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Background: Cangrelor, an intravenous P2Y12-receptor inhibitor, is a reversible and short-acting antithrombotic medication non-inferior to irreversible glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors (GPIs) like eptifibatide. There are insufficient data to compare the medications in endovascular thrombectomies (EVTs) requiring emergent platelet inhibition., Objective: To review our institution's experience with cangrelor in EVT and compares its safety and efficacy against GPIs., Methods: A large healthcare system retrospective review identified all patients who had received cangrelor or eptifibatide intraoperatively during EVT between December 2018 and March 2023 for this cohort study. Clinical data were reviewed. Functional status was defined by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) at multiple time points. Multivariate regression was performed., Results: Of 1010 EVT patients, 36 cangrelor and 104 eptifibatide patients were selected. There were no differences in baseline function or presentations. Cangrelor was frequently administered for stenting tandem occlusions (n=16, 44.4%), and successful reperfusion occurred in 30 (83.3%) patients. On multivariate analysis, cangrelor was associated with decreased odds of hemorrhagic conversion (adjusted OR (aOR)=0.76, P=0.004) and symptomatic hemorrhage (aOR=0.86, P=0.021). There were no differences in thrombotic re-occlusion. Cangrelor was associated with a lower 24-hour NIHSS score (7.0 vs 12.0, P=0.013) and discharge NIHSS score (3.0 vs 9.0, P=0.004). There were no differences in in-hospital mortality or length of stay. Cangrelor was associated with improved odds of favorable outcome, defined as mRS score 0-2, at discharge (aOR=2.69, P=0.001) and on 90-day follow-up (aOR=2.23, P=0.031)., Conclusion: Cangrelor was associated with a decreased risk of hemorrhagic conversion and might lead to favorable functional outcomes for patients during hospitalization in comparison with GPIs. Prospective studies are warranted to investigate its use in EVT., Competing Interests: Competing interests: Disclosures: JTF and JM are members of the Society of Neurointerventional Surgery Board of Directors., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Background and Purpose: Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is associated with a high degree of morbidity and mortality. Our objective is to elucidate characteristics, treatments, and outcomes of patients with cancer and CVT (CA-CVT)., Methods: The 2016-2019 National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database was queried for patients with a primary diagnosis of CVT. Patients with a currently active diagnosis of malignancy (CA-CVT) were then identified. Demographics and comorbidities were compared between CA-CVT and CVT patients. Subgroup analyses explored patients with hematopoietic cancer and non-hematopoietic cancers. Stroke severity and treatment were explored. Inpatient outcomes studied were discharge disposition, length of stay, and mortality., Results: Between 2016 and 2019, 6,140 patients had a primary diagnosis code of CVT, and 370 (6.0%) patients had a coexisting malignancy. The most common malignancy was hematopoietic (n=195, 52.7%), followed by central nervous system (n=40, 10.8%), respiratory (n=40, 10.8%), and breast (n=40, 10.8%). These patients tended to be older than non-CA-CVT and were more likely to have coexisting comorbidities. CA-CVT patients had higher severity scores on the International Study of Cerebral Vein and Dural Sinus Thrombosis Risk Score (ISCVT-RS) and increased complications. In a propensity-score matched cohort, there were no differences in inpatient outcomes., Conclusion: Malignancy occurs in 6% of patients presenting with CVT and should be considered a potential comorbidity in instances where clear causes of hypercoagulabilty have not been identified. Malignancy was linked to higher mortality rates. Nonetheless, after adjusting for the severity of CVT, the outcomes for inpatients with cancer-associated CVT were comparable to those without cancer, indicating that the increased mortality associated with malignancy is probably due to more severe CVT conditions.

