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Purpose: To review all studies reporting the occurrence of white dot syndromes (WDSs) following SARS-COV-2 infection., Methods: On May 12, 2023, we registered our protocol on PROSPERO [registration number: CRD42023426012]. Five different databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Science Direct were searched up to May 2023. We included all studies that reported the symptoms of WDSs following SARS-COV-2 infection. The data was extracted using a uniform Excel extraction sheet. All statistical tests were conducted with a 95% confidence interval and a 5% error margin. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The publication bias of included studies was assessed using JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Case Reports and IHE Quality Appraisal Checklist for Case Series studies., Results: This review included thirty-two studies involving forty-eight patients. Acute macular neuroretinopathy was the most common disease (70.8%) followed by multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (14.6%) with 58.3% of WDS after their first SARS-COV-2 infection, and paracentral acute middle maculopathy (4.1%). They were mostly unilateral (56.2%). The presenting symptoms were blurred vision (70.8%), visual field disturbance (68.7%), and photopsia (20.8%). About 35.4% of the patients improved by their treatment and future complications were persistent scotoma (4.2%) and macular edema (2.1%)., Conclusion: White dot syndromes are very rare entities. Our findings suggest a possible association between white dot syndrome onset and SARS-COV-2 infection. We recommend ophthalmologists should be aware of this suggested association to deliver better management and patients' care., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS) is a rare form of posterior uveitis characterized by involvement in the posterior pole and mid-periphery. A viral etiology that provokes an immune-mediated response has been hypothesized to be the inciting factor of the pathology. Recently, there has been an increase in the literature regarding new-onset uveitis and reactivation of previously diagnosed cases of uveitis following COVID-19 vaccinations. The COVID-19 vaccination has been speculated to trigger an immunomodulatory shift in recipients, resulting in an autoimmune event. MEWDS following COVID-19 vaccination was reported in 31 patients. It was most commonly observed following the first dose, affecting 15 patients, and least commonly after the booster dose, in only one patient. MEWDS-like disease following anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations was reported the most in 16 cases after the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccination (BNT162b2 mRNA). Most of these cases had Primary MEWDS without any previous history of a similar event in the past., (Copyright © 2024 Copyright: © 2024 Indian Journal of Ophthalmology.)

Considering the widespread use of COVID-19 vaccines as a preventive measure against the spread of the virus, it's necessary to direct attention to the adverse effects associated with vaccines in a limited group of populations. Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS) following COVID-19 vaccination is a rare adverse reaction associated with COVID-19 vaccines. In this systematic review, we collected 19 articles with 27 patients up to November 1, 2023, summarizing the basic information, clinical manifestations, examinations, treatments, and recoveries of the 27 patients. The 27 enrolled patients (6 males, 21 females) had a median age of 34.1 years (15-71 years old) and were mainly from 5 regions: Asia (8), the Mediterranean region (8), North America (7), Oceania (3) and Brazil (1). Symptoms occurred post-first dose in 9 patients, post-second dose in 14 (1 with symptoms after both), post-third dose in 1, and both post-second and booster doses in 1, while details on 2 cases were not disclosed. Treatments included tapered oral steroids (6), topical steroids (3), tapered prednisone with antiviral drugs and vitamins (1), and valacyclovir and acetazolamide (1), while 16 received no treatment. All patients experienced symptom improvement, and nearly all patients ultimately recovered. Moreover, we summarized possible hypotheses concerning the mechanism of COVID-19 vaccine-associated MEWDS. The findings provide insights into the clinical aspects of COVID-19 vaccine-associated MEWDS. More attention should be given to patients with vaccine-associated MEWDS, and necessary treatment should be provided to patients experiencing a substantial decline in visual acuity to improve their quality of life.

Purpose: To review all studies reporting the onset of white dot syndromes following COVID-19 vaccines., Methods: Our protocol was registered prospectively on PROSPERO [registration number: CRD42023426012]. We searched five different databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Science Direct up to May 2023. All the studies that reported the occurrence of white dot syndrome following COVID-19 vaccines were included. All statistical tests were conducted with a 95% confidence interval and a 5% error margin. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The methodological quality of included studies was performed using the IHE Quality Appraisal Checklist for Case Series studies and JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Case Reports., Results: Fifty studies involving seventy-one subjects were included. Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS) was the most common disease (n = 25, 35.2% %), followed by acute macular neuroretinopathy (AMN) (n = 22, 31.0%) and acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE) (n = 4, 5.6%). They were mostly unilateral (n = 50, 70.4%). The presenting symptoms were blurred vision (n = 26, 36.6%), paracentral scotoma (n = 19, 26.8%), visual field disturbance, and photopsia (n = 7, 9.9%). The mean duration for follow-up was 10.15 ± 14.04 weeks. Nineteen subjects (29.69%) received steroids with improvement reported in 68.4%. Eleven subjects (17.19%) were managed by observation only with reported full recovery and improvement., Conclusion: White dot syndromes are very rare entities. Our findings highlight a possible association between COVID-19 vaccines and the occurrence of white dot syndromes. However, larger studies with good quality should be implemented to confirm these findings., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS)-like features is a rare condition triggered by a macular disease or iatrogenic injury, exhibiting MEWDS changes in the fundus. This study aims to describe the multimodal imaging features and outcomes of multifocal choroiditis/punctate inner choroidopathy (MFC/PIC) lesions with MEWDS-like features., Methods: Six cases were studied retrospectively. All cases were given regional and oral corticosteroids., Results: All cases showed an isolated juxtafoveal yellowish-white MFC/PIC lesion with disruption of RPE-Bruch's membrane-choriocapillaris complex (RPE-BM-CC), subretinal hyperreflective materials and choroidal thickening on optical coherence tomography. Two weeks after presentation, the grayish-white dots disappeared spontaneously and the corticosteroids were given. After four weeks, the ellipsoid zone (EZ) around the lesion and hyper-autofluorescence resolved. After 13 weeks, five cases showed shrinkage of the juxtafoveal lesion and restoration of foveal EZ. After six months, the juxtafoveal lesion became pigmented. Only one case developed type 2 choroidal neovascularization., Conclusions: The clinical course of MEWDS-like manifestations is still evanescent in our cases. The yellowish-white juxtafoveal MFC/PIC lesions with disruption of RPE-BM-CC and choroidal thickening showed a well-controlled prognosis after corticosteroid treatment., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Purpose: Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome is a self-limiting inflammatory condition of the outer retina. Only little information is available how patients experience their symptoms., Method: We report a case of a 28-year-old male graphic designer with multiple evanescent white dot syndrome, who precisely illustrated the development and course of the characteristic symptoms while looking at the ceiling, at a face and on his phone., Result: At onset, the scotoma was sparking/shiny and appeared on the temporal field of view, consistent with an enlarged blind spot. Over the course of the disease, the scotoma decreased in intensity and moved superiorly and nasally until it completely faded., Conclusion: Illustrations from a patient's perspective over the course of the disease can be beneficial for physicians and other multiple evanescent white dot syndrome patients for a better understanding and monitoring of their disease.

