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This paper examines empathetic behavior in the United States, a strongly individualistic country, as contrasted with Hungary and Ethiopia, which are moderately individualistic and strongly collectivistic respectively. It suggests that empathy may have a wider than originally perceived application in diverse settings to combat factors of ethnic bias and discrimination that adversely impact health. Models that distinctly focus on the development of healthcare provider empathic care are needed to enable the needs of resource scarce regions of the world to be met, including pockets of the U.S. More investigation is warranted on how empathic behavior can positively impact health outcomes and disparities., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Background: Given the growing cultural diversity among healthcare clients, it is crucial for nursing education to have a clear mission: to effectively train future nurses by incorporating cultural care curricula. The goal is to equip them with the necessary cultural capacity and humility. This study focused on designing, developing, and evaluating a mobile app-based cultural care training program, with the aim of enhancing the cultural capacity and humility of nursing students., Methods: This experimental study utilized the five steps of the ADDIE instructional model (analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation) to design a mobile app-based cultural care training program. The first three steps involved designing and developing the program, drawing upon Purnell's model for cultural competence and Foronda's rainbow model of cultural humility. In the fourth step, the cultural care training program was implemented in 16 modules among 80 internship nursing students. These students were randomly assigned to either the intervention or control groups, with 40 students in each group. Finally, in the fifth step, the effectiveness of the mobile app-based program was evaluated by administering the Cultural Capacity Scale, and the Foronda Cultural Humility Scale before and one month after the cultural care training. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS22, employing techniques such as paired t-test, chi-square test, and independent samples t-test., Results: A total of 76 students completed the study, with 39 students in the intervention group and 37 students in the control group. Prior to the mobile app-based cultural care training program, there were no significant differences in cultural capacity and humility scores between the two groups (p > 0.05). However, following the completion of the program, the intervention group exhibited higher scores in cultural capacity and humility compared to the control group (p < 0.05)., Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the mobile app-based cultural care training program had a positive impact on the cultural capacity and humility of undergraduate nursing students. These results indicate the importance of nurse educators designing comprehensive training programs that incorporate innovative approaches to enhance cultural capacity and humility among nursing students at all academic levels., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Background: Cancer is a significant health problem in Turkey with pediatric cancer being the fourth leading cause of death among children. Pediatric oncology has been acknowledged as a pediatric subspecialty since 1983, and 3,000 new cases of childhood cancer are expected every year. Method: We describe our country's geography, the number and distribution of pediatric oncology centers, the profile of clinical and academic nurses, and our clinical practice. We present two nurse-led research projects. Results: Although nursing practice differs according to centers, treatment and care are usually evidence-based, especially in university and public hospitals in big cities. Nurses with an undergraduate education work in pediatric oncology units; however, few nurses with graduate degrees work in clinical settings. The Turkish Oncology Nurses Association supports the development and implementation of guidelines for evidence-based nursing care. Nurses' clinical responsibilities include patient admission to the clinic, patient and family education, care coordination, patient care, symptom management, palliative, and intensive care services. Results of two recent nurse-led studies highlight challenges to meet the needs of patients and families from surrounding countries, including refugees, and opportunities for nurses to provide holistic support to parents of hospitalized children. Discussion: Increasing the number of nurses is a priority to improve pediatric oncology nursing care. Actions to advance pediatric oncology nursing include developing advanced clinical roles for nurses with graduate degrees; supporting nurses caring for children and families from outside Turkey, including language support services; and resources to conduct national and international studies related to professional and holistic care delivery., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Background: Everyday, nursing students interact with culturally diverse clients. Nursing education recognizes that cultural competence is a necessary outcome of nursing programs. Nurse educators expect all nursing students to provide culturally congruent care to multicultural clients. Therefore, nurse educators must be culturally competent in order to prepare culturally competent nursing students for clinical practice. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of virtual training program on the cultural competence of academic nurse educators., Methods: This randomized controlled study included nurse educators working in six nursing schools affiliated with medical universities of Kerman province in southeastern Iran. Sixty-nine nurse educators were randomly assigned to the intervention (n = 35) and control (n = 34) groups. The training program consisted of three 2-hour sessions for a month. Cultural Diversity Questionnaire for Nurse Educators Revised (CDQNE-R) was used to evaluate the cultural competence of educators before and one month after the virtual training program., Results: Both the intervention (3.29 ± 0.58) and control (3.24 ± 0.58) groups demonstrated a similar level of cultural competence before the training program (t = 0.05, p = 0.95). After the training, the intervention group showed a significant increase in cultural competence (3.80 ± 0.7) compared to the control group (3.23 ± 0.67). This improvement resulted in culturally competent participants becoming culturally proficient, as evidenced by a large effect size (t = -4.76, p = 0.001)., Conclusion: The virtual training program had a positive impact on the cultural competence of nurse educators. Given the importance of cultural competence in nursing education, continuing education programs that focus on strengthening the cultural competence of nurse educators should be prioritized. The experiences gained from implementing virtual training programs can serve as a valuable resource for nurse educators seeking to enhance their cultural competence., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