Background and Aims: Although intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) represents standard-of-care treatment for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in eligible adult patients, definitive evidence-based guidelines and randomized clinical trial data evaluating its safety and efficacy in the pediatric population remain absent from the literature. We aimed to evaluate the utilization and outcomes of IVT for the treatment of pediatric AIS using a large national registry., Methods: Weighted hospitalizations for pediatric (<18 years of age) AIS patients were identified in the National Inpatient Sample during the period of 2001 to 2019. Complex sample statistical methods were performed to assess unadjusted and adjusted outcomes in patients treated with IVT or other medical management., Results: Among 13,901 pediatric AIS patients, 270 (1.9%) were treated with IVT monotherapy (median age 12.8 years). IVT-treated patients developed any intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) at a rate of 5.6% (n = 15), and 71.9% (n = 194) experienced favorable functional outcomes at discharge (to home or to acute rehabilitation). Following propensity-score adjustment for age, acute stroke severity, infarct location, and etiological/comorbid conditions, IVT was not associated with an increased risk of any ICH (5.6% vs 5.4%, p = 0.931; adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.01, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.48-2.14, p = 0.971), nor with favorable functional outcome (71.9% vs 74.5%, p = 0.489; aOR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.60-1.29, p = 0.511) in comparison with other medical therapy., Conclusions: Twenty years of population-level data in the United States demonstrate that pediatric AIS patients treated with IVT experienced high rates of favorable outcomes without an increased risk of hemorrhagic transformation.

Background: Patients with severe acute brain injuries (SABI) are at risk of living with long-term disability, frequent medical complications and high rates of mortality. Determining an individual patient's prognosis and conveying this to family members/caregivers can be challenging. We conducted a webinar with experts in neurosurgery, neurocritical care, neuro-palliative care, neuro-ethics, and rehabilitation as part of the Curing Coma Campaign, which is supported by the Neurocritical Care Society. The webinar discussed topics focused on prognostic uncertainty, communicating prognosis to family members/caregivers, gaps within healthcare systems, and research infrastructure as it relates to patients experiencing SABI. The purpose of this manuscript is to describe the themes that emerged from this virtual discussion., Methods: A qualitative analysis of a webinar "Prognostic Humility and Ethical Dilemmas in Acute Brain Injury" was organized as part of the Neurocritical Care Society's Curing Coma Campaign. A multidisciplinary group of experts was invited as speakers and moderators of the webinar. The content of the webinar was transcribed verbatim. Two qualitative researchers (NK and BM) read and re-read the transcription, and familiarized themselves with the text. The two coders developed and agreed on a code book, independently coded the transcript, and discussed any discrepancies. The transcript was analyzed using inductive thematic analysis of codes and themes that emerged within the expert discussion., Results: We coded 168 qualitative excerpts within the transcript. Two main themes were discussed: (1) the concept of prognostic uncertainty in the acute setting, and (2) lack of access to and evidence for quality rehabilitation and specialized continuum of care efforts specific to coma research. Within these two main themes, we found 5 sub-themes, which were broken down into 23 unique codes. The most frequently described code was the need for clinicians to acknowledge our own uncertainties when we discuss prognosis with families, which was mentioned 13 times during the webinar. Several strategies were described for speaking with surrogates of patients who have had a severe brain injury resulting in SABI. We also identified important gaps in the United States health system and in research to improve the care of patients with severe brain injuries., Conclusion: As a result of this webinar and expert discussion, authors identified and analyzed themes related to prognostic uncertainty with SABI. Recommendations were outlined for clinicians who engage with surrogates of patients with SABI to foster informed decisions for their loved one. Finally, recommendations for changes in healthcare systems and research support are provided in order to continue to propel SABI science forward to improve future prognostic certainty., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Kreitzer, Murtaugh, Creutzfeldt, Fins, Manley, Sarwal and Dangayach.)

