energy expenditure for weight or lean body mass by analysis of covariance, there was no significant difference between normal-weight and overweight groups. We conclude that most overweight subjects must consume more energy than lean subjects to maintain their excess weight, although some could maintain their obesity without eating more than lean subjects.

A number of measurements are reported on a cross-sectional sample of girls who were studied at times ranging from 54 months prior to menarche to 82 months after menarche. Included are anthropometric measurements, lean weight, body fat, abdomen-hip ratio, skeletal size, bone age, muscle strength, and urinary hydroxyproline excretion. The years preceding menarche are associated with an array of physiological and anatomical changes, making it difficult to assign a causative role to any one of them.

On the assumption that the potassium content of the lean body mass is constant, it should be possible to estimate fat content in living man from a measurement of potassium-40 activity in the whole-body scintillation counter. A series of such measurements on children and young adults shows good correlations with skin-fold thickness and weight/height ratio as indices of fatness.

We assessed changes in body composition in 41 young adults who engaged in various exercise and/or training programs on ad libitum diets. Most of those who gained weight sustained an increase in lean body mass (LBM), and most of those who lost weight lost LBM as well as fat. The change in LBM was directly related to the change in weight, with a regression slope of 0.500. An analysis of published data confirms these findings and, in concert with our data, provides the additional information that the magnitude of the change in body composition in exercising individuals is influenced by body fat content, just as it is for nonexercising individuals.

A review of studies done on human subjects who were overfed under controlled conditions for periods ranging from 2 to 12 wk shows that the energy cost of induced weight gain is a function of initial body weight and of lean body mass, body fat, and percent body fat. Therefore, bigger and fatter people need to eat more to gain a given amount of weight than do those who are thin. A likely explanation is that obese individuals tend to put on a large proportion of fat, a high-energy tissue, whereas thin people tend to gain more lean, which is a low-energy tissue.

Normative data for abdominal circumference:hip circumference ratio, of current interest as a possible health risk, are presented for a large number of healthy subjects aged 6-71 years. The ratio declines during childhood, and during adolescence, in females, while that for males remains about the same. In the adult years there is a rise in the ratios for both sexes, that for males preceding the rise for females. For most of the age span, the sex difference and the age trends are such that age and sex must be taken into consideration in evaluating data on patients with various disorders. Patients with diabetes mellitus and those with obesity tend to have elevated abdomen:hip ratios at all ages. Those with cystic fibrosis also tend to have higher ratios, but here the difference is due to a smaller hip circumference rather than a larger abdominal circumference, and the same is true for the younger diabetics. The ratios for athletes are in the normal range but exhibit much less variability; those for patients with anorexia nervosa are normally distributed.

Spleens showing fatty infiltration and necrosis of the pulp were found at necropsy on several patients who had received intravenous fat emulsions during their terminal illnesses. The postmortem findings are described and the clinicopathological correlation is discussed with special reference to the phenomenon of creaming of the emulsion.