Purpose: We describe the association between active ocular toxoplasmosis and Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome (MEWDS)., Patients and Methods: Retrospective observational case report of a patient who presented with concomitant ocular toxoplasmosis and MEWDS (Erasmus University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium). Clinical record and multimodal imaging including fundus autofluorescence (FAF), fluorescein angiography (FA), indocyanine green angiography (ICGA), and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) were analyzed., Results: Multimodal imaging of a 25-year-old-woman that presented with concomitant active ocular toxoplasmosis and MEWDS is described. Both clinical entities regressed completely after 8 weeks under steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotics., Conclusion: Active ocular toxoplasmosis can be associated with simultaneous multiple evanescent white dot syndrome. Further reports are needed to precise and characterize this clinical relationship and its management. Abbreviations: MEWDS: Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome; Fundus Autofluorescence FAF; BCVA: Best-corrected Visual Acuity; FA: Fluorescein Angiography; ICGA: Indocyanine Green Angiography; SD-OCT: Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography; IR: Infrared.

Purpose: To demonstrate different topographic distributions of multiple-evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS) and secondary MEWDS disease and to describe possible associations., Methods: Clinical evaluation and multimodal retinal imaging in 27 subjects with MEWDS (29 discrete episodes of MEWDS). Ophthalmic assessment included best-corrected visual acuity testing and multimodal retinal imaging with OCT, blue-light autofluorescence, fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography, fundus photography, and widefield pseudocolor and autofluorescence fundus imaging., Results: The topographic distribution of MEWDS lesions was centered on or around the optic disc (n = 17, 59%), centered on the macula (n = 7, 24%), sectoral (n = 2, 7%), or was indeterminate (n = 3, 10%). The MEWDS episodes either occurred in the absence ('primary MEWDS'; n = 14, 48%) or presence of concurrent chorioretinal pathology ('secondary MEWDS'; n = 15, 52%). In patients with the latter, MEWDS lesions were often centered around a coexisting chorioretinal lesion. The majority of patients in both groups experienced resolution of their symptoms and retinal changes on multimodal imaging by 3 months., Conclusions: Distinct distributions of MEWDS lesions were identified. MEWDS may occur in tandem with other chorioretinal pathology, which may impact the topography of MEWDS lesions., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Purpose: To present and compare the clinical features and multimodal imaging (MMI) findings of the primary form of multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS) and MEWDS secondary to multifocal choroiditis/punctate inner choroidopathy (MFC/PIC)., Methods: A prospective case series. Thirty eyes of 30 MEWDS patients were included and divided into the primary MEWDS group and MEWDS secondary to MFC/PIC group. Demographic, epidemiologic, and clinical characteristics and MEWDS-related MMI findings of the two groups were compared., Results: Seventeen eyes from 17 patients with primary MEWDS and 13 eyes from 13 patients with MEWDS secondary to MFC/PIC were evaluated. Patients with MEWDS secondary to MFC/PIC tended to have a higher degree of myopia than those with primary MEWDS. No other significant differences in demographic, epidemiologic, and clinical characteristics and MMI findings were found between the two groups., Conclusion: "MEWDS-like reaction" hypothesis seems to be correct for MEWDS secondary to MFC/PIC, and the authors highlight the importance of MMI examinations in MEWDS. Further research is needed to confirm whether the hypothesis is applicable to other forms of secondary MEWDS.