Background and Purpose: Therapeutic hypothermia (TH), or targeted temperature management (TTM), is a classic treatment option for reducing inflammation and potentially other destructive processes across a wide range of pathologies, and has been successfully used in numerous disease states. The ability for TH to improve neurological outcomes seems promising for inflammatory injuries but has yet to demonstrate clinical benefit in the intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) patient population. Minimally invasive ICH evacuation also presents a promising option for ICH treatment with strong preclinical data but has yet to demonstrate functional improvement in large randomized trials. The biochemical mechanisms of action of ICH evacuation and TH appear to be synergistic, and thus combining hematoma evacuation with cooling therapy could provide synergistic benefits. The purpose of this working group was to develop consensus recommendations on optimal clinical trial design and outcomes for the use of therapeutic hypothermia in ICH in conjunction with minimally invasive ICH evacuation., Methods: An international panel of experts on the intersection of critical-care TH and ICH was convened to analyze available evidence and form a consensus on critical elements of a focal cooling protocol and clinical trial design. Three focused sessions and three full-group meetings were held virtually from December 2020 to February 2021. Each meeting focused on a specific subtopic, allowing for guided, open discussion., Results: These recommendations detail key elements of a clinical cooling protocol and an outline for the roll-out of clinical trials to test and validate the use of TH in conjunction with hematoma evacuation as well as late-stage protocols to improve the cooling approach. The combined use of systemic normothermia and localized moderate (33.5°C) hypothermia was identified as the most promising treatment strategy., Conclusions: These recommendations provide a general outline for the use of TH after minimally invasive ICH evacuation. More research is needed to further refine the use and combination of these promising treatment paradigms for this patient population., Competing Interests: Author NB has received research funding from Becton Dickenson, Maryland Industrial Partnerships, Department of Defense. Author TB owns equity in a start-up investigating mechanisms of local cooling for ICH. Authors TB and CK are listed inventors in IP relating to cooling after ICH. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The reviewer BE declared a shared affiliation with the author PL to the handling editor at the time of review., (Copyright © 2022 Baker, Kellner, Colbourne, Rincon, Kollmar, Badjatia, Dangayach, Mocco, Selim, Lyden, Polderman and Mayer.)

Background: Recent publications on minimally invasive surgery (MIS) for hematoma evacuation have suggested survival benefits in select patients. Since 2015, our center has been performing an MIS technique using continuous irrigation with aspiration through an endoscope (stereotactic intracerebral underwater blood aspiration [SCUBA]). It is unknown how these patient outcomes compare with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) score predictions. Our aim is to determine if SCUBA patients had better 30-day mortality than predicted by their presenting ICH score., Methods: Retrospective review of consecutively admitted patients who underwent SCUBA between December 2015 and March 2019. Operative criteria for MIS evacuation included supratentorial hematoma volume ≥15 mL, age >18, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score ≥6, and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score ≤3. Demographic, radiographic, and clinical data were collected prospectively. The prespecified primary outcome was observed 30-day mortality of SCUBA patients compared with predicted mortality by ICH score on presentation., Results: One-hundred and fifteen patients underwent SCUBA for hematoma evacuation. Initial mean ICH volume was 51.4 mL (standard deviation 33.9 mL), with a median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score of 17 and ICH score of 2. At 1 month, 12 of the 115 SCUBA patients had passed away (30-day mortality rate 10.4%). This was significantly lower than the predicted mortality of 35.1% when calculated using the presenting ICH score (χ 2 (1, N = 115) = 9.5, P < 0.0001), equating to an absolute risk reduction of 24.7%., Conclusions: This study suggests that minimally invasive hematoma evacuation with the SCUBA technique for ICH may reduce predicted 30-day mortality, with a number needed to treat of 4 to prevent 1 mortality., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose of Review: Stroke is the leading cause of permanent motor disability in the United States (US), but there has been little progress in developing novel, effective strategies for treating post-stroke motor deficits. The past decade has seen the rapid development of many promising, gamified neurorehabilitation technologies; however, clinical adoption remains limited. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the recent literature surrounding the adoption and use of gamification in neurorehabilitation after stroke., Recent Findings: Gamification of neurorehabilitation protocols is both feasible and effective. Deployment strategies and scalability need to be addressed with more rigor. Relationship between engaged time on task and rehabilitation outcomes should be explored further as it may create benefits beyond repetitive movement. As gamification becomes a more common and feasible way of delivering exercise-based therapies, additional benefits of gamification are emerging. In spite of this, questions still exist about scalability and widespread clinical adoption., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Introduction Patients obtain a large amount of medical information online. Much of this information may not be reliable or of high quality. We investigated what influences the discussion of asthma on Twitter by evaluating the most popular tweets and the quality of the links shared. Methods We used Symplur Signals to extract data from Twitter examining characteristics of the top 100 most shared tweets and the 50 most shared links that included the hashtag #asthma. Information on each site was assessed using an Asthma Content score, and validated DISCERN scores and HONCode criteria. Results The top 100 asthma-related tweets were shared 10,169 times and had 16,044 likes. Healthcare organizations posted 49 of the top 100 tweets, non-healthcare individuals posted 20, non-healthcare organizations posted 16 and clinicians posted 14. Of the top 100 tweets, 62 were educational, 11 research-related, 10 political and 15 promotional. The top 50 links were shared 6009 times (median number of shares 92 per link (range 60-710)). Links most commonly (42%) led to educational content while 24% of links led to research articles, 22% to promotional websites, and 12% to political websites. Educational links had higher Asthma Content scores than other links ( p  < 0.005). Overall, all three scores were low for all types of links. Only 34% of sites met HONCode criteria, and 14% were assessed as high quality by DISCERN score. Conclusion The top tweets using the hashtag #asthma were commonly educational. The majority of top links on Twitter scored poorly on asthma content, quality, and reliability.

