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Transitioning from traditional in-person classroom formats to online instructional delivery methods and online student assessments during the COVID-19 pandemic was a significant challenge to effective teaching, learning, and evaluation. Although there is a growing literature assessing the relative efficacy of different online teaching techniques, previous literature has not analyzed, from the student perspective, what methods are preferred for evaluating performance in experiential learning courses. How students perceive assessment methods is critical because it can affect their learning experience and academic achievements. To better understand student preferences for assessment methods, the best-worst scaling approach was used in two online surveys of 218 undergraduate students enrolled in experiential learning-based programs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Analysis of student responses indicates students' highest levels of support for assessments that emphasize the development of critical thinking skills and professional skills, such as case studies. Most students would prefer assessments that are driving (develop different skills such as creative thinking) and realistic (develop skills transferable to the real world), while only a few (< 1%) prefer assessments that are fast (involve little time), frequent, safe (has preventive measures to eliminate cheating), or strategic (high probability of getting good grades)., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Widespread pesticide drift issues ensued from the advent of dicamba-tolerant crop systems in the late 2010s, resulting in millions of acres of damaged farmland. Farmers who suffered drift-related losses in crop yield had to seek recovery in state courts. However, state courts varied in their approaches to drift lawsuits and remedies, if awarded, could include damage awards or injunctions. To demonstrate the need for a more transparent judicial process, this paper identifies three torts commonly advanced as causes of actions in drift cases and creates theoretic-game models to evaluate each tort's impact on farmers' decision-making and economic outcomes., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

To combat climate change, reducing carbon emissions from coal consumption in the power sector can be an effective strategy. We developed a price-exogenous mixed integer linear optimization model satisfying both traditional timber demand in Georgia and its neighboring states (Alabama, Florida, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee) and additional bioenergy demand to replace coal in the power plants of Georgia for 50 years, maximizing social welfare. We used Forest Inventory & Analysis unit level yield of five forest types (planted softwood, natural softwood, upland hardwood, bottomland hardwood, and mixed forest), timber demand, and price information, and developed three scenarios. In the Baseline scenario, traditional annual timber demand (152 million tons of wood) was satisfied with no coal replacement. In Scenario 1, 100% coal (7.34 million tons annually) was replaced using pulpwood only, along with traditional demand. In Scenario 2, also with traditional demand, 100% coal was replaced using pulpwood and logging residues. It would require approximately 336 and 98 thousand acres of additional annual timberland harvested in Scenario 1 and Scenario 2, respectively, compared to Baseline (1280 thousand acres). During 50 years, a total of 9.3, 10.2, and 9.6 billion tons of timber was produced in Baseline, Scenario 1, and Scenario 2, respectively. About one-third of all torrefaction plants would be located in the central region of Georgia. The net change in stand carbon was positive in all three scenarios-the highest in Baseline (1330 million tons C), followed by Scenario 2 (1261 million tons C), and the lowest in Scenario 1 (872 million tons C). About 240 million tons of carbon was avoided by using biomass instead of coal in Scenario 1 and Scenario 2. In Baseline, with continued emission from coal usage in the power plant for 50 years (285 million tons C), net carbon benefit was 1046 million tons C. Replacing 100% of coal with both pulpwood and logging residues provided a net benefit of 1501 million tons C, about 43% higher compared to baseline., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Point-of-sale nutrition information has been adopted by numerous grocery stores to respond to the demand for easy-to-understand nutrition labeling by consumers. Although there is conflicting evidence regarding the effectiveness of providing nutrition information, previous research indicates simplified shelf nutrition labels may lead to healthier choices. However, these studies have not examined how different consumer segments respond to these labels, nor the differential impacts across foods. Using household purchase data from a store that voluntarily adopted the (now defunct) NuVal shelf nutrition labels (a 1-100 numeric score derived from a nutrition-profiling algorithm), we assess NuVal impacts across different consumers and foods. NuVal scores potentially influence not only purchase quantity but also likelihood of buying. Thus, the effect of NuVal was measured by estimating a two-part model and predicting consumers' unconditional purchase responses. We found evidence of heterogeneous impacts of NuVal across consumers and foods. High-income households and households with children shifted their yogurt and frozen dinner purchases to more healthful items. In contrast, households with children and households headed by heads with college education slightly shifted their canned soup purchases to less healthful options. Our findings suggest that specific foods and consumer segments are influenced by simplified shelf nutrition information and further research is necessary to better understand its effect on consumer dietary quality., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This research draws on and expands previous studies that have quantified the costs and benefits associated with conventional roofs versus green roofs. Using parameters from those studies to define alternative scenarios, we estimate from a private, public, and social perspective the costs and benefits of installing and maintaining an extensive green roof in Atlanta, GA. Results indicate net private benefits are a decreasing function of roof size and vary considerably across scenarios. In contrast, net public benefits are highly stable across scenarios, ranging from $32.49 to $32.90 m(-2). In addition, we evaluate two alternative subsidy regimes: (i) a general subsidy provided to every building that adopts a green roof and (ii) a targeted subsidy provided only to buildings for which net private benefits are negative but net public benefits are positive. In 6 of the 12 general subsidy scenarios the optimal public policy is not to offer a subsidy; in 5 scenarios the optimal subsidy rate is between $20 and $27 m(-2); and in 1 scenario the optimal rate is $5 m(-2). The optimal rate with a targeted subsidy is between $20 and $27 m(-2) in 11 scenarios and no subsidy is optimal in the twelfth. In most scenarios, a significant portion of net public benefits are generated by buildings for which net private benefits are positive. This suggests a policy focused on information dissemination and technical assistance may be more cost-effective than direct subsidy payments.