Background: To report a case of Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome (MEWDS) one month after a COVID-19 infection in a female patient at an age unusual for the occurrence of this disease., Case Presentation: A 69-year-old Caucasian female reported the presence of floaters, photopsia, and enlarging vision loss in her left eye following the COVID-19 infection. Clinical and multimodal imaging was consistent with the MEWDS diagnosis. Fluorescein angiography examination revealed characteristic hyperfluorescent spots around the fovea in a wreath-like pattern. An extensive lab workup to rule out other autoimmune and infectious etiologies was inconclusive. Visual acuity and white dots resolved after a course of corticosteroids, which was confirmed on follow-up dilated fundus exam and multimodal imaging., Conclusions: MEWDS is a rare white dot syndrome that may occur following COVID-19 infection in addition to other reported ophthalmic disorders following this infection., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Purpose: To report a case of multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS) following adenovirus vector-based Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine, Covishield and to present a summary of previously reported cases of MEWDS following COVID-19 vaccines., Methods: Retrospective case report and review of literature., Results: A 22-year-old Indian female presented with blurred vision, scotomata, and photopsias in her left eye, a day after administration of second dose of Covishield vaccine. Her clinical findings and imaging features confirmed the diagnosis of MEWDS. Her symptoms resolved spontaneously after 2 weeks., Conclusion: This is the first reported case of MEWDS following an adenovirus vector-based COVID-19 vaccine. Comparison with previously reported cases of MEWDS following COVID-19 vaccination showed that patients are generally healthy, young to middle-aged women, who develop symptoms after a median time of one week and recover spontaneously over a median period of 4 weeks.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the foveal changes occurring in multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS) using multimodal imaging techniques with a specific focus on hyper-reflective dots (HRDs)., Methods: This was a retro-prospective observational study including 35 eyes with active MEWDS. Structural and en face optical coherence tomography (OCT) was performed, with follow-up visits at 2 weeks, 6 weeks, and 2 months from baseline. HRD percentage area (HRD % area) was calculated in a 600 µm fovea centered circle on en face OCT, after background subtraction and image binarization. HRD % area was compared with 23 fellow control eyes. Longitudinal changes in the HRD % areas were assessed using repeated-measure statistics., Results: HRDs were observed as scattered hyper-reflective spots on the vitreoretinal interface on en face OCT images, colocalizing with HRDs or vertical hyper-reflective lines on structural OCT images. The baseline evaluation showed a significantly higher HRD % area in MEWDS eyes compared to fellow eyes (0.10 ± 0.03 vs. 0.08 ± 0.04, P = 0.01). The HRD % area correlated positively with LogMAR visual acuity and inversely with the duration of symptoms. Longitudinal analysis revealed a significant reduction in the HRD % area over time. There was no significant interaction between the rate of HRD disappearance and clinical or demographic factors at baseline., Conclusions: As HRD potentially represents the end-feet projections of activated Müller cells on the retinal surface, this study supports the involvement of Müller cells in the pathogenesis of the disease. The findings highlight the potential of en face OCT imaging for monitoring the progression of MEWDS.

Competing Interests: None

Purpose: To report two cases of multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS) following COVID-19 vaccination with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine., Methods: Two case reports. Case-1: A 40-yo Caucasian male, complained of blurred and decrease of vision in his left eye (OS) one week after the first dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Funduscopic examination OS showed multiple granular white dots with an aspect of foveal granularity. Case-2: A 23-yo woman also presented with defective and decrease of vision OS. She received her first dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine ten days before. Dilated fundus examination OS showed altered macular reflex with an aspect of foveal granularity., Results: Multimodal imaging showed features of MEWDS in both cases. The anomalies found resolved spontaneously after 6 weeks., Conclusion: Inflammation and immune dysregulation induced by COVID-19 mRNA vaccine or its adjuvants could be involved in ocular adverse effects.

Purpose: To report a case of multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS) associated with acute progression of lacquer cracks in high myopia., Case Report: A 41-year-old female patient with high myopia developed typical signs, symptoms, and disease course of MEWDS in her right eye. At the same time, the same eye showed progression of lacquer cracks when compared to images taken 2 months prior. Retinal imaging findings characteristic of MEWDS were most obvious on fundus autofluorescence, whereas alterations on color fundus photography, optical coherence tomography, fluorescein, and indocyanine green angiography were very mild, probably because of the myopia-related fundus pathology., Conclusion: We present a case of MEWDS co-occurring with acute progression of lacquer cracks. This adds to the increasing evidence that impaired integrity of the retinal pigment epithelium-Bruch's membrane complex may be a factor in causing MEWDS, possibly by exposing otherwise isolated antigens. The anatomy in a highly myopic eye may make it challenging to diagnose MEWDS-associated fundus changes., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To analyze the changes of macrophage-like cells (MLCs) on the inner retinal surface associated with multiple evanescent white dot syndrome using optical coherence tomography., Methods: Four eyes of four patients with multiple evanescent white dot syndrome were examined and followed with multimodal imaging, including optical coherence tomography angiography, to visualize MLC on en face structural projections., Results: On en face structural optical coherence tomography angiography projection at presentation, all multiple evanescent white dot syndrome eyes showed a decrease of the nearest neighbor distance of MLC within the region of interest and an increase of MLC density in the perifovea compared with the fellow unaffected eye. Three eyes demonstrated protrusion of MLC into the vitreous. At 1 to 3 months of follow-up, nearest neighbor distance increased, and MLC density decreased to the level of the fellow unaffected eye along with regression of multiple evanescent white dot syndrome symptoms., Conclusion: Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome may be associated with increase of MLC population on the inner retinal surface, which can be tracked with clinical optical coherence tomography imaging.

Purpose: To evaluate a patient with multiple evanescent white dot syndrome with multimodal imaging including high-resolution spectral-domain optical coherence tomography., Methods: The patient was evaluated with wide-field color and autofluorescence imaging, microperimetry, and near-infrared imaging. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography was performed using an instrument capable of 3- μ m axial resolution, the high-resolution Heidelberg Spectralis., Results: A 28-year-old woman developed photopsias and a scotoma in the field of vision of her left eye. She had multiple whitish spots with granularity in her fovea, consistent with the diagnosis of multiple evanescent white dot syndrome. She had supportive fluorescein angiographic and autofluorescence findings. Because of the high resolution and good layer contrast, it was possible to create en face slab images of the external limiting membrane, ellipsoid zone, interdigitation zone, and retinal pigment epithelium. The external limiting membrane showed no abnormalities. There were multiple regions of decreased reflectance in the ellipsoid zone slab but even more prominent changes in the interdigitation zone. The retinal pigment epithelium showed nearly no variation in layer reflectivity. With resolution of symptoms, the color and autofluorescence images returned to normal, the defects in the ellipsoid zone almost completely resolved, and the interdigitation zone continued to show abnormalities., Conclusion: Although past studies concluded that the ellipsoid zone was the main region of involvement in multiple evanescent white dot syndrome, high-resolution spectral-domain optical coherence tomography suggests the interdigitation zone was more prominently affected in this case.