Background and Purpose: Endovascular thrombectomy for large vessel occlusion stroke is a time-sensitive intervention. The use of a Mobile Interventional Stroke Team (MIST) traveling to Thrombectomy Capable Stroke Centers to perform endovascular thrombectomy has been shown to be significantly faster with improved discharge outcomes, as compared with the drip-and-ship (DS) model. The effect of the MIST model stratified by time of presentation has yet to be studied. We hypothesize that patients who present in the early window (last known well of ≤6 hours) will have better clinical outcomes in the MIST model., Methods: The NYC MIST Trial and a prospectively collected stroke database were assessed for patients undergoing endovascular thrombectomy from January 2017 to February 2020. Patients presenting in early and late time windows were analyzed separately. The primary end point was the proportion with a good outcome (modified Rankin Scale score of 0-2) at 90 days. Secondary end points included discharge National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and modified Rankin Scale., Results: Among 561 cases, 226 patients fit inclusion criteria and were categorized into MIST and DS cohorts. Exclusion criteria included a baseline modified Rankin Scale score of >2, inpatient status, or fluctuating exams. In the early window, 54% (40/74) had a good 90-day outcome in the MIST model, as compared with 28% (24/86) in the DS model ( P <0.01). In the late window, outcomes were similar (35% versus 41%; P =0.77). The median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale at discharge was 5.0 and 12.0 in the early window ( P <0.01) and 5.0 and 11.0 in the late window ( P =0.11) in the MIST and DS models, respectively. The early window discharge modified Rankin Scale was significantly better in the MIST model ( P <0.01) and similar in the late window ( P =0.41)., Conclusions: The MIST model in the early time window results in better 90-day outcomes compared with the DS model. This may be due to the MIST capturing high-risk fast progressors at an earlier time point. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT03048292.