As Taiwan's society ages, Tribal Cultural Health Stations serve as in situ long-term care centers that are committed to building a long-term care service model for indigenous peoples based on cultural care. The cultural sensitivity, cultural ability, and tribal ability of long-term care planners and professional helpers remains insufficient, making it difficult to achieve the policy goals of "designing for the tribes and for the locals" and "creating a cultural care mechanism". However, based on a foundation of local blood and geo-relationship and through the care expertise and interpersonal network established through long-term tribal cultivation and service, a cultural care mechanism that meets local awareness, local needs, and human trust has been formed by expanding linkages among the resources of all local stakeholders. During the COVID-19 epidemic, this has helped facilitate the recovery of the emotional and physical health of older tribal adults. For example, caregivers have been able to help ease the anxieties among older adults in indigenous communities regarding vaccination, fear of infection, isolation, and interpersonal suspicions. In addition, the positive role of the tribal cultural care mechanism as a social safety valve during the pandemic has been demonstrated.

Background: Cultural competence is considered as one of the main skills of nurses enabling them to provide nursing care for those with different cultures. One of the cases related to nurses' cultural competence is observance of ethical codes, but it has not been investigated sufficiently in studies., Aim: This study has been conducted to determine the relationship between nurses' cultural competence and observance of ethical codes in practice., Research Design: This descriptive-correlational study was conducted in 2020. Sampling was done at several stages. The data were collected using questionnaires of demographic information, cultural competence, and observance of ethical codes as self-report. The questionnaires were provided to the subjects by the corresponding researcher and the data were analyzed using Pearson correlation test., Participants and Research Context: This study was done with participation of 267 nurses working in four training hospitals located in northwestern Iran and 16 head nurses of selected wards., Ethical Considerations: The study was approved by Human Ethics Committee of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. Participation was voluntary. Consent was obtained and confidentiality kept., Findings: The results of Pearson correlation coefficient test showed a positive and statistically significant relationship between cultural competence and observance of ethical codes (r = 0.524, p = 0.001). In addition, cultural competence and observance of ethical codes by most nurses were at a moderate level., Conclusions: The results of the present study showed a significant relationship between nurses' cultural competence and observance of ethical codes. Therefore, it can be concluded that by strengthening the level of nurses, the level of observing ethical codes by them can be increased. Cultural competency and observance of ethical codes are important components of nursing care, and their development can improve nursing care delivery to clients through academic training, hidden curriculum and in-service education.

Objective: To clarify culturally sensitive disaster nursing by public health nurses (PHNs) in Japan, an island nation located on the Pacific Rim, with regard to PHNs' intentions and comforting supports for affected people., Design: Qualitative descriptive study., Sample: Participants were 17 local PHNs and 13 affected people in nine disaster-affected municipalities throughout Japan., Measurements: Semi-structured interviews were conducted between October 2018 and July 2019. Two types of categories were qualitatively created: categories for PHNs' culturally sensitive disaster nursing actions, including their intentions; and categories for comforting supports that PHNs provided for affected people through the four phases of disaster. The relationship between these two types of categories was determined. Cultural factors were extracted from the culturally sensitive disaster nursing actions of PHNs and categorized., Results: Regarding intentions, in the acute phase, PHNs utilized culture. In the sub-acute phase, they utilized, acted based on, followed, thought of, and balanced cultural knowledge. In the mid-term-phase, they utilized, thought of, followed, and balanced with local culture. In the long-term phase, they merged, thought of, balanced, utilized, and followed local cultural practices. The actions associated with these intentions corresponded to comforting supports for affected people. Cultural factors, such as transportation style, were obtained in each phase., Conclusion: To enhance the resilience of a community affected by disaster, PHNs should focus on maximizing, preserving, and accommodating culture to maintain familiar life patterns when people's circumstances are totally disrupted by powerful forces of nature., (© 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Research exploring the parents' experience of their child undergoing gender transition is almost nonexistent. However, as the number of individuals who identify as transgender increases, gender identity will continue to evolve; therefore, supporting families of these individuals is paramount. Parents of transgender children were interviewed and yielded five themes: (a) It Rocks Your World; (b) Dancing Around in a Way that Doesn't Distance; (c) Your Child Is Still Your Child; (d) Worrying About the Future; and (e) Transformational: Finally an Answer. These themes begin to identify the complex nature and struggles parents face as they encounter the emotional and physical aspects of their child's gender transition. The findings raise awareness of the parents' perspective, provide a better understanding of the complex family issues that occur, and provide nursing suggestions on how to continue to work to facilitate "healthy families" and promote cultural sensitivity.

