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Introduction: Netflix pledged to avoid depictions of e-cigarette use in scripted series and movies rated TV-14 or below. However, this policy did not extend to young adults, many of whom are below the legal tobacco purchasing age. This study examined the association between recall of Netflix scripted series and movies previously identified to contain e-cigarette imagery and susceptibility to use e-cigarettes among never users., Materials and Methods: A non-probability representative sample of young adults (ages 18-24; N  = 1500) living in California were recruited to complete an online survey assessing their recall of Netflix scripted series and movies previously identified to contain e-cigarette imagery and e-cigarette-related behaviors. Adjusted and weighted logistic regression analyses were used among participants who had never used e-cigarettes ( n  = 967)., Results: Among participants who had never used e-cigarettes, 68.1% ( n  = 659/967) recalled viewing at least one Netflix scripted series or movie previously identified to contain e-cigarette imagery, including 66.4% ( n  = 192/289) of participants under the legal tobacco purchasing age. Participants who recalled viewing at least one Netflix scripted series or movie previously identified to contain e-cigarette imagery, compared with those who did not, had greater odds of reporting susceptibility to use e-cigarettes among never users (AOR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.20-2.25)., Conclusions: Young adults living in California recalled Netflix scripted series or movies previously identified to contain e-cigarette imagery. Such recall was associated with susceptibility to use e-cigarettes among never users. These findings should motivate prevention programmers to design tobacco-related digital media literacy interventions for young adults.

Introduction: Online e-cigarette retailers use e-mail communications to promote products directly to consumers, which may facilitate e-cigarette use. Little is known about the content of these e-mails. As such, this study collected e-mails from online e-cigarette retailers in California to conduct a content analysis., Aims and Methods: This study included 13 online e-cigarette retailers in California using Yelp. To be included in the study, e-cigarette retailers needed a live website, physical retail location (ie, vape shop), and e-cigarettes available for purchase online. The research team entered each website and signed up (if possible) for an e-mail newsletter. Data were collected from the Gmail Application Programming Interface over a 1-year study period (November 1, 2021-November 1, 2022). Members of the research team coded e-mails for the presence of e-cigarettes, other products, flavors, marketing categories, and promotional activities, among other variables., Results: Seven hundred and forty-nine promotional e-mails (2.1 avg/day) were received over the 1-year study period. Second-generation e-cigarettes (n = 581, 77.6%) were the most observed product in e-mails followed by disposable e-cigarettes (n = 391, 52.2%). The most common flavor profile was fruit or sweet or liquor (n = 424, 56.6%). E-mails included links to social media pages (n = 366, 48.9%). Online coupons were found in 53.1% (n = 398) of the e-mails. Age warnings were displayed in 8.0% (n = 60) of the e-mails., Conclusions: E-cigarette retailers' e-mails promoted new products, flavors, and contained promotional discounts. Future research should examine the impact of exposure to such e-mails on e-cigarette-related attitudes and behaviors., Implications: Findings from this study may help inform prevention programs and interventions focused on increasing tobacco-related digital media literacy (ie, evaluate tobacco advertising messages on digital media) among gender and ethnic minorities. Future research should examine if exposure to e-mail marketing is causally linked with e-cigarette use among gender and ethnic minorities., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Introduction: Past research examining the relationship between exposure to online e-cigarette marketing and e-cigarette-related attitudes and behaviors has relied on unaided recall measures that may suffer from self-report bias. To date, few studies have presented participants with e-cigarette marketing stimuli and assessed recognition. This study examined the associations between recognition of online e-cigarette marketing stimuli and e-cigarette-related attitudes and behaviors among young adults in California., Methods: A non-probability representative sample of young adults (ages 18-24; N=1500) living in California completed an online survey assessing their recognition of online e-cigarette marketing stimuli, including image-based (i.e., Instagram, email) and audiovisual (i.e., YouTube, TikTok) promotions, and positive e-cigarette-related attitudes (e.g., appeal of e-cigarettes) and behaviors (e.g., e-cigarette use). Adjusted and weighted logistic regression analyses