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic resulted in a surge of critically ill patients. This was especially true in New York City. We present a roadmap for hospitals and healthcare systems to prepare for a Pandemic., Methods: This was a retrospective review of how Mount Sinai Hospital (MSH) was able to rapidly prepare to handle the pandemic. MSH, the largest academic hospital within the Mount Sinai Health System, rapidly expanded the intensive care unit (ICU) bed capacity, including creating new ICU beds, expanded the workforce, and created guidelines., Results: MSH a 1,139-bed quaternary care academic referral hospital with 104 ICU beds expanded to 1,453 beds (27.5% increase) with 235 ICU beds (126% increase) during the pandemic peak in the first week of April 2020. From March to June 2020, with follow-up through October 2020, MSH admitted 2,591 COVID-19-positive patients, 614 to ICUs. Most admitted patients received noninvasive support including a non-rebreather mask, high flow nasal cannula, and noninvasive positive pressure ventilation. Among ICU patients, 68.4% (n=420) received mechanical ventilation; among the admitted ICU patients, 42.8% (n=263) died, and 47.8% (n=294) were discharged alive., Conclusions: Flexible bed management initiatives; teamwork across multiple disciplines; and development and implementation of guidelines were critical accommodating the surge of critically ill patients. Non-ICU services and staff were deployed to augment the critical care work force and open new critical care units. This approach to rapidly expand bed availability and staffing across the system helped provide the best care for the patients and saved lives.

Background and Purpose: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is associated with hypercoagulability. We sought to evaluate the demographic and clinical characteristics of cerebral venous thrombosis among patients hospitalized for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) at 6 tertiary care centers in the New York City metropolitan area., Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective multicenter cohort study of 13,500 consecutive patients with COVID-19 who were hospitalized between March 1 and May 30, 2020., Results: Of 13,500 patients with COVID-19, twelve had imaging-proved cerebral venous thrombosis with an incidence of 8.8 per 10,000 during 3 months, which is considerably higher than the reported incidence of cerebral venous thrombosis in the general population of 5 per million annually. There was a male preponderance (8 men, 4 women) and an average age of 49 years (95% CI, 36-62 years; range, 17-95 years). Only 1 patient (8%) had a history of thromboembolic disease. Neurologic symptoms secondary to cerebral venous thrombosis occurred within 24 hours of the onset of the respiratory and constitutional symptoms in 58% of cases, and 75% had venous infarction, hemorrhage, or both on brain imaging. Management consisted of anticoagulation, endovascular thrombectomy, and surgical hematoma evacuation. The mortality rate was 25%., Conclusions: Early evidence suggests a higher-than-expected frequency of cerebral venous thrombosis among patients hospitalized for COVID-19. Cerebral venous thrombosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of neurologic syndromes associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection., (© 2021 by American Journal of Neuroradiology.)

Background and Purpose: The 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak and its associated disease (coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]) have created a worldwide pandemic. Early data suggest higher rate of ischemic stroke in severe COVID-19 infection. We evaluated whether a relationship exists between emergent large vessel occlusion (ELVO) and the ongoing COVID-19 outbreak., Methods: This is a retrospective, observational case series. Data were collected from all patients who presented with ELVO to the Mount Sinai Health System Hospitals across New York City during the peak 3 weeks of hospitalization and death from COVID-19. Patients' demographic, comorbid conditions, cardiovascular risk factors, COVID-19 disease status, and clinical presentation were extracted from the electronic medical record. Comparison was made between COVID-19 positive and negative cohorts. The incidence of ELVO stroke was compared with the pre-COVID period., Results: Forty-five consecutive ELVO patients presented during the observation period. Fifty-three percent of patients tested positive for COVID-19. Total patients' mean (±SD) age was 66 (±17). Patients with COVID-19 were significantly younger than patients without COVID-19, 59±13 versus 74±17 (odds ratio [95% CI], 0.94 [0.81-0.98]; P =0.004). Seventy-five percent of patients with COVID-19 were male compared with 43% of patients without COVID-19 (odds ratio [95% CI], 3.99 [1.12-14.17]; P =0.032). Patients with COVID-19 were less likely to be White (8% versus 38% [odds ratio (95% CI), 0.15 (0.04-0.81); P =0.027]). In comparison to a similar time duration before the COVID-19 outbreak, a 2-fold increase in the total number of ELVO was observed (estimate: 0.78 [95% CI, 0.47-1.08], P ≤0.0001)., Conclusions: More than half of the ELVO stroke patients during the peak time of the New York City's COVID-19 outbreak were COVID-19 positive, and those patients with COVID-19 were younger, more likely to be male, and less likely to be White. Our findings also suggest an increase in the incidence of ELVO stroke during the peak of the COVID-19 outbreak.

