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Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared.

Background: There is controversy about the outcome of patients with acute myocarditis (AM), and data are lacking on how patients admitted with suspected AM are managed. We report characteristics, in-hospital management, and long-term outcome of patients with AM based on a retrospective multicenter registry from 19 Italian hospitals., Methods: A total of 684 patients with suspected AM and recent onset of symptoms (<30 days) were screened between May 2001 and February 2017. Patients >70 years of age and those >50 years of age without coronary angiography were excluded. The final study population comprised 443 patients (median age, 34 years; 19.4% female) with AM diagnosed by either endomyocardial biopsy or increased troponin plus edema and late gadolinium enhancement at cardiac magnetic resonance., Results: At presentation, 118 patients (26.6%) had left ventricular ejection fraction <50%, sustained ventricular arrhythmias, or a low cardiac output syndrome, whereas 325 (73.4%) had no such complications. Endomyocardial biopsy was performed in 56 of 443 (12.6%), and a baseline cardiac magnetic resonance was performed in 415 of 443 (93.7%). Cardiac mortality plus heart transplantation rates at 1 and 5 years were 3.0% and 4.1%. Cardiac mortality plus heart transplantation rates were 11.3% and 14.7% in patients with complicated presentation and 0% in uncomplicated cases (log-rank P<0.0001). Major AM-related cardiac events after the acute phase (postdischarge death and heart transplantation, sustained ventricular arrhythmias treated with electric shock or ablation, symptomatic heart failure needing device implantation) occurred in 2.8% at the 5-year follow-up, with a higher incidence in patients with complicated forms (10.8% versus 0% in uncomplicated AM; log-rank P<0.0001). β-Adrenoceptor blockers were the most frequently used medications both in complicated (61.9%) and in uncomplicated forms (53.8%; P=0.18). After a median time of 196 days, 200 patients had follow-up cardiac magnetic resonance, and 8 of 55 (14.5%) with complications at presentation had left ventricular ejection fraction <50% compared with 1 of 145 (0.7%) of those with uncomplicated presentation., Conclusions: In this contemporary study, overall serious adverse events after AM were lower than previously reported. However, patients with left ventricular ejection fraction <50%, ventricular arrhythmias, or low cardiac output syndrome at presentation were at higher risk compared with uncomplicated cases that had a benign prognosis and low risk of subsequent left ventricular systolic dysfunction.

HIV-infected individuals with 200-500 CD4(+) T cell/microl were enrolled in a controlled study of three interleukin 2 (IL-2) plus antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens: (1) continuous intravenous administration of 12 million international units (MIU) of IL-2 followed by subcutaneous high-dose IL-2 (7.5 MIU, twice daily) for 5 days every 8 weeks; (2) high-dose subcutaneous IL-2 for 5 days every 8 weeks; (3) low-dose (3 MIU, twice daily) subcutaneous IL-2 for 5 days every 4 weeks; and (4) ART alone. Serum concentrations of IL-2, soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and IL-6 were determined. A progressive decrease over time of the circulating levels of IL-2 was observed in individuals receiving the highest doses of IL-2, but not in those belonging to the low-dose arm. Conversely, increased levels of sIL-2R were observed in all cytokine-treated individuals. The levels of TNF-alpha increased in the high-dose IL-2 regimens, but decreased in individuals receiving low-dose IL-2. IL-2-related toxicity was significantly correlated to the peak IL-2 serum levels, and was substantially lower in those individuals receiving low-dose IL-2. In conclusion, intermittent IL-2 administration causes the elevation of peripheral CD4(+) T cells, but also a profound cytokine response and systemic toxicity. The latter was correlated to the peak serum level of IL-2, but not to those of TNF-alpha and IL-6.