were used., Results: 79.0% (n=1185) of young adults, including 78.1% (n=310/397) of participants under 21 years old, recognized online e-cigarette marketing. Participants who reported recognition of stimuli, compared with those who did not, had greater odds of reporting appeal of e-cigarettes (AOR=2.26, 95% CI=1.65-3.09) and e-cigarette purchase intentions (AOR=1.66, 95% CI=1.13-2.43) among all participants, and susceptibility to use e-cigarettes among never users (AOR=2.29, 95% CI=1.59-3.29)., Conclusions: Young adults in California recognized audiovisual and image-based online e-cigarette marketing. Such recognition may lead to positive e-cigarette-related attitudes and behavioral intentions, especially among never users. Future research should examine the causal relationship between the associations found in this study. Findings may inform the development and evaluation of psychometrically valid measures of online e-cigarette marketing exposures., Implications: Recognition of online e-cigarette marketing stimuli was associated with greater odds of reporting appeal and benefits of e-cigarettes, purchase intentions, and lifetime e-cigarette use among all participants, and susceptibility to use e-cigarettes among never users. These findings may motivate the development and evaluation of psychometrically valid measures of online e-cigarette marketing exposures., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Competing Interests: Competing interests: J-PA has received fees for consulting services in court cases pertaining to the content on social media platforms. No other financial disclosures were reported. The authors have no competing interests to disclose.

Introduction: Twitter data have been used to surveil public sentiment about tobacco products; however, most tobacco-related Twitter research has been conducted with English-language posts. There is a gap in the literature on tobacco-related discussions on Twitter in languages other than English. This study summarized tobacco-related discussions in Spanish on Twitter., Methods: A set of Spanish terms reflecting electronic cigarettes (eg, "cigarillos electrónicos"), cigarettes (eg, "pitillo"), and cigars (eg, "cigaro") were identified. A content analysis of tweets (n = 1352) drawn from 2021 was performed to examine themes and sentiment. An initial codebook was developed in English then translated to Spanish and then translated back to English by a bilingual (Spanish and English) member of the research team. Two bilingual members of the research team coded the tweets into themes and sentiment., Results: Themes in the tweets included (1) product promotion (n = 168, 12.4%), (2) health warnings (n = 161, 11.9%), (3) tobacco use (n = 136, 10.1%), (4) health benefits of vaping (n = 58, 4.3%), (5) cannabis use (n = 50, 3.7%), (6) cessation (n = 47, 3.5%), (7) addiction (n = 33, 2.4%), (8) policy (n = 27, 2.0%), and (9) polysubstance use (n = 12, 0.9%). Neutral (n = 955, 70.6%) was the most common category of sentiment observed in the data., Conclusions: Tobacco products are discussed in multiple languages on Twitter and can be summarized by bilingual research teams. Future research should determine if Spanish-speaking individuals are frequently exposed to pro-tobacco content on social media and if such exposure increases susceptibility to use tobacco among never users or sustained use among current users., Implications: Spanish-language pro-tobacco content exists on Twitter, which has implications for Spanish-speaking individuals who may be exposed to this content. Spanish-language pro-tobacco-related posts may help normalize tobacco use among Spanish-speaking populations. As a result, anti-tobacco tweets in Spanish may be necessary to counter areas of the online environment that can be considered pro-tobacco., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: Social media data have been used to describe tobacco industry marketing practices, user experiences with tobacco, and youth-oriented protobacco content., Objective: Examine the extent to which tobacco-related social media research is cited in government policy documents., Search Methods: Peer-reviewed tobacco-related social media studies were searched for on Web of Science, PubMed, and other databases from 2004 to 2022. The DOI number for each identified article was then used to search the Overton database to find policy documents citing such research. A secondary, manual search of national and international governmental agency websites was also conducted., Selection Criteria: Documents were included in this study if they were tobacco-related, written in English, cited social media research in the document text and reference section, and were published by a governmental office or agency., Data Collection and Analysis: The analytic sample consisted of (n = 38) government policy documents, and were coded for content themes, agency type, document type, and subsequent citations., Main Results: When this research was utilized, it was often in the context of highlighting