Objectives: To determine if non-invasive cerebral perfusion estimation provided by a new acousto-optic technology can be used as a reliable predictor of neurological outcome., Patients and Methods: We performed a prospective, observational cohort study of consecutive comatose patients successfully resuscitated from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Patients were monitored using c-FLOW (Ornim Medical) from critical care unit admission up to 72 h, full awakening, or death. Primary outcome was favourable neurological outcome at hospital discharge, defined as a Cerebral Performance Category score of 1 or 2., Results: A total of 21 patients were enrolled, without any loss to follow-up. Mean perfusion index over the monitoring period was not associated with functional outcome at hospital discharge (OR 1.03 [0.93, 1.17]). Adjustment for initial rhythm, time to return of spontaneous circulation and Glasgow coma scale motor score did not significantly alter the results (OR 1.06 [0.99, 1.12]). Mean perfusion index showed a poor discriminative value with an area under the curve of 0.60 for functional outcome (0.64 for survival). Correlation between the probes was weak (Pearson coefficient 0.35)., Conclusion: Cerebral perfusion monitoring using a c-FLOW device in survivors of cardiac arrest is feasible, but reliability of the information provided has yet to be demonstrated. In our cohort, we were unable to identify any association between the perfusion index and clinical outcomes at discharge. As such, clinical management of cardiac arrest patients based on non-invasive perfusion index is not supported and should be limited to research protocols. The trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02575196., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background and Purpose: Preclinical studies suggest that clot removal may mitigate primary and secondary brain injury following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Although the MISTIE trial did not demonstrate an overall outcome benefit, it did demonstrate outcome benefit from effective reduction of clot burden. Minimally invasive endoscopic ICH evacuation may provide an alternative option for clot evacuation., Methods: Patients presenting to a single healthcare system from December 2015 to October 2018 with supratentorial spontaneous ICH were evaluated for minimally invasive endoscopic evacuation. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were prospectively established by a multidisciplinary group in the healthcare system. The prespecified primary analysis was the proportion of patients with modified Rankin Score (mRS) 0-3 at 6 months., Results: One hundred patients met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and underwent minimally invasive endoscopic ICH evacuation. The mean (SD) hematoma size was 49.7 (30.6) mL, the mean (SD) evacuation percentage was 88.2 (20.3)%, and 86% of patients had postoperative residual hematoma ≤15 mL. At 6 months the proportion of patients with an mRS of 0-3 was 46%., Conclusions: This study suggests that minimally invasive endoscopic ICH evacuation may produce favorable long-term functional outcomes. Further evaluation of this technique in a randomized clinical trial is necessary., Competing Interests: Competing interests: JM receives research funding from Penumbra (manufacturer of the Apollo and Artemis devices) for an ongoing clinical trial evaluating endoscopic ICH evacuation using the Apollo or Artemis devices (INVEST, NCT02654015) and has a financial interest in Rebound Therapeutics now owned by Integra. CPK is site PI of the INVEST and MIND studies funded by Penumbra and site PI for the PILLAR study funded by Minnetronix., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Background: Ventriculostomy-related infection (VRI) is a feared complication of external ventricular drain (EVD) placement. Although many contributing factors to VRI have been examined, little is known whether there is an association between ventriculostomy-related catheter tract hemorrhage (VCTH) and VRI., Objective: To evaluate risk factors for VRI and assess possible correlations with VCTH., Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of patients with EVD placement in a neurocritical care unit between 2011 and 2015. VRI was defined as clinical signs of infection with a positive cerebrospinal fluid gram stain and isolation of cerebrospinal fluid culture. VCTH was diagnosed by computed tomography immediately after EVD insertion., Results: A total of 247 patients with EVD were identified during the 5-yr study period. An association between VCTH and gram-negative VRI was identified (P = .02). Ten percent (25 of 247 patients) developed a VRI, and 7% (18 of 247 patients) had a VCTH. Of the 25 patients with VRI, 20% (n = 5) had a VCTH, compared to 6% (n = 13) of 222 patients who had an EVD placed but did not develop VRI. There were no significant differences in demographic and clinical factors except for multiple EVD insertions (P < .00001), EVD duration (P < .001), and hospital length of stay (P < .001)., Conclusion: VCTH is a potentially significant risk factor for VRI. Further analysis will be needed to confirm the strength of this association, and to delineate the possible mechanisms by which tract hemorrhage may serve as a nidus for bacterial penetration into the central nervous system., (Copyright © 2019 by the Congress of Neurological Surgeons.)