The advent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected the incidence and course of various diseases and numerous studies have investigated ocular involvement associated with COVID-19 and corresponding vaccines. In this study, we compared the incidence of multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS) before and during the COVID-19 pandemic at a single center in Korea and analyzed the demographic and clinical features of patients with MEWDS presenting during the COVID-19 pandemic. We categorized patients with MEWDS into two groups according to date of diagnosis. Pre-COVID19 group included patients diagnosed during the pre-pandemic period (between March 11, 2017, and March 10, 2020), whereas post-COVID19 group included patients diagnosed during the pandemic period (between March 11, 2020, and March 10, 2023). 6 and 12 patients were included in pre-COVID19 group and post-COVID19 group, respectively. Among all hospital visits during the pre-pandemic and pandemic periods, 0.011% and 0.030% were due to MEWDS, indicating a significant increase during the pandemic (p = 0.029, B = 2.756). The annual incidence of patients with MEWDS in 2017-2022 were 0.73, 0.75, 0.78, 1.32, 2.49, and 2.07 per 10,000 population, respectively, corresponding to a significant increase (p = 0.039, B = 1.316). Our results imply that the incidence and manifestation of MEWDS are likely to become more diverse in the COVID-19 pandemic era., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the quality of completion among both drivers and medical examiners in filling out Commercial Driver's (CD) Medical Examination Report Forms., Methods: This was a cross-sectional retrospective study of abstracted data from the year 2019. CD Medical Examination Report Forms, collected from a single nationally-based employer and initially reviewed by corporate medical directors, were evaluated by the study team for completeness of documentation provided by both drivers and medical examiners (MEs). Relevant findings included unanswered questions, inconsistency between responses, and lack of necessary elaboration for positive responses., Results: Among 1603 examinations, MEs completed the Medical Examination Report Form incompletely or incorrectly in 30% of examinations (n = 484). Drivers inconsistently filled out their health history with elaborations 38.7% of the time. Most commonly, they failed to elaborate on positive health history responses in 28.7% of examinations, but other types of errors were noted as well., Conclusions: A considerable proportion of drivers or examiners (n = 890, 55%) failed to adequately or correctly complete CD Medical Examination Report forms., (© 2024 The Author(s). American Journal of Industrial Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Initial proof-of-concept development of competitive lateral flow (LF) test strips involving red quantum dots (Qdots) is demonstrated with visible confirmation of the competitive displacement of Qdot-protein-saxitoxin (Stx) and -tetrodotoxin (Ttx) conjugates over 15 min. The measured limits of detection (LODs) for the best versions of the assays were in the 1-2 µg range when a bovine serum albumin (BSA)-Stx or -Ttx conjugate was used as the analyte for safety reasons and NIH ImageJ image analysis was applied. However, when one assumes that only one of the primary amines in BSA labeled with Stx or Ttx is needed as the "epitope" for capture and calculates the weight of the toxin adducts on an equal mole basis to that of 1 µg of toxin-BSA conjugate, the LODs are as low as 4.5 ng of toxin. No cross-reactivity was seen for these prototype test strips when BSA-Stx and BSA-Ttx were switched as analytes at or near their respective LODs which is in agreement with published specificity and affinity studies for these aptamers in the literature., Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Purpose: to describe multimodal imaging and electrophysiology of multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS) concomitant with COVID-19 infection in a patient on BRAF (B Rapidly Accelerated Fibrosarcoma) and MEK (Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase) inhibitors., Methods: observational case report and literature review., Results: a 37-year-old woman affected by cutaneous melanoma on BRAF and MEK inhibitors developed visual symptoms in the right eye simultaneously with a SARS-COV-2 infection. The right eye visual acuity was hand movement, and clinical examination disclosed vitreous cells, yellow-white retinal spots, and macular yellowish material. Fundus autofluorescence and angiograms were consistent with MEWDS. Angiograms, optical coherence tomography, and optical coherence tomography angiography revealed a macular choroidal neovascular membrane. The infectious and inflammatory work-up was negative. Electrodiagnostic tests revealed cone dysfunction. MEWDS resolved and anti-VEGF treatment allowed partial vision recovery., Conclusion: the case illustrates the association of MEWDS and choroidal neovascularization developing after COVID-19 infection in the setting of immunotherapy.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare primary versus secondary forms of multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS) at T0 (baseline) and T1 (1-4 months after the onset of symptoms)., Methods: A total of 101 eyes in 100 patients were included in a multicentric retrospective study., Results: Secondary MEWDS was defined as MEWDS associated with underlying chorioretinal inflammatory pathologies, mainly multifocal choroiditis and punctuate inner choroidopathy. Patients with secondary MEWDS were older (P = 0.011). The proportion of women (P = 0.8), spherical equivalent (P = 0.3), and best-corrected visual acuity at T0 (P = 0.2) were not significantly different between the two groups. The area of MEWDS lesions on late-phase indocyanine green angiography was significantly smaller in secondary MEWDS (P = 0.001) and less symmetrical with respect to both horizontal (P = 0.003) and vertical (P = 0.004) axis. At T0, neither the clinical (P = 0.5) nor the multimodal imaging (P = 0.2) inflammation scores were significantly different between the groups. At T1, the multimodal imaging inflammation score was higher in secondary MEWDS (P = 0.021)., Conclusion: In secondary MEWDS, outer retinal lesions are less extensive and located close to preexisting chorioretinal lesions. Mild signs of intraocular inflammation on multimodal imaging are more frequent in secondary MEWDS during recovery. These findings suggest that chorioretinal inflammation may trigger secondary MEWDS.