Purpose: To explore the experiences of expatriate nurses caring for Muslim patients near end-of-life in a palliative care unit in the United Arab Emirates., Methods: A qualitative descriptive study, with data collected through semi structured individual interviews with nine expatriate nurses working in a palliative care unit in one hospital in the United Arab Emirates. Thematic analysis of the data transcripts used a structured inductive approach., Results: Analysis of the interview transcripts yielded three themes. First, language was a significant barrier in end-of-life care but was transcended when nurses practiced authentically, using presence, empathetic touch and spiritual care. Secondly, relationships between nurses, patients and families were strengthened over time, which was not always possible due to late presentation in the palliative care unit. Finally, nurses were continually in discussions with physicians, families and other nurses, co-creating the meaning of new information and experiences within the hospital policy context., Conclusion: For expatriate nurses, palliative nursing in a Muslim middle eastern country is complex, requiring nurses to be creative in their communication to co-create meaning in an emotionally intensive environment. Like other palliative care settings, time can strengthen relationships with patients and their families, but local cultural norms often meant that patients came to palliative care late in their disease trajectory. Preparing expatriate nurses for work in specialist palliative care settings requires skill development in advanced communication and spiritual practices, as well as principles of palliative care and tenets of Muslim culture., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Growing cultural diversity among immigrants has challenged health care practice in Taiwan. This study used mixed methods to evaluate how the implementation of a course on cultural competence embedded in a nursing course affected nursing students' perceptions of their cultural care competency. An evaluation survey with a quantitative questionnaire comprising pre- and post-test measures of self-perceived cultural care competency was implemented for 48 participants at the commencement and completion of the course. A focus group interview (n = 10) was conducted and a thematic approach applied to analyze qualitative data. The results found a significant improvement in self-perceived cultural care competency (t = 7.15, p < 0.001). Two themes emerged from the qualitative analysis: (1) the thought-provoking nature of the course and (2) appreciation for the multiple learning strategies of the course. The findings suggest that embedding cultural competence education in nursing courses is essential to improving nursing students' perceptions of their cultural care competency., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: As an important factor in the quality of nursing care, cultural competence of nurses should be assessed to improve the quality of care provided. Nursing care is sensitive to culture; therefore, it is necessary to design a tool for evaluation of cultural competence. In this regard, the present study intended to develop a cultural competence questionnaire for Iranian nurses., Materials and Methods: In this methodological study, 350 nurses working in all educational hospitals affiliated to Tabriz University of Medical Sciences were selected through convenience sampling. Questions related to cultural care were selected by experts of this field, and a questionnaire was designed and its validity and reliability were examined., Results: A 20-item questionnaire was developed which assessed the three areas of learning and education, awareness and knowledge, and skills. Cronbach's alpha of the whole questionnaire was 0.912, and its validity based on the Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin Index was 0.891., Conclusion: This study provides proper evidence regarding the strength of factor structure and the reliability of the developed questionnaire; therefore, it can be considered as a scientific tool for research, educational, and practical purposes in Iranian nurses., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.