tobacco industry marketing practices, bringing attention to an issue (eg, youth e-cigarette use), and/or describing how social media platforms can be used as a data source to understand tobacco-related attitudes and behaviors. Agencies that often cited this research were the WHO, FDA, and CDC. The document types included research reports, policy recommendations, industry guidance, legal complaints, and practice-based recommendations., Conclusions: Tobacco-related social media research has been utilized by government agencies in the last decade to guide the policy process., Implications: Tobacco-related social media research has been used in government policy documents to detail tobacco industry marketing and bring attention to youth exposure to protobacco content online. Continued surveillance of social media may be necessary to track the changing tobacco landscape., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Introduction: Tobacco researchers have used social media data to examine tobacco industry marketing practices (eg, influencers), and to document user experience with tobacco products. This study summarized the literature that analyzed tobacco-related social media data, including domain, social media platform, tobacco product type, and themes of findings, among other variables., Aims and Methods: PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Communication Source were searched between 2004 and 2022. Peer-reviewed articles were included if they were written in English, included at least one tobacco-related term, and one social media-related term, and analyzed a social media post. Two coders screened all-titles and abstracts. The final sample consisted of (n = 255) articles. Studies were coded for domain, social media platform, tobacco product type, data source, type of data, coding and analytic method, and presence of validation procedure, among other variables., Results: A total of 10 504 820 581 tobacco-related social media posts were assessed across 255 studies. User experience (54.1%) and promotion (23.1%) were the most researched domains. Researchers used data from Twitter the most (42.7%). Text (43.1%) was the most common type of data analyzed. Thematic analysis (80.8%) was the most common analytic technique. Themes of findings from content analyses often pertained to the health effects of tobacco use (61.0%) and promotion (44.2%)., Conclusions: Researchers have analyzed billions of tobacco-related social media posts to describe user experience with, and promotions related to, tobacco products like e-cigarettes on platforms like Twitter. Future research may examine tobacco-related social media data from newer platforms like TikTok., Implications: Real-time surveillance of tobacco-related content on social media can keep the tobacco control community abreast of tobacco industry promotional strategies, user experience with tobacco products, and perceived health effects of tobacco use. A framework may be developed to establish best-practices for social media data collection and analysis, including strategies to identify posts from bot accounts and validate methodological approaches used in thematic analysis., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: E-cigarette companies use YouTube to foster brand awareness, market their products, and interact with current and future tobacco users. However, research on the official YouTube channels of e-cigarette companies is limited. This study determined the themes of, and degree of user engagement with, videos posted to the official channels of e-cigarette companies on YouTube., Methods: Data were collected from the official YouTube channels of seven e-cigarette companies by scraping (i.e., electronically copying) the videos. The earliest video was posted on October 10, 2013, and the most recent video was posted on April 22, 2021 ( n = 260). An inductive approach was used to identify themes in the data. User engagement with posts including number of likes, dislikes, and comments were also collected., Results: Prevalent themes included branding ( n = 250 of 260 videos, 96%), youth use ( n = 222, 85%), and tobacco use ( n = 210, 81%), while less common themes included misleading health statements ( n = 4, 2%), personal choice ( n = 4, 2%), and antitobacco ( n = 2, 1%). Videos that contained the themes testimonial, product design features , and instructional received the highest mean number of likes. Videos that contained the themes antitobacco, cessation , and testimonial received the highest mean number of dislikes. The 260 videos in this study were collectively viewed 6,619,700 times as of May 5, 2021., Conclusions: Videos from the official YouTube channels of seven e-cigarette companies often focused on branding and user experience but rarely mentioned cessation. While videos about cessation were rare, they received the second highest mean number of dislikes. Future research should assess the impact of exposure to e-cigarette-related content on YouTube and e-cigarette-related attitudes and behaviors.

