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Background & Aims: Cirrhosis and its complications may affect gut microbiota (GM) composition. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) represents the most effective treatment for portal hypertension (PH). We aimed to evaluate whether TIPS placement modifies GM composition and metabolic function., Methods: A compositional and functional GM analysis was prospectively performed in 13 cirrhotic patients receiving TIPS. Patients receiving systemic or non-absorbable antibiotics for any indications were excluded. Fecal samples were collected before and three months after TIPS. GM was analyzed by 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. Small- and medium-chain fatty acids (SCFAs and MCFAs, respectively) were measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry., Results: TIPS placement resulted in a mean 48% reduction in portal-caval pressure gradient. No recurrence of PH related complications was observed. After TIPS, increased levels of Flavonifractor spp. (p = 0.049), and decreased levels of Clostridiaceae (p = 0.024), these latter linked to abdominal infections in cirrhotic patients, were observed. No differences were found in the SCFAs signature while analysis of MCFA profiles showed a decreased abundance of pro-inflammatory isohexanoic (p<0.01), 2-ethylhexanoic (p<0.01) and octanoic acids (p<0.01) after TIPS., Conclusion: Correction of PH following TIPS results in modifications of GM composition which could be potentially beneficial and reduces the levels of fecal pro-inflammatory MCFAs., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest FV and FF have received lecture fees from Gore. FM and FV have received travel grants from AlfaSigma., (Copyright © 2022 Editrice Gastroenterologica Italiana S.r.l. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background and Aims: Implantation of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) improves survival in patients with cirrhosis with refractory ascites and portal hypertensive bleeding. However, the indication for TIPS in older adult patients (greater than or equal to 70 years) is debated, and a specific prediction model developed in this particular setting is lacking. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a multivariable model for an accurate prediction of mortality in older adults., Approach and Results: We prospectively enrolled 411 consecutive patients observed at four referral centers with de novo TIPS implantation for refractory ascites or secondary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding (derivation cohort) and an external cohort of 415 patients with similar indications for TIPS (validation cohort). Older adult patients in the two cohorts were 99 and 76, respectively. A cause-specific Cox competing risks model was used to predict liver-related mortality, with orthotopic liver transplant and death for extrahepatic causes as competing events. Age, alcoholic etiology, creatinine levels, and international normalized ratio in the overall cohort, and creatinine and sodium levels in older adults were independent risk factors for liver-related death by multivariable analysis., Conclusions: After TIPS implantation, mortality is increased by aging, but TIPS placement should not be precluded in patients older than 70 years. In older adults, creatinine and sodium levels are useful predictors for decision making. Further efforts to update the prediction model with larger sample size are warranted., (Copyright © 2023 American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.)

In patients affected by myelofibrosis with hepatic myeloid metaplasia (HMM), portal hypertension (PHT) complications may develop. In this case series, we analysed the efficacy and safety of transjugular portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in the treatment of PHT-related complications and its effects on the nutritional status. Six patients were evaluated and the average follow-up period after TIPS was 33 (IQR 5) months. None of the patients developed hepatic failure, nor any recurrence of variceal bleeding was recorded. No additional paracentesis or endoscopic prophylactic treatment for PHT-related complications were required. In all subjects, the average dose of diuretics was almost halved three months after TIPS. Three patients died during the follow-up, but none for liver-related causes. All patients showed an improvement in the global nutritional status. In conclusion, TIPS represent an effective and safe treatment option for patients affected by complications of PHT secondary to HMM and drives to an improvement of the nutritional status., (© 2022 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Purpose: To report safety and effectiveness of type II endoleak embolization, with percutaneous direct aneurysm sac puncture., Materials and Methods: Fifty patients, 31 male (mean age 55 ± 5), with post-EVAR type-II endoleak underwent direct percutaneous sac puncture for embolization. Procedures were performed, under local anesthesia. Sac puncture was done using a 20G needle under rotational angiography guidance. A coaxial system (4 Fr catheter + 2.7 microcatheter) was used to navigate the sac. During the follow-up period, all patients underwent contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) at 6 and 12 months., Results: Technical success, with complete exclusion of the aneurysm sac, was achieved in all cases. Time of procedure varied between 36 and 68 min (mean 51.36 min). Mean fluoroscopy time was 16.7 min. A posterior left access was used in 41 cases, posterior right access in 6 cases, and an anterior approach in 3. In 19 cases (38%), one or more feeding vessels were visualized and embolized. Sac embolization was done using Onyx plus micro-coils in 31 cases (62%) and Onyx alone in 19 cases (38%). Mean amount of Onyx was 6 ml. No complications, correlated with the direct percutaneous sac puncture, or to Onyx injection occurred. After 1-year follow-up, sac shrinkage occurred in 34 cases (68%), while in 16 patients (32%) sac size remained stable without evidence of sac perfusion., Conclusion: Percutaneous direct sac embolization using Onyx in combination or not with microcoils represents a safe and valid technique to solve post-EVAR type II endoