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A general analysis is developed for the effect of mass transport and kinetic parameters on the rate of staining and destaining of electrophoresis gels. The various contributions to these overall processes are discussed and, in particular, the ways in which the rate of solution flow, temperature and gel properties can influence staining procedures are highlighted. It is shown that for reproducible, rapid and uniform staining a rotating gel system, analogous to a rotating disc, provides the necessary controlled laminar flow. The theoretical equations derived are compared with experiments and it is shown that at high gel rotation speeds mass transport in solution does not have a major controlling influence on rates of staining and destaining. The temperature dependence of these rates also suggests that there is no significant control by the rate of interaction between stain and protein molecules. The major controlling factor under these conditions is then concluded to be the transport of stain in the gel itself, and the theoretical analysis and time-dependent experimental results allow a determination of the corresponding diffusion parameters.

People scoring higher on a scale of self-defeating personality perceived their family environments as lacking cohesiveness. Men also perceived their family environments as discouraging open expression of feelings, being unconcerned about school and work achievement, and providing no ethical or religious values. Results were seen as lending validity to clinical theories of masochism which relate lack of family support and lack of reinforcement for assertive, efficacious behavior to the development of self-defeating behavior patterns.