Background: Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) brands and vendors use websites to promote pro-tobacco messages that may increase susceptibility to use e-cigarettes among never users or help sustain continued e-cigarette use among current users. E-cigarette website marketing is lightly regulated, and little is known about promotional strategies used on e-cigarette companies' websites. This study conducted a content analysis of website marketing from leading e-cigarette companies selling products in California., Methods: This study identified 20 e-cigarette vendors and 6 e-cigarette brands that had products available for purchase online in California. Two coders visited 26 websites between 06 February 2022 and 17 April 2022. Websites were coded for marketing themes, promotional and interactive content, availability of flavoured e-cigarette products, presence of health warnings, and reference to tobacco control policies., Results: Marketing themes related to physical health benefits of e-cigarette use were found on 50.0% of the websites. 57.7% of the websites had sales/discounts/coupons. 65.4% of the websites had fruit-flavoured disposable e-cigarettes, while 73.1% of the websites had fruit-flavoured e-liquids available for purchase. 69.2% of the websites allowed users to sign up for email newsletters, and 88.9% of such websites did not require users to create an age-verified account to receive email newsletters., Conclusions: Findings from this study can be used to inform statewide regulations of promotional communications found on e-cigarette companies' websites and encourage enforcement of age-verification procedures. This may help reduce susceptibility to use, or continued use of, e-cigarette products among price-sensitive populations, such as adolescents and young adults., Competing Interests: Competing interests: J-PA has received fees for consulting services in court cases pertaining to the content on social media platforms., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Introduction: Although the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) banned characterizing flavors in cigarettes in 2009, this initial ban exempted menthol. After examining numerous reports on the adverse health effects of menthol cigarettes, the FDA proposed a menthol ban in April 2022. This study analyzed Twitter data to describe public reaction to this announcement., Aims and Methods: Posts containing the word "menthol" and/or "#menthol" were collected from April 21, 2022 to May 5, 2022 from Twitter's Streaming Application Programming Interface (API). A random sampling procedure supplied 1041 tweets for analysis. Following an inductive approach to content analysis, posts were classified into one or more of 11 themes., Results: Posts discussed the FDA announcement (n = 153, 14.7%), racial discrimination (n = 101, 9.7%), distrust in government (n = 67, 6.4%), inconsistencies between policies (n = 52, 5.0%), public health benefits (n = 42, 4%), freedom of choice (n = 22, 2.1%), and health equity (n = 21, 2.0%). Posts contained misinformation (n = 20, 1.9%), and discussed the potential for illicit markets (n = 18, 1.7%) and the need for cessation support (n = 4, 0.4%). 541 (52.0%) tweets did not fit into any of the prescribed themes., Conclusions: Twitter posts with the word "menthol" commonly discussed distrust in government and mentioned racial discrimination. Findings demonstrated the possibility of near real-time Twitter monitoring of public opinion on a menthol ban. These data may be valuable for designing tobacco control health communication campaigns in the future., Implications: The U.S. FDA proposed a ban on menthol cigarettes in April 2022. This study's content analyzed Twitter posts over a 2-week period to understand the public's response to the proposed menthol ban. Twitter posts with the word "menthol" often discussed distrust in government and mentioned racial discrimination. Findings demonstrated the possibility of near real-time Twitter monitoring of public opinion of regulatory action. Findings underscore the need to educate the public about the potential health benefits of banning menthol from cigarettes, particularly for populations that experience tobacco-related health disparities., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background : Puff Bar has rapidly captured a large proportion of the disposable e-cigarette market. To stay abreast of the rapidly changing e-cigarette-product landscape, researchers have turned to social media platforms to monitor e-cigarette-related discussions and marketing trends. TikTok is the latest social media platform to capture the attention of adolescents and young adults; however, e-cigarette-related research using TikTok is limited. Objectives : This study examined Puff Bar-related posts on TikTok to identify themes and user engagement. Methods : Data were collected by scraping publicly available TikTok posts that contained the hashtag #puffplus, between January 31, 2020 and May 4, 2021 ( n  = 581). The research team used an inductive approach to identify 19 themes from the data. User engagement with posts including the number of likes, shares, plays, and comments was also collected. Results : The most prevalent themes included Music at 75.39% (438/581), followed by Flavors at 51.64% (300/581), Youth/Young Adults at 42.86% (249/581), Tobacco Use at 41.14% (239/581), Nicotine Concentration at 35.11% (204/581), Humor at 19.45% (113/581) and Product Review at 19.1% (111/581). Cessation 1.38% (8/581) and Health Warnings 2.58% (15/581) were two themes rarely observed but commonly engaged with by TikTok users. Conclusions : Health communication strategists should prepare to address TikTok's popularity to combat its contribution to the online e-cigarette environment. Future research should determine the impact of exposure to Puff Bar-related content on TikTok on adolescents' and young adults' attitudes and behaviors.