Rationale: Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS) is characterized by multiple white dots in the posterior pole of the eye, but its diagnosis can be difficult in cases when the white dots are not visible. We report an atypical case of MEWDS that developed in pathologic myopia., Patient Concern: A 42-year-old woman presented with floater and reduced and distorted vision in the right eye that she noted 3 days earlier., Diagnosis: The right eye was highly myopic at -17.0 diopters, and her decimal best-corrected visual acuity was reduced to 0.2 (20/100). Fundus examinations revealed no abnormalities other than myopic fundus changes and previous laser photocoagulation spots. However, fundus autofluorescence (FAF) showed multiple hyperfluorescent dots, and optical coherence tomography showed a high reflective lesion on the retinal pigmental epithelium at the fovea. Adjustments of the brightness and contrast of the conventional fundus images revealed white dots in the same location as the hyperfluorescent spots seen in the FAF images. We diagnosed her with MEWDS., Interventions: We treated her with systemic administration of 20 mg prednisolone and the dose of prednisolone was reduced by 5 mg every 4 weeks., Outcomes: The optical coherence tomography and FAF findings gradually normalized, and 5 months later, her decimal visual acuity was restored to 1.0 (20/20)., Lessons: It was suggested that white dots typical to MEWDS may not be evident in pathologic myopia, and FAF images and the brightness and contrast adjustment of fundus images were useful in the diagnosis of atypical MEWDS., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2023 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

In this study, the interaction of the human hemoglobin with cost effective and chemically fabricated CdS quantum dots (QDs) (average sizes ≈3nm) has been investigated. The semiconductor QDs showed maximum visible absorption at 445 nm with excitonic formation and band gap of ≈ 2.88 eV along with hexagonal crystalline phase. The binding of QDs-Hb occurs through corona formation to the ground sate complex formation. The life time of the heme pocket binding and reorganization were found to be t 1  = 43 min and t 2  = 642 min, respectively. The emission quenching of the Hb has been indicated large energy transfer between CdS QDs and Hb with tertiary deformation of Hb. The binding thermodynamics showed highly exothermic nature. The ultrafast decay during corona formation was studied from TCSPC. The results showed that the energy transfer efficiency increases with the increase of the QDs concentration and maximum ≈71.5 % energy transfer occurs and average ultrafast lifetime varies from 5.45 ns to1.51 ns. The deformation and unfolding of the secondary structure of Hb with changes of the α-helix (≈74 % to ≈51.07 %) and β-sheets (≈8.63 % to ≈10.25 %) have been observed from circular dichroism spectrum. The SAXS spectrum showed that the radius of gyration of CdS QDs-Hb bioconjugate increased (up to 23 ± 0.45 nm) with the increase of the concentration of QDs compare with pure Hb (11 ± 0.23 nm) and Hb becoming more unfolded., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Proteins that contain sequence repetitions and low complexity regions can be analyzed using self-homology dot plot analysis. Dot plots can readily identify protein sequence repeats; the number of repeats and their length and location within the protein sequence are readily identifiable from the dot plots without the need to pre-define any of these attributes, making this method largely model-independent. We discuss the criteria for statistical identification of protein repeats and recommend simple ways of identifying protein repeats. While higher levels of sequence conservation within the repeats do make them easier to formally identify, this method can identify protein repeats with fairly low levels of conservation, as well as notably non-tandem repetitions with sizeable sections of complex, non-repeat sequence separating the individual repeat instances. Furthermore, even simple visual examination of these dot plots can discover conserved patterns within families of closely related proteins, and the level of this conservation can be readily quantified using a Jaccard index. Exhaustive pairwise comparisons can be assembled using hierarchical clustering methods to get a picture of the conserved repeat architectures within families of repeat proteins., (© 2025. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) are promising for infrared photodetectors with high detectivity and low-cost production. Although CQDs enable photoinduced charge multiplication, thermal noise in low-bandgap materials limits their performance in IR detectors. Here we present a pioneering architecture of a CQD-based infrared photodetector that uses kinetically pumped avalanche multiplication. By applying a strong electric field to a thick CQD layer (>540 nm), electrons acquire kinetic energy beyond the bandgap of the CQD material, initiating kinetically pumped charge multiplication. Optimizing the dot-to-dot distance to approximately 4.1 nm improves performance by balancing impact ionization and electron hopping. Our optimized CQD-based infrared photodetector achieved a maximum multiplication gain of 85 and a peak detectivity of 1.4 × 10 14  Jones at 940 nm. This architecture offers potential for single-photon detection and ultrahigh detectivity applications., Competing Interests: Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

Benign yellow dot maculopathy (BYDM) is a recently described rare, asymptomatic, early onset, and non-progressive macular phenotype. It is characterized by the presence of multiple white-yellow dots encircling the fovea, which are hyperautofluorescent on fundus autofluorescence. Here, we expand on the few reports available by presenting a case series of five Portuguese patients with clinical BYDM phenotype and congruent multimodal imaging, including the second reported unilateral case. All five patients were female, with a mean age of 31 ± 16 years and mean visual acuity of 0.04 logMAR (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution), which remained stable throughout long-term follow-up., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent for treatment and open access publication was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Santos et al.)