Background: Attention to culture and its impact on health care can improve the quality of care given, add to our understanding of health care among culturally diverse populations, and encourage a more holistic approach to health care within general care. Connection to culture is important to Aboriginal peoples, and integrating Aboriginal culture into general care in residential aged care facilities may contribute to improving care delivery and outcomes for residents. The literature to date revealed a lack of understanding of the capacity of residential aged care and the health practices of carers in relation to providing cultural care for Aboriginal people. This study aimed to explore how cultural care needs are maintained for Aboriginal residents from their own and their carers' perspectives., Methods: Applying an Aboriginal centered research method, an Interpretive Descriptive Approach was used as a theoretical framework to explore data in this study. Semi structured audio-recorded interviews were conducted. An additional file provides a complete description of the interview questions used as a guide for the study [see Additional file 1]. Three Residential Aged Care Centres, in South Australia were used i.e., two rural from centres and one urban metropolitan centre. Seven Aboriginal residents and 19 carers participated in interviews. Data was transcribed and an interpretive analysis was employed to code the transcribed data for themes and sub-themes. The study was guided by an Aboriginal community advisory group with an aim to work under the principle of reciprocity; giving back to the communities, participants and those where the research results may have been relevant., Results: Three themes emerged from the views of the residents and carers: (i) lack of resources and funding; (ii) care practice; and (iii) marginalisation of Aboriginal culture within aged care facilities., Conclusion: The findings suggest that carers and residents believe cultural inclusion in general care practices may enrich Aboriginal residents' daily life, health and well-being in residential aged care facilities. This study may provide carers, aged care centre managers and policy makers with information on the need of resources, funding, organised care plan and management, and cultural competency of carers to be considered to improve Aboriginal aged care protocols for integrating cultural care into practice.

Background: The provision of appropriate end of life care for patients who have different life experiences, beliefs, value systems, religions, languages, and notions of healthcare, can be difficult and stressful for the nurse. To date, research has focused predominately on nurses' experiences of end of life care for the Muslim patient who is an immigrant in another country., Objectives: To critically review the literature related to the lived experiences of non-Muslim expatriate nurses providing end of life care for Muslim patients in their home country., Design: Integrative Literature Review DATA SOURCES: Comprehensive online search of Library Databases: Ovid, CINAHL, EBSCOHost; MEDLINE; Science Citation Index Expanded; PubMED; Web of Science; PROQUEST, and Scopus., Review Methods: An integrative review of literature published within the dates January 2000 - July 2017. Included articles were published in the English language, peer reviewed/refereed, and focused on nurses' experiences. Both qualitative and mixed method studies describing the experience of non-Muslim nurses providing nursing care to Muslim patients in a country that was predominately Muslim were included., Results: Initially 74 articles were found of which nine met the inclusion criteria. Research has been conducted predominantly within the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, with one article from Bahrain and one other jointly from Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. The research indicates that expatriate nurses view themselves as powerless patient advocates, are hindered by the nurse-patient-family-physician quadriad structure, language and differing beliefs about communicating death, and negotiating culturally safe care is emotionally challenging., Conclusion: This review highlights that the stressors associated with misalignment of expectations cause emotional and physical distress for the nurses. When nurses were focused on clinical care, they were unable to accommodate cultural practices that were important to the patient and family, contributing to increasing stress. Researchers have sought to capture this distress and make some sense of its impact. How nurses can provide culturally safe care, in countries with cultural practices quite different from their own, bears further investigation., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Aims and Objectives: To identify how civilian nurses are caring for military veterans following mandatory continuing education on veterans' mental health needs and to describe challenges nurses are facing in provision of that care., Background: Veterans and military personnel experience mental health conditions at a high rate and are increasingly receiving care in civilian healthcare facilities. Nonmilitary providers may not be prepared to address this population's challenging needs. Military culture may influence the presentation of mental health conditions; thus, critical assessment points by nonmilitary medical personnel may be missed. Education is touted internationally as a means to address deficits, but research is lacking to support that statement., Methods: Adhering to research reporting guidelines, 115 of a proposed 322 civilian nurses in a tertiary hospital volunteered to complete a one-time online survey that contained quantitative and demographic questions. Forty of 115 nurses went on to complete the qualitative query. Descriptive statistics summarised quantitative results, and constant comparative analysis was applied to qualitative responses for theme identification., Results: The study was stopped early due to reports of violence from veterans upon nurses. Results showed continuing education did not change documentation of military status. Following mandatory continuing education, civilian nurses continued to describe uncertainty in how to adapt care, on how to interact with veterans and in how to deal with violence., Conclusion: The status of care to veterans remains insufficient, but nurses are asking critical questions on how to update practice. Additional support and research in the clinical setting is needed to promote a safe caring environment., Relevance to Clinical Practice: Continuing education alone may not advance care of the veteran. A multipronged approach to include mandatory documentation of military status and coaching of providers by those experienced with the military way of life may be used to augment staff preparedness., (© 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Hypertension is highly prevalent in Chinese Canadians and diet has been identified as an important modifiable risk factor for hypertension. The current anti-hypertensive dietary recommendations in hypertension care guidelines lack examination of cultural factors, are not culturally sensitive to ethnic populations, and cannot be translated to Chinese Canadian populations without cultural considerations. Guided by Leininger's Sunrise Model of culture care theory, this paper investigates how cultural factors impact Chinese Canadians' dietary practice. It is proposed that English language proficiency, health literacy, traditional Chinese diet, migration and acculturation, and Traditional Chinese Medicine influence Chinese Canadians' dietary practices. A culturally congruent nursing intervention should be established and tailored according to related cultural factors to facilitate Chinese Canadians' blood pressure control. In addition, further study is needed to test the model adapted from Sunrise Model and understand its mechanism.