Background: Little cigars and cigarillos (LCCs) are popular tobacco products among youth (ie, adolescents and young adults). A variety of LCC-related promotional and user-generated content is present on social media. However, research on LCC-related posts on social media has been largely focused on platforms that are primarily text- or image-based, such as Twitter and Instagram., Objective: This study analyzed LCC-related content on TikTok, an audio and video-based platform popular among youth., Methods: Publicly available posts (N=811) that contained the LCC-related hashtags #swishersweets or #backwoods were collected on TikTok from January 2019 to May 2021. Metadata were also collected, including numbers of likes, comments, shares, and views per video. Using an inductive approach, a codebook consisting of 26 themes was developed to help summarize the underlying themes evident in the TikTok videos and corresponding captions. A pairwise co-occurrence analysis of themes was also conducted to evaluate connections among themes., Results: Among the 811 posts, the LCC presence theme (ie, a visible LCC) occurred in the most prominent number of posts (n=661, 81.5%), followed by music (n=559, 68.9%), youth (n=332, 40.9%), humor (n=263, 32.4%), LCC use (n=242, 29.8%), flavors (n=232, 28.6%), branding (n=182, 22.4%), paraphernalia (n=137, 16.9%), blunt rolling (n=94, 11.6%), and price (n=84, 10.4%). Product reviews had the highest engagement, with a median 44 (mean 2857, range 36,499) likes and median 491 (mean 15,711, range 193,590) views; followed by product comparisons, with a median 44 (mean 1920, range 36,500) likes and median 671 (mean 11,277, range 193,798) views. Promotions had the lowest engagement, with a median 4 (mean 8, range 34) likes and median 78 (mean 213, range 1131) views. The most prevalent themes co-occurring with LCC presence were (1) music (434/811, 53.5%), (2) youth (264/811, 32.6%), (3) humor (219/811, 27%), (4) flavors (214/811, 26.4%), and (5) LCC use (207/811, 25.5%)., Conclusions: LCC-related marketing and user-generated content was present on TikTok, including videos showing youth discussing, displaying, or using LCCs. Such content may be in violation of TikTok's community guidelines prohibiting the display, promotion, or posting of tobacco-related content on its platform, including the display of possession or consumption of tobacco by a minor. Further improvement in the enforcement of TikTok community guidelines and additional scrutiny from public health policy makers may be necessary for protecting youth from future exposure to tobacco-related posts. Observational and experimental studies are needed to understand the impact of exposure to LCC-related videos on attitudes and behaviors related to LCC use among youth. Finally, there may be a need for engaging antitobacco videos that appeal to youth on TikTok to counter the protobacco content on this platform., (©Julia Vassey, Scott I Donaldson, Allison Dormanesh, Jon-Patrick Allem. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (https://www.jmir.org), 16.11.2022.)