Our objective was to evaluate the association between traditional metrics such as Impact Factor and Eigenfactor with respect to alternative metrics. The Altmetric Attention Score for the top nine pulmonary and critical care journals was compared with Impact Factor, Eigenfactor, and citations over two time periods (2007-2011 and 2012-2016). There was a significant increase in the Altmetric Attention Score (52 from 2007 to 2011 vs 1,061 from 2012 to 2016; p < 0.001) but no significant differences in Total Citations, Impact Factor, or Eigenfactor. There was a strong positive correlation between citations and Altmetric Attention Score, negative correlations between Eigenfactor and Altmetric Attention Score for most journals, and no clear association between Impact Factor and Altmetric Attention Score. Over time, the digital reach of traditional publications has increased significantly, while no significant increase was noted for the traditional metrics. These findings likely reflect discussions of articles online that are not captured by traditional metrics and hence their impact on the community at large., Competing Interests: The authors have disclosed that they do not have any potential conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2019 The Authors. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the Society of Critical Care Medicine.)

Background: Delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage is characterized by a highly complex pathophysiology and results in neurologic deterioration after the inciting bleed. Despite its significant consequences, prompt diagnosis can be elusive and treatment is often administered too late. Early brain injury, which occurs within the first 72 hours after ictus, may be an important factor for delayed cerebral ischemia and poor overall outcome. Here, we explore the purported clinical and pathologic manifestations of early brain injury to identify biomarkers that could have prognostic value., Methods: We review the literature and discuss potential emerging markers of delayed cerebral ischemia in the context of early brain injury., Results: The following clinical features and biomarkers were examined: global cerebral edema, ictal loss of consciousness, ultra early angiographic vasospasm, continuous electroencephalogram monitoring, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, cellular mediators of the inflammatory response, and hematologic derangements., Conclusions: Some of these markers possess independent value for determining the risk of complications after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. However, their use is limited because of a variety of factors, but they do provide an avenue of further study to aid in diagnosis and management., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

OBJECTIVE The clinical significance of cerebral ultra-early angiographic vasospasm (UEAV), defined as cerebral arterial narrowing within the first 48 hours of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH), remains poorly characterized. The authors sought to determine its frequency, predictors, and impact on functional outcome. METHODS The authors prospectively studied UEAV in a cohort of 1286 consecutively admitted patients with aSAH between August 1996 and June 2013. Admission clinical, radiographic, and acute clinical course information was documented during patient hospitalization. Functional outcome was assessed at 3 months using the modified Rankin Scale. Logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards models were generated to assess predictors of UEAV and its relationship to delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) and outcome. Multiple imputation methods were used to address data lost to follow-up. RESULTS The cohort incidence rate of UEAV was 4.6%. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that younger age, sentinel bleed, and poor admission clinical grade were significantly associated with UEAV. Patients with UEAV had a 2-fold increased risk of DCI (odds ratio [OR] 2.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4-3.9, p = 0.002) and cerebral infarction (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.0-3.9, p = 0.04), after adjusting for known predictors. Excluding patients who experienced sentinel bleeding did not change this effect. Patients with UEAV also had a significantly higher hazard for DCI in a multivariable model. UEAV was not found to be significantly associated with poor functional outcome (OR 0.8, 95% CI 0.4-1.6, p = 0.5). CONCLUSIONS UEAV may be less frequent than has been reported previously. Patients who exhibit UEAV are at higher risk for refractory DCI that results in cerebral infarction. These patients may benefit from earlier monitoring for signs of DCI and more aggressive treatment. Further study is needed to determine the long-term functional significance of UEAV.

