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Objective: The aim of this study was to further guide the diagnosis and treatment programs for clinical facial contouring with injectable fillers by studying the facial contour parameters and proportion preferences consistent with Asian aesthetics., Methods: A total of 89 subjects (42 males and 47 females aged 20-60 years) who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled in this study. The subjects were grouped by age, sex, and external contour attractiveness score, and the external contour aesthetic parameters and proportions of the subjects in different groups were measured and analysed., Results: The upper facial breadth and lower facial breadth decreased with age, with significant differences between the 50-60-year age group and other age groups (P < 0.01). The nasomental angle showed a decreasing trend with age, with significant differences between the 40-49-year age group and the 20-29-year and 30-39-year age groups (P < 0.05). Males and females were significantly different in calva height, total head height, lower facial height, and calva height to total head height ratio (P < 0.05). With increasing age, the external contour attractiveness scores of males and females both showed decreasing trends, with significant differences between the 50-60-year age group and other age groups (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: The calva height and the cranioauricular angle have a significant impact on external contour attractiveness. In general, temporal depression, cheek sagging, lateral cheek depression, and an ill-defined mandibular border will occur due to ageing, collagen loss, ligament laxity and sagging, and soft tissue atrophy and sagging, reducing the attractiveness of the external contour., Level of Evidence Iv: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 ., Competing Interests: Declarations. Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to disclose. Ethical Approval: The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Hospital. Informed Consent: All patients provided written informed consent., (© 2024. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature and International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery.)

Craniofacial anthropometry is important for identity, diagnosis of congenital anomalies etc. The incidence of craniofacial abnormalities is high in the Southeast Asian region. The population of Meghalaya differs in features from other states of Northeast India and the neighbouring East Asia. The objective was to study the craniofacial anthropometric features of the ethnic adults in the Meghalaya state of Northeast India. This cross-sectional study was conducted from 2022 to 2023 in the ENT OPD. OPD patients of Meghalayan ethnicity were included in the study. Head length (HL), head breadth (HB), Cephalic index (CI), intercanthal distance (ICD), lateral canthal distance (LCD) and ear length (EL) were measured. A total of 104 adults were included. The majority of the individuals belonged to the Khasi community 51 (49%) followed by the Garo community 27 (26%) and the Jaintia community 26 (25%). The mean ± S.D age of the total sample population was 29.5 ± 8.4 years. The mean CI of the total sample population was 79.13 (mesocephalic). No statistically significant difference was noted between male-female CI in the total and subpopulation groups. In our study, the common head types were dolichocephalic (29%), brachycephalic (29%), mesocephalic (21%), hyperbrachycephalic (16%) and ultrabrachycephalic (5%). A statistically significant difference was noted between Khasi and Jaintia in HL, HW, CI, LCD; between Khasi and Garo in HL, ICD, LCD and between Garo and Jaintia in HW, CI, ICD. We believe our conventional craniofacial anthropometry data could add to the pool of regional anthropometry data and be used for future scientific purposes like anthropology, maxillofacial surgeries, designing helmets, forensic analysis, and gender differentiation., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestNone., (© Association of Otolaryngologists of India 2024. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.)

Background: Craniofacial anthropometry provides essential data for diagnosis and treatment planning, with the norms for many races having been investigated. The results reveal that facial morphometry varies greatly because of geographical, ethnic, and racial variations. This study aims to gather the normative anthropometric data and compare the differences in facial morphometry between the Kenyan population and that of the Chinese. Methods: Four vertical measurements (trichion-nasion, nasion-subnasale, subnasale-gnathion, and superaurale-subaurale) and 6 horizontal measurements (zygion-zygion, exocanthion-endocanthion, endocanthion-endocanthion, pupil-pupil, alare-alare, and chelion-chelion) were obtained manually from subjects with no craniofacial abnormality. Results: A total of 180 participants (90 Kenyans and 90 Chinese) were included. Among the Kenyans, males generally had greater dimensions in comparison to the Kenyan females with the exception of the upper third, lower third, and intercanthal, and interpupillary distances. Among the Chinese, there was a significant difference between the 2 genders with the exception of intercanthal distance. All measurements were greater in Chinese males in comparison to the females. Comparison between races shows that Kenyans had greater vertical measurements with exception of the ear length for both genders. The Chinese males had increased facial width and intercanthal distance, while the Chinese females showed increased intercanthal distance compared to Kenyans. Kenyans exhibited hyperleptoprosopic-type face, while Chinese exhibited mesoprosopic-type face, with none of the 2 groups conforming to the neoclassical canons. Conclusion: Kenyans generally have greater craniofacial measurements versus Chinese, except for the facial width and intercanthal distance for males and interorbital distance for females., Competing Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (© 2021 The Author(s).)