Importance: Exposure to tobacco-related content on social media may foster positive attitudes toward tobacco products and brands, and influence the likelihood of initiating or continuing use of tobacco, especially among adolescents and young adults., Objective: To perform the first systematic review and meta-analysis, to our knowledge, on studies that examined the association between exposure to tobacco content on social media and lifetime tobacco use, past 30-day tobacco use, and susceptibility to use tobacco among never users., Data Sources: Tobacco, social media, and marketing search terms were entered into online databases, including MEDLINE, ISI Web of Science, Scopus, and PsychINFO. Study characteristics, including research design and methods, sampling strategy, and demographics, were assessed for each study., Study Selection: Studies reporting odds ratios (ORs) for self-reported exposure to, or experimentally manipulated, tobacco content on social media and lifetime tobacco use, past 30-day tobacco, and susceptibility to use tobacco among never users. The systematic search produced 897 independent articles, of which 29 studies met inclusion criteria., Data Extraction and Synthesis: A 3-level random-effects meta-analysis was used to estimate ORs, 95% CIs, and heterogeneity (I2) for each tobacco use outcome. Study quality and publication bias were assessed., Main Outcomes and Measures: Lifetime tobacco use, past 30-day tobacco use, and susceptibility to use tobacco among never users. Tobacco use included e-cigarettes, cigarettes, and other (cigar, hookah, smokeless tobacco)., Results: The total sample size across the 24 included datasets was 139 624, including 100 666 adolescents (72%), 20 710 young adults (15%), and 18 248 adults (13%). Participants who were exposed to tobacco content on social media, compared with those who were not exposed, had greater odds of reporting lifetime tobacco use (OR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.54-3.08; I2 = 94%), past 30-day tobacco use (OR, 2.19; 95% CI, 1.79-2.67; I2 = 84%), and susceptibility to use tobacco among never users (OR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.65-2.63; I2 = 73%). Subgroup analyses showed similar associations for tobacco promotions, active engagement, passive engagement, lifetime exposure to tobacco content, exposure to tobacco content on more than 2 platforms, and exposure to tobacco content among adolescents and young adults., Conclusions and Relevance: Findings suggest that a comprehensive strategy to reduce the amount of tobacco content on social media should be developed by federal regulators. Such actions may have downstream effects on adolescent and young adult exposure to protobacco content, and ultimately tobacco use behaviors.

Introduction: Product placement in music videos is a growing promotional strategy. This study examined the impact of e-cigarette product placement and imagery in music videos on susceptibility to use e-cigarettes among young adults., Methods: A non-probability sample of young adults (18 to 24) in Southern California were recruited to participate in an experiment over Zoom. Participants were randomized into a treatment or a control group. The treatment group watched seven music videos with e-cigarette product placement and imagery. The control group watched the same seven music videos with all e-cigarette product placement and imagery digitally removed. Participants completed a questionnaire after watching the music videos. The focus of the analysis was on susceptibility to use e-cigarettes in the future among never users (n = 303)., Results: Participants in the treatment group who had never used e-cigarettes were more likely to report intentions to try e-cigarettes in the future (OR = 1.94, 95% CI [1.08, 3.54], compared to participants in the control group. Participants in the treatment group who had never used e-cigarettes were more likely to report peer influence (OR = 1.97, 95% CI [1.19, 3.32], compared to participants in the control group. While these subitems of susceptibility to use e-cigarettes were statistically significant, the relationship between the treatment group and the composite measure of susceptibility was not., Conclusion: Exposure to e-cigarette product placement in music videos may increase young adults' intentions to try e-cigarettes in the future. Federal, state, and local tobacco control regulatory bodies should consider strategies to reduce e-cigarette product placement in music videos., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Research is needed to understand the frequency of e-cigarette impressions in scripted television and movies, especially in scripted content with characters and storylines that may appeal to young adults. This study aimed to determine the extent of e-cigarette-related imagery and dialogue in Netflix content popular with young adults. We also determine the demographics and character qualities of actors shown holding e-cigarettes., Methods: Nielsen ratings data were used to compile a list of the most popular Netflix original films and TV shows among U.S. viewers 18-24 years old between June 1, 2020, and May 31, 2021. We used a sample of 12 films and 113 TV episodes from 12 series. Three coders were trained to analyze a total of 101 h of content for the presence of e-cigarettes, level of use, type of characters holding e-cigarettes, brand visibility, and the presence of vaping-related dialogue. Twenty percent of all episodes/films were double coded to ensure reliability., Results: Out of 125 titles, 16 (13%) had e-cigarette-related content. Thirteen titles (10%) showed at least one character holding an e-cigarette, and three others mentioned vaping without