Objectives: There is wide variability in the discussion of code status by residents among hospitalized patients. The primary objective of this study was to determine the effect of a scripted code status explanation on patient understanding of choices pertaining to code status and end-of-life care., Methods: This was a single center, randomized trial in a teaching hospital. Patients were randomized to a control (questionnaire alone) or intervention arm (standardized explanation+ questionnaire). A composite score was generated based on patient responses to assess comprehension., Results: The composite score was 5.27 in the intervention compared to 4.93 in the control arm (p=0.066). The score was lower in older patients (p<0.001), patients with multiple comorbidities (p≤0.001), KATZ score <6 (p=0.008), and those living in an assisted living/nursing home (p=0.005). There were significant differences in patient understanding of the ability to receive chest compressions, intravenous fluids, and tube feeds by code status., Conclusion: The scripted code status explanation did not significantly impact the composite score. Age, comorbidities, performance status, and type of residence demonstrated a significant association with patient understanding of code status choices., Practice Implications: Standardized discussion of code status and training in communication of end-of-life care merit further research.

Brought up in the traditional education system in a large teaching hospital in Mumbai, India, I moved on to do specialisation in neurology in the United States of America. The Indian system of pre-medical education mandates early choices between the humanities and the sciences and thus precludes a more well-rounded development of a student. Though medical humanities is not taught as a subject as part of the medical curriculum in India, listening to inspiring and learned teachers and the daily interaction with scores of patients who are willing to submit themselves to examination "in the cause of medical education" is a humbling experience to a sensitive student. I see similar willingness in patients in the United States. However, a formal course in the medical humanities, including arts, literature, and philosophy will surely enrich the experience of a larger number of undergraduates and postgraduates learning the core subjects and help in moulding a more rounded physician.

Background: Computer usage capabilities of medical students for introduction of computer-aided learning have not been adequately assessed., Aim: Cross-sectional study to evaluate computer literacy among medical students., Settings and Design: Tertiary care teaching hospital in Mumbai, India., Materials and Methods: Participants were administered a 52-question questionnaire, designed to study their background, computer resources, computer usage, activities enhancing computer skills, and attitudes toward computer-aided learning (CAL). The data was classified on the basis of sex, native place, and year of medical school, and the computer resources were compared. The computer usage and attitudes toward computer-based learning were assessed on a five-point Likert scale, to calculate Computer usage score (CUS - maximum 55, minimum 11) and Attitude score (AS - maximum 60, minimum 12). The quartile distribution among the groups with respect to the CUS and AS was compared by chi-squared tests. The correlation between CUS and AS was then tested., Results: Eight hundred and seventy-five students agreed to participate in the study and 832 completed the questionnaire. One hundred and twenty eight questionnaires were excluded and 704 were analyzed. Outstation students had significantly lesser computer resources as compared to local students (P<0.0001). The mean CUS for local students (27.0±9.2, Mean±SD) was significantly higher than outstation students (23.2±9.05). No such difference was observed for the AS. The means of CUS and AS did not differ between males and females. The CUS and AS had positive, but weak correlations for all subgroups., Conclusion: The weak correlation between AS and CUS for all students could be explained by the lack of computer resources or inadequate training to use computers for learning. Providing additional resources would benefit the subset of outstation students with lesser computer resources. This weak correlation between the attitudes and practices of all students needs to be investigated. We believe that this gap can be bridged with a structured computer learning program.