Objective: To systematically characterize interventions and effectiveness of palliative care for advanced heart failure (HF) patients., Background: Patients with advanced heart failure experience a high burden of distressing symptoms and diminished quality of life. Palliative care expertise with symptom management and healthcare decision-making benefits HF patients., Methods: A systematic PubMed search was conducted from inception to June 2016 for studies of palliative care interventions for HF patients. Studies of humans with a HF diagnosis who underwent a palliative care intervention were included. Data were extracted on study design, participant characteristics, intervention components, and in three groups of outcomes: patient-centered outcomes, quality-of-death outcomes, and resource utilization. Study characteristics were examined to determine if meta-analysis was possible., Results: The fifteen identified studies varied in design (prospective, n = 10; retrospective, n = 5). Studies enrolled older patients, but greater variability was found for race, sex, and marital status. A majority of studies measuring patient-centered outcomes demonstrated improvements including quality of life and satisfaction. Quality-of-death outcomes were mixed with a majority of studies reporting clarification of care preferences, but less improvement in death at home and hospice enrollment. A meta-analysis in three studies found that home-based palliative care consults in HF patients lower the risk of rehospitalization by 42% (RR = 0.58; 95% Confidence Interval 0.44, 0.77)., Discussion: Available evidence suggests that home and team-based palliative interventions for HF patients improve patient-centered outcomes, documentation of preferences, and utilization. Increased high quality studies will aid the determination of the most effective palliative care approaches for the HF population., Competing Interests: Author Disclosure Statement No competing financial interests exist.

Objective: The nursing profession demands knowledge, awareness, and experience regarding the ethnic, religious, cultural, and social constructs involved in patient care. Non-Muslim nurses must have theoretical and empirical insights into treatment methods and caring for terminally ill Muslim patients. In particular, non-Muslim nurses should acquire knowledge of Islamic rules and regulations. They should also be familiar with the unique religious and sociocultural practices that pertain to healthcare practices. Our study aimed to explore non-Muslim nurses' experiences in caring for terminally ill Muslim patients and their families regarding physical, social, cultural, spiritual, and religious practices. The study also sought to investigate the context or situations that influence these experiences as described by the nurses., Method: In this qualitative descriptive study, 10 nurses working in medical, oncology, and oncology/palliative care units in a tertiary care hospital in Saudi Arabia were interviewed. A modified Stevick-Colaizzi-Keen method was employed for data analysis., Results: Three main themes constituted the nurses' lived experiences: family matters, end-of-life practices, and nurse challenges. Cultural values, religious practices, and a family approach to the process of care influenced nurses' experiences. Issues related to an absence of palliative care integration and the unavailability of members in the interdisciplinary team also influenced their experiences. Nurses showed a lack of cultural knowledge of some practices due to a lack of awareness of cultural diversity and the unavailability of formal cultural education., Significance of Results: Provision of culturally competent care at the end of life for Muslim patients in Saudi Arabia requires a thoughtful understanding of religious and cultural practices as well as knowledge of the role of the family throughout the care process. The introduction of a cultural care nursing delivery model that incorporates a cultural education program with Islamic teachings and practices at its core is recommended.

Patients and families with limited English proficiency (LEP) face a multitude of barriers both inside and outside the hospital walls. These barriers can contribute to difficulty accessing care and understanding/adhering to treatment recommendations, ultimately placing them at higher risk for poorer outcomes than their English-speaking counterparts. The LEP Patient Family Advocate role was created with the aim of improving access, promoting effective communication, and equalizing care for children with cancer from families with LEP. The goal of this mixed methods study was to describe the level of satisfaction and experiences of parents and health care providers who used the LEP Patient Family Advocate while receiving or providing care. Twelve parents and 15 health care providers completed quantitative surveys and an open-ended question about their experiences. High levels of satisfaction were reported. Themes about the role from qualitative responses included its positive effect on communication, trust, and connectedness between parents and staff. Continuity of care and safety were improved, and parents thought the role helped decrease their stress. The LEP Patient Family Advocate has a positive influence on family-centered cultural care., (© 2015 by Association of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Nurses.)