showing e-cigarettes. The total time of e-cigarettes onscreen amounted to 399 s and the average screen time for e-cigarettes was 31 s. Ninety-nine percent of the time an e-cigarette appeared on screen it was being held by a character., Conclusion: This study documented recent e-cigarette imagery found on Netflix and demonstrates the need for health communication campaigns to denormalize e-cigarette use, particularly among susceptible populations, such as young adults., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Background: The cannabis product and regulatory landscape is changing in the United States. Against the backdrop of these changes, there have been increasing reports on health-related motives for cannabis use and adverse events from its use. The use of social media data in monitoring cannabis-related health conversations may be useful to state- and federal-level regulatory agencies as they grapple with identifying cannabis safety signals in a comprehensive and scalable fashion., Objective: This study attempted to determine the extent to which a medical dictionary-the Unified Medical Language System Consumer Health Vocabulary-could identify cannabis-related motivations for use and health consequences of cannabis use based on Twitter posts in 2020., Methods: Twitter posts containing cannabis-related terms were obtained from January 1 to August 31, 2020. Each post from the sample (N=353,353) was classified into at least 1 of 17 a priori categories of common health-related topics by using a rule-based classifier. Each category was defined by the terms in the medical dictionary. A subsample of posts (n=1092) was then manually annotated to help validate the rule-based classifier and determine if each post pertained to health-related motivations for cannabis use, perceived adverse health effects from its use, or neither., Results: The validation process indicated that the medical dictionary could identify health-related conversations in 31.2% (341/1092) of posts. Specifically, 20.4% (223/1092) of posts were accurately identified as posts related to a health-related motivation for cannabis use, while 10.8% (118/1092) of posts were accurately identified as posts related to a health-related consequence from cannabis use. The health-related conversations about cannabis use included those about issues with the respiratory system, stress to the immune system, and gastrointestinal issues, among others., Conclusions: The mining of social media data may prove helpful in improving the surveillance of cannabis products and their adverse health effects. However, future research needs to develop and validate a dictionary and codebook that capture cannabis use-specific health conversations on Twitter., (©Jon-Patrick Allem, Anuja Majmundar, Allison Dormanesh, Scott I Donaldson. Originally published in JMIR Formative Research (https://formative.jmir.org), 25.02.2022.)

A growing body of empirical evidence suggests that positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishments (PERMA) may be a robust framework for the measurement, management and development of wellbeing. While the original PERMA framework made great headway in the past decade, its empirical and theoretical limitations were recently identified and critiqued. In response, Seligman clarified the value of PERMA as a framework for and not a theory of wellbeing and called for further research to expand the construct. To expand the framework into organizational contexts, recent meta-analyses and systematic literature reviews showed that physical health, mindset, physical work environments and economic security could be seen as essential contextually relevant building blocks for work-related wellbeing and are therefore prime candidates to expand the PERMA framework for use within organizational contexts. Through expanding the original PERMA framework with these four factors, a new holistic approach to work-related wellbeing and work performance was born: the PERMA+4. As such, the purpose of this brief perspective paper is to provide a conceptual overview of PERMA+4 as holistic framework for work-related wellbeing and work performance which extends beyond the predominant componential thinking of the discipline. Specifically, we aim to do so by providing: (1) a brief historical overview of the development of PERMA as a theory for wellbeing, (2) a conceptual overview of PERMA+4 as a holistic framework for work-related wellbeing and work performance, (3) empirical evidence supporting the usefulness of PERMA+4, and (4) charting a course for the second wave of positive organizational psychological research., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Donaldson, van Zyl and Donaldson.)

The professionalization of evaluation continues to be debated at numerous conferences in the U.S. and abroad. At this time, AEA member views on the potential benefits and negative side effects of professionalization are essential as the discussion evolves. This study provides recent views on major topics in professionalization, including potential benefits, negative side effects, processes, competencies, and procedures. Results from in-depth interviews and an online survey demonstrate that AEA members view potential benefits of professionalization to be stakeholder trust, evaluator reputation and identity, while concerns about a potential negative side effect known as the "narrowing effect" (i.e., some evaluators will be alienated based on their background, competencies, etc.) were expressed by participants. These recent findings can inform the ongoing discussion of professionalization, and suggest new directions for future research on evaluation., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)