Current semiconductor qubits rely either on the spin or on the charge degree of freedom to encode quantum information. By contrast, in bilayer graphene the valley degree of freedom, stemming from the crystal lattice symmetry, is a robust quantum number that can therefore be harnessed for this purpose. The simplest implementation of a valley qubit would rely on two states with opposite valleys as in the case of a single-carrier bilayer graphene quantum dot immersed in a small perpendicular magnetic field (B ⊥  ≲ 100 mT). However, the single-carrier quantum dot excited states spectrum has not been resolved to date in the relevant magnetic field range. Here, we fill this gap, by measuring the parallel and perpendicular magnetic field dependence of this spectrum with an unprecedented resolution of 4 μeV. We use a time-resolved charge detection technique that gives us access to individual tunnel events. Our results come as a direct verification of the predicted spectrum and establish a new upper-bound on inter-valley mixing, equal to our energy resolution. Our charge detection technique opens the door to measuring the relaxation time of a valley qubit in a single-carrier bilayer graphene quantum dot., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Carbon dot-based nanomaterials (o-CDs@Mn) were fabricated by assembling fluorescent o-CDs with enzyme-like activity and Mn nanoparticles with photothermal properties for realizing fluorescence imaging and combined therapy of cancer. Due to the inherent optical properties of o-CDs, o-CDs@Mn can be effectively used for bioimaging. In addition, o-CDs@Mn possess peroxidase-like (POD-like) and glutathione (GSH) degradation capabilities, which can effectively deplete excessive H 2 O 2 and GSH in the tumor microenvironment (TME), generating ·OH and reduced GSSH for regulating the TME and triggering ROS-mediated apoptosis in cancer cells. More importantly, it is synergistically supplemented with fluorescence imaging and photothermal therapy (PTT), which realizes the integration of monitoring and combined treatment, providing a promising potential pathway for accurate and efficient cancer treatment., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.)

Purpose: To describe the multimodal imaging findings of a rare case of multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS) associated with COVID-19., Methods: A case report was analyzed and described alongside COVID-19 associated MEWDS cases identified in the current literature., Results: A healthy 20-year-old man was evaluated after a three-day history of blurry vision occurring two months after COVID-19 infection. Multimodal imaging revealed signs of typical MEWDS, with optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) demonstrating homogenous reflectivity. Six additional cases were reported in the literature, displaying clinical symptoms and imaging consistent with typical MEWDS but demonstrating higher rates of incomplete visual recovery and treatment use., Conclusions: COVID-19 associated MEWDS is a novel condition. This is the first known case of COVID-19 associated MEWDS with reported OCT-A findings in an otherwise healthy patient. Although posterior uveitis following COVID-19 infection is rare, clinicians should remain informed on the best practices for diagnosing and caring for patients with MEWDS., Competing Interests: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Parnian Arjmand reports a relationship with Bayer Corporation that includes: consulting or advisory. Parnian Arjmand reports a relationship with F Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd that includes: consulting or advisory. Parnian Arjmand reports a relationship with Apobiologix that includes: consulting or advisory. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Perovskite quantum dots (pQDs) have gathered a lot of attention because of their outstanding optoelectronic properties. Photoswitchable pQDs have the potential for application in single particle optical memories and bio-imaging. Hybrids of photochromic diarylethenes (DAE) and pQDs show a luminescence photoswitching property, however, the cycle stability in such systems is low because of photoinduced electron transfer (PET) from pQDs to DAE. In this study, various hybrids of DAEs and pQDs with different spacer lengths between the pQD donors and DAE acceptors were synthesized and their stability towards multiple cycles of luminescence photoswitching was evaluated. It was found that the electron transfer pathway can be blocked and very stable switchable hybrids can be produced when the distance between the donors and acceptors was long enough. Furthermore, the effect of softness of the basic ligands and the synthesis method of the pQDs on the cycle stability of the hybrids were investigated. The findings of this study suggest that the photoswitching stability can be improved in hybrid systems by proper molecular design of the photochromic molecule., Competing Interests: Declarations Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to the European Photochemistry Association, European Society for Photobiology.)

The bio-imaging technology is one of the most significant modern applications used in several fields, including early diagnosis of many illnesses that are most important diseases facing humanity and other vital uses. The primary advancement in nanotechnology is the creation of innovative fluorescence probes called quantum dots (QDs). The use of molecular tagging in research, in vivo, and in vitro studies is revolutionized by quantum dots. The application of QD indicates conversion in natural imaging and photography has demonstrated extraordinary appropriateness in bio-imaging, the discovery of novel drugs, and delivery of targeted genes, biosensing, photodynamic therapy, and diagnosis. New potential methods of early cancer detection and treatment management are being researched as a result of the special physical and chemical characteristics of QD probes. The bio-imaging technique depends on the fluorescent emission of the used materials, which is paired with living cells that are easy to see it in 3D without any surgical intervention. Therefore, the use of QDs many types that have unique and appropriate properties for use in that application; In terms of fluorescent emission strength, duration and luminosity.This review article displays some methods of preparation for QDs nanomaterials and the devices used in this. In addition, it presentssome of challenges that must be avoided for the possibility of using them in the bio-imaging field; as toxicity, bio-compatibility, and hydrophilization. It's reviewed some of the devices that use QDs in bio-imaging technique, the QDs application in cell analysis-imaging, and QDs application in vivo imaging., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethical Approval: Not required for this review manuscript since it does not involve any biological experiments. Consent to Participate: Authors have their consent to participate in the paper. Consent for Publication: All authors gave their consent to publish this review article in the present form. Conflict of Interest: All the authors declare that there is no conflict of interest., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS) is a rare inflammatory eye condition. We report an atypical case of MEWDS in a man in his 30s who presented with blurred vision (visual acuity 6/9), floaters and photopsia in his left eye. Funduscopy examination showed mild peripheral nasal vascular sheathing with subtle grey-white dots highlighted on fundus autofluorescence. As far as the authors are aware, this is the first case presentation whereby areas affected by MEWDS started in the peripheral retina and migrated centrally. Fluorescein angiography showed hyperfluorescent areas in wreath-like patterns nasally. Optical coherence tomography showed disruption of the ellipsoid zone and hyperreflective projections into the outer nuclear layer. The size of the involved area increased over 3 weeks and subsequently resolved over 4 months. Simultaneously, the patient's symptoms also resolved, without treatment. This case highlights the importance of multimodal imaging, especially ultrawidefield imaging in diagnosing MEWDS., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© BMJ Publishing Group Limited 2024. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