Aim: It was aimed to determine the change of facial asymmetry resulting from nasal septal deviation (SD) depending on age, gender, degree of deviation and the affected area besides the effect of SD on somatotype and craniofacial morphology., Materials and Methods: 171 volunteers (90 males, 81 females), 27 individuals aged 9-13, 44 individuals aged 14-18, 44 individuals aged 19-23 and 56 individuals in control group participated in the study conducted in otorhinolaryngology polyclinic.11 photometric, 16 anthropometric measurements were taken from the participants., Results: SD affects facial asymmetry formation, although not statistically significant compared to healthy individuals asymmetry rates (p˃0.05). It was determined that the degree of SD affected asymmetry only between the ages of 14-18 (in adolescence) and the development of asymmetry in all SD patients was not statistically dependent on age and gender (p˃0.05). Photometric measurements demonstrated asymmetries in horizontally-extending parameters of 1/3 middle part of face. There was no statistically significant difference in the cranial anthropometric measurements of the upper and lower 1/3 of the face compared to the control group (p˃0.05). The order of the most asymmetrical parameters is Alare-Zygion, Alare-Subnasale, Cheilion-Gonion, Exocanthion-Cheilion, Midsagittal plane-Zygion, Zygion-Cheilion, Zygion-Gonion, Subalare-Cheilion, Glabella-Exocanthion. In all participants were determined that endomorph somatotype was dominant in female and mesomorph somatotype was dominant in male besides SD did not affect somatotype and somatotype did not alter with age., Conclusion: The development of facial asymmetry due to SD is not affected by age and gender furthermore SD does not affect craniofacial asymmetry and somatotype., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Normative craniofacial anthropometry provides clinically important reference values used in the treatment of craniofacial conditions. Few objective datasets of normative data exist for children., Aim: To establish normative data regarding craniofacial morphology changes with growth in children., Subjects and Methods: 3D surface images of the same group of healthy children aged 6 - 11 years old recruited from a Dallas school were taken annually between the years 2015 - 2020. Composite 3D cephalometric faces were created for boys and girls of each age. General and craniofacial anthropometric measurements were compared., Results: Seven hundred ninety one individual stereophotogrammetric acquisitions were used (400 boys, 391 girls) taken from 180 children. Linear facial, orbital, nasal, and oral anthropometric measurements revealed a consistent increase in magnitude with age. Composite 3D face comparisons revealed prominent vertical and anteroposterior growth trends in the lower and upper facial regions., Conclusion: This study presents a longitudinal 3D control dataset of the same group of children over a 6-year period that can serve as reference norms for facial growth values and trends in children aged 6-11 years. The composite 3D normative faces are available for clinical and research purposes upon request, which may be interrogated and measured according to user need and preference.

Background: There is no normative craniofacial anthropometric data for the Kenyan-African population. The purpose of this investigation was to determine normative anthropometric craniofacial measurements and proportional relationships for Kenyans of African descent and to compare the data with African Americans (AA), North American Whites (NAW), and neoclassical canons., Methods: Twenty-five direct facial anthropometric measurements, and 4 angular measurements, were taken on 72 Kenyan-African participants (age range 18-30 years) recruited at the University of Nairobi in Kenya. The data were compared with AA and NAW populations, and neoclassical canons. Descriptive statistics of the variables were computed for the study population., Results: Significant differences between both Kenyan males and females were detected in forehead height (~ 5 mm greater for males, ~ 4.5 mm for females), nasal height (reduced by ~ 4 mm in males, ~ 3 mm in females), nasal width (8-9 mm greater), upper lip height (> 3 mm), and eye width (greater by ~ 3 mm) compared to NAW subjects. All vertical measurements obtained were significantly different compared with NAW. Differences were observed in comparison with AA subjects, but less marked. Mouth width was similar in all groups. Angular measurements were variable. Neoclassical canons did not apply to the Kenyan population., Conclusions: Anthropometric measurements of NAW showed clear differences when compared with the Kenyan population, and variations exist with comparative AA data. The anthropometric data in terms of linear measurements, angular measurements, and proportional values described may serve as a database for facial analysis in the Kenyan-African population., Competing Interests: Ethical approval was obtained; REC (University of Nairobi) reference: KNH-ERC/A/289.The subjects in Figs. 1, 2, and 3 provided written consent for their images to be published.The authors declare that they have no competing interests.Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Background: Craniofacial growth changes in young children are not yet completely understood. Up-to-date references for craniofacial measurements are crucial for clinical assessment of orthodontic anomalies, craniofacial abnormalities and subsequent planning of interventions., Aim: To provide normal reference data and to identify growth patterns for craniofacial dimensions of European boys and girls aged 3-6 years., Subjects and Methods: Using standard anthropometric methodology, body weight, body height and 23 craniofacial measurements were acquired for a cross-sectional sample of 681 healthy children (362 boys and 319 girls) aged 3-6 years from Germany, Italy and Lithuania. Descriptive statistics, correlation coefficients, percentage annual changes and percentage growth rates were used to analyse the dataset., Results: Between the ages of 3-6 years, craniofacial measurements showed age- and sex-related patterns independent from patterns observed for body weight and body height. Sex-related differences were observed in the majority of craniofacial measurements. In both sexes, face heights and face depths showed the strongest correlation with age. Growth patterns differed by craniofacial measurement and can be summarised into eight distinct age- and sex-related patterns., Conclusion: This study provided reference data and identified sex- and age-related growth patterns of the craniofacial complex of young European children, which may be used for detailed assessment of normal growth in paediatrics, maxillofacial reconstructive surgery and possibly for forensic age assessment.