Introduction: Eight out of 10 Mapuche indigenous women have a musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) and do not seek early medical aid., Purpose: To study both the cultural meanings and implications of MSD from the Mapuche worldview., Design: Ethnographic study carried out from 2008 to 2011 on indigenous reserves in southern Chile. Sixty-four Mapuches participated in comprehensive interviews, which were transcribed and analyzed by the research team., Findings: Five cultural domains: (a) foro kutran/bone disease is the general denomination of MSD; (b) Re-Rume Kutran/progressive and incurable course, refers to the course of the disease; (c) Kalül fücha mawiza/body is an old tree, describes internal manifestations such as worn bones, dry body, weak blood, and spiritual weakness; (d) witrür tripai foro/deformation is the external manifestation of MSD; and (e) Reñma ka lof kutran/family and community suffering refers to the impact of MSD., Conclusions: The explanation of MSD is consistent with the integrated body-nature-spirit worldview of the Mapuche., Practice Implications: To provide cultural nursing health care so that patients receive prompt diagnosis and care.

Aims: The goal of this study was to understand young Jordanian women's attitudes towards breast cancer screening practices in order to improve young women's uptake of screening and early detection., Background: The incidence of breast cancer is increasing annually among younger Jordanian women; however, little is known about their attitudes towards breast cancer and associated screening practices. Young women's attitudes towards breast cancer must be taken into account when designing screening strategies and interventions specifically for this age group. Screening strategies must also acknowledge young women's cultural context; however, little is known about how culture shapes their understandings and practices., Methods: A qualitative interpretive approach was utilized to interview 45 young educated women about their breast cancer views and screening practices. Data were analysed thematically., Findings and Discussion: Four overlapping themes emerged: (i) young women should not think about it, (ii) absence of a role model, (iii) cultural shame of breast cancer, and (iv) cancer means death and disability. The study found high levels of apprehension and ambiguity related to breast cancer. This was associated with the perceived impact of a cancer diagnosis on a young woman's social status and family role. Family support was perceived to be a necessary prerequisite for seeking treatment or screening., Conclusions: Understanding young women's perception about screening and early detection of breast cancer is essential for policy makers and healthcare providers to design culturally appropriate and age-appropriate health promotion campaigns and services., (© 2013 The Authors. International Nursing Review © 2013 International Council of Nurses.)

Background: Metaparadigm of nursing is one of the nursing discipline challenges of the present century, which should take into consideration the diversity of different cultures and viewpoints., Materials and Methods: The purpose of this study is to evolve the concept of "nursing" (one of the concepts in nursing metaparadigm) on the basis of the Islamic scholars' view. In this philosophical inquiry, we sought to clarify the concept of nursing according to the ideas derived from the Islamic scholars' view. To achieve the research objectives, Islamic texts were studied and analyzed based on the criteria of concept anatomy (definition, attributes/characteristics, and boundaries)., Results: Based on Morse's criteria, with regard to Islamic thought, the concept of nursing in scientific literature is an immature concept. In Islamic viewpoint, human is a unique and integrated reality that implies a holistic paradigm in nursing theories. Since in Islamic thought human is described precisely and delicately, nursing concept can be delineated more clearly and can be helpful in enhancing and producing nursing clinical knowledge, nursing care, and nursing philosophy, specially clarifying holistic nursing., Conclusion: According to the criteria of concept anatomy, nursing is caring for and fulfilling the needs of patients, and it believes that nursing has a holistic paradigm and includes all of the dimensions and aspects of human beings.

The aim of this paper is to discuss the development of a cultural care framework that seeks to inform and embrace the philosophical ideals of caring science. Following a review of the literature that identified a lack of evidence of an explicit relationship between caring science and cultural care, a number of well-established transcultural care frameworks were reviewed. Our purpose was to select one that would resonate with underpinning philosophical values of caring science and that drew on criteria generated by the European Academy of Caring Science members. A modified framework based on the work of Giger and Davidhizar was developed as it embraced many of the values such as humanism that are core to caring science practice. The proposed caring science framework integrates determinants of cultural lifeworld-led care and seeks to provide clear directions for humanizing the care of individuals. The framework is offered to open up debate and act as a platform for further academic enquiry.