The stability of perovskite quantum dot solar cells is one of the key challenges of this technology. This study reveals the unique degradation behavior of cesium lead triiodide (CsPbI 3 ) quantum dot solar cells. For the first time, it is shown that the oxygen-induced degradation and performance loss of CsPbI 3 quantum dot photovoltaic devices can be reversed by exposing the degraded samples to humidity, allowing the performance to recover and even surpass the initial performance. By careful characterization and analysis throughout the degradation and recovery process, the underlying physical and chemical mechanisms that govern the evolution of the device performance could be identified. It is shown that the ligand shell of the quantum dots, rather than the instability of the semiconducting material itself, is the driving factor in these mechanisms. This highlights the important role of surface chemistry and ligand design in enhancing perovskite quantum dot photovoltaics., (© 2025 The Author(s). Small published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

The limited operational lifetime of quantum-dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) poses a critical obstacle that must be addressed before their practical application. Specifically, cadmium-free InP-based QLEDs, which are environmentally benign, experience significant operational degradation due to challenges in charge-carrier confinement stemming from the composition of InP quantum dots (QDs). This study investigates the operational degradation of InP QLEDs and provides direct evidence of the degradation process. To facilitate degradation studies, a double-emission structure was designed. We employed transient electroluminescence and photoluminescence for nondestructive analysis of charge-carrier dynamics during device degradation. The time-resolved emission sequence revealed changes in carrier mobility within the QD layer as devices degraded. Furthermore, prolonged exposure of QDs to the charge-carrier population hindered their radiative recombination. Our observations indicate clear evidence of QLED degradation, characterized by ligand detachment from the QD surface and deterioration of the hole-transporting material due to excessive electrons. This comprehensive analysis of degradation mechanisms in InP QLEDs lays the groundwork for improving operational stability and longevity, serving as a benchmark for future research and development in the field of nanocrystal-based electroluminescent devices.

Quantum-dot (QD) light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) are garnering significant attention owing to their superb optoelectrical properties, but the overinjection of electrons compared to holes into the emissive layer (EML) is still a critical obstacle to be resolved. Current approaches, such as inserting a charge-balancing interlayer and mixing p-type organic additives into the EML, face issues of process complexity and poor miscibility. In this work, we demonstrate efficient InP QLEDs by simply embedding NiO x nanoparticles (NPs) into the EML which forms a homogeneous QD-metal oxide hybrid EML. Precisely changing the NiO x NPs concentration enables an effective modulation of the valence state of the hybrid EML, while controlling the exciton quenching phenomena stemming from the metal oxide additives. Moreover, the inorganic hybrid EML exhibits superior electrical stability compared to that of typical organic additives. In detail, it possesses an upshifted valence state by approximately 0.2 eV, leading the QLEDs to a 3.7-fold increase in luminance, 1.7-fold improvement in external quantum efficiency, and 3-fold extension in operational half-lifetime, simultaneously. Comprehensive analyses on the optoelectrical and morphological characteristics confirm that the hybrid EML is suitable for realizing efficient and stable InP QLEDs via a simple fabrication method. Therefore, we expect that this approach would provide valuable insights into the development of high-performance and low-cost QLEDs.

The fabrication of dual-quantum dot heterostructures offers a promising strategy to enhance the environmental remediation performance of photocatalysts. Herein, a Bi 2 WO 6 -based Z-scheme heterojunction was constructed by incorporating carbonized polymer dots (CPDs) and CdS quantum dots (QDs) via a microwave-assisted solvothermal method. The 1 wt% CPDs/CdS QDs/Bi 2 WO 6 (CCBW-1) composite achieved optimal Cr(VI) removal, reaching 97.7 % within 30 min under 10 W LED light, with rate constants 4.4, 2.8, and 10.1 times higher than those of pristine Bi 2 WO 6 , CdS QDs/Bi 2 WO 6 , and 3 % CPDs/Bi 2 WO 6 , respectively. Notably, the composite also demonstrated 96.9 % Cr(VI) and 98.1 % Rhodamine B (RhB) removal within 30 min in a mixed Cr(VI) and RhB solution. The formation of strong BiS and WOCd bonds at the Bi 2 WO 6 CdS QD interface facilitates intimate interfacial contacts and creates atomic-scale "highways" that accelerate charge transfer. Additionally, the electron-donating effects of the NH 2 and OH functional groups on the CPDs further enhance carrier transfer efficiency. The Z-scheme electron transport pathway enables CCBW-1 to capitalize on the deep reduction potentials and extended light absorption of the dual-QDs, allowing them to act synergistically as active centers. By integrating experimental data with theoretical calculations, the photocatalytic mechanism, potential intermediates, photodegradation pathway, and biological toxicity were comprehensively elucidated., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

We demonstrate the use of [2-(9 H -carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (2PACz) and [2-(3,6-di- tert -butyl-9 H -carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid ( t -Bu-2PACz) as anode modification layers in metal-halide perovskite quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs). Compared to conventional QLED structures with PEDOT:PSS (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrenesulfonate)/PVK (poly(9-vinylcarbazole)) hole-transport layers, the QLEDs made with phosphonic acid (PA)-modified indium tin oxide (ITO) anodes show an over seven-fold increase in brightness, achieving a brightness of 373,000 cd m -2 , one of the highest brightnesses reported to date for colloidal perovskite QLEDs. Importantly, the onset of efficiency roll-off, or efficiency droop, occurs at ∼1000-fold higher current density for QLEDs made with PA-modified anodes compared to control QLEDs made with conventional PEDOT:PSS/PVK hole transport layers, allowing the devices to sustain significantly higher levels of external quantum efficiency at a brightness of >10 5 cd m -2 . Steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence measurements indicate that these improvements are due to a combination of multiple factors, including reducing quenching of photoluminescence at the PEDOT:PSS interface and reducing photoluminescence efficiency loss at high levels of current density.