Background: Anthropometry is becoming a popular method for diagnostics of various diseases in pediatric clinical practice. The aim of this study was to assess the growth changes in craniofacial parameters in patients with craniosynostosis and positional plagiocephaly., Methods: Inclusion criteria for the study were presence of craniostenosis or positional plagiocephaly in a patient with at least three anthropometric evaluations at our department. Studied patients were aged from 1.0 month to 2.5 years with median age at the first and last anthropometric evaluation as 1.83 and 25.27 months, respectively. Further anthropometric results in patients older than 2.5 years were excluded from the study. Statistical significance was tested by the Mann-Whitney test., Results: The studied group consisted of 70.5% male patients. The type of craniosynostosis was represented by scaphocephaly in 44.1%, by trigonocephaly in 45.6% and by coronal craniosynostosis in 10.3% of the cases. Cranial index was proven as a suitable parameter for evaluating differences in the trend of growth in craniosynostosis (p<0.001) and also for evaluating post-operative results. Significance was found in width of the head (p=0.038) for scaphocephaly and in length of the head for trigonocephaly (p=0.001) in surgically treated patients. Trend of cranial growth in operated patients copied the curve of the norm but in higher or lower values which depends on the type of prematurely closed suture., Conclusion: Longitudinal anthropometric follow-up is an objective and measurable method that can accurately non-invasively and non-expensively assess skull growth in pediatric patients with cranial deformity., (Copyright © 2015 Polish Neurological Society. Published by Elsevier Urban & Partner Sp. z o.o. All rights reserved.)

Background: Ethnic differences in craniofacial dimensions and proportional relationships means that ethnicity-specific data is required for both diagnosis and treatment planning. This investigation establishes normative craniofacial anthropometric values for the Sudanese female (SF) population, compares with North American White (NAW) and African-American females (AA), and analyses the occurrence of neoclassical norms within the study sample., Methods: Standardized frontal and profile facial photographs were taken of 100 female participants. Five vertical and five horizontal anthropometric measurements were determined., Results: Significant differences were found between the 3 populations. The sample showed very poor compliance with the neoclassical norms. The upper face height of the SF was ∼ 20-mm taller than the AA faces (p < 0.001). Midface, nasal and lower face heights were also significantly taller, by 15-mm, 10-mm and 10-mm respectively (p < 0.001). SF showed significant reduction in bizygomatic width (∼ 30-mm), compared to NAW and AA (p < 0.001). Eye width was ∼ 5-mm less than the AA sample and 3-mm less than the NAW sample (p < 0.001). Mouth width was ∼ 5-mm less in SF than the other two groups (p < 0.001). The SF exhibited a reduced interalar width compared with AA (p < 0.001), but wider than the NAW (p < 0.001)., Conclusions: The average SF face is significantly taller and narrower than the AA or NAW female face. The neoclassical proportional norms appear to be unreliable guides in relation to the SF face, and should not be used in comparative diagnosis and treatment planning. Use of the normative anthropometric data presented in this article, both linear and proportional values, should be considered in the diagnosis and treatment planning of young adult female patients of Sudanese descent., (Crown Copyright © 2014. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)