Formamidinium lead triiodide (FAPbI 3 ) perovskite quantum dot (PQD) are promising candidate for high-performing quantum dot photovoltaic due to its narrow bandgap, high ambient stability, and long carrier lifetime. However, the carrier transport blockage and nonradiative recombination loss, originating from the high-dielectric ligands and defects/trap states on the FAPbI 3 PQD surface, significantly limit the efficiency and stability of its photovoltaic performance. In this work, through exploring dual-site molecular ligands, namely 2-thiophenemethylammonium iodide (2-TM) and 2-thiopheneethylammonium iodide (2-TE), a dual-phase synergistic ligand exchange (DSLE) protocol consisting of both solution-phase and solid-state ligand engineering is demonstrated. The DSLE strategy effectively replaces the native long insulating ligands and simultaneously passivate surface defects in hybrid FAPbI 3 PQDs, leading to enhanced electronic coupling for efficient charge transport. Consequently, the FAPbI 3 PQD solar cell based on DSLE strategy achieves a notable enhanced efficiency from 15.43% to 17.79% (2-TM) and 18.21% (2-TE), respectively. Besides, both 2-TM and 2-TE engineered devices exhibit enhanced stability, maintaining over 80% of its initial efficiency after aging in ambient environment (20-30% humidity, 25 °C) for over 1400 h. It believes these findings will provide a new protocol to precisely regulate the surface chemistry of hybrid PQDs toward high-performance optoelectronic applications., (© 2025 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

This study is the first to conduct a sero-surveillance of Bovine Tropical Theileriosis (BTT) caused by the protozoan parasite Theileria annulata (T. annulata) using a recombinant Tams1 protein-based dot-ELISA in cattle, and to compare its efficacy with plate-ELISA, single PCR, nested PCR, and blood microscopy. The goal was to identify the most effective method for the early and accurate detection of theileriosis, which significantly impacts livestock through reduced milk yield and increased mortality. A total of 101 field blood samples were examined using blood smear analysis, single PCR, nested PCR, and dot-ELISA. The recombinant Tams1 protein was successfully cloned and expressed using a pET-30b (+) expression vector in a prokaryotic system. The protein was purified with Ni-NTA chromatography, confirmed for immunoreactivity with T. annulata positive serum via Western blot analysis, and used to optimize both dot-ELISA and plate-ELISA. Both dot-ELISA and plate-ELISA using recombinant Tams1 protein exhibited comparable diagnostic performance, with a kappa value of 0.826 and similar analytical productivity (P = 0.6165). Dot-ELISA revealed a BTT seroprevalence of 58.4% in the cattle population, demonstrating good sensitivity (93.33%) and specificity (90%). The diagnostic performance of dot-ELISA was found to be superior to other molecular techniques, including microscopy, single PCR, and nested PCR. Dot-ELISA is also a sustainable solution in comparison to other laboratory diagnostic techniques with benefits of early diagnosis, reduced waste generation, resource efficiency, cost-effective point of care disease surveillance. With its minimal antigen requirement, Tams1 molecule based dot-ELISA is recommended as an effective tool for epidemiological studies and field surveys of BTT., Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Widespread environmental pollution from heavy metals poses severe health hazards, necessitating advanced detection methods. This study presents an innovative approach utilizing Mesua Ferrea Carbon Dots (MFCDs) incorporated biopolymeric nanocomposite films for optical identification of heavy metal ions (Fe 3+ , Cd 2+ , Hg 2+ , Pb 2+ , Cu 2+ ). A blend of Na-Alginate and Agarose biopolymer was prepared as a matrix. Hydrothermally synthesized MFCDs possess negative zeta potential with their characteristic photoluminescence property. The MFCDs incorporated Na-Alginate-Agarose biopolymeric nanocomposite (MAA) film displayed enhanced hydrophilicity and UV absorption behaviour, showcasing its potential for optical detection of heavy metal ions. The optical analysis like fluorescence intensity and photoluminescence lifetime studies of the MAA film in response to heavy metal ions were thoroughly studied. The interaction dynamics highlighted specific metal ion quenching capabilities, emphasizing the potential of MFCDs coated film for sensitive heavy metal detection. The quenching mechanism for Fe 3+ ions underscored the lowest level of detection in comparison with Cd 2+ , Hg 2+ , Pb 2+ and Cu 2+ ions, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of the optical detection phenomenon. Our research work provides a robust and scientifically validated solid platform for development of economically viable and environmentally benign optical sensor as an alternative of other existing methods for detection of heavy metal ions., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors express that none of their known financial issues or personal relationships could have impacted the work that was published in this research paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Integration of graphene and quantum dots (QD) is a promising route to improved material and device functionalities. Underlying the improved properties are alterations in carrier dynamics within the graphene/QD heterostructure. In this study, it is shown that graphene functions as a carrier redistribution and supply channel when integrated with InAs QDs. Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy provides evidence that graphene modifies the redistribution, escape, and recombination dynamics of carriers in the InAs QD ensemble, which ultimately leads to enhanced radiative recombinations at all temperatures and excitation densities probed. It is also shown that the PL enhancement from the graphene/InAs QD heterostructure is greatest with a thin GaAs cap and at higher temperatures where devices operate. This study advances the understanding of graphene/QD heterostructures and can aid the design of mixed-dimensional optoelectronic devices., (© 2024 2024 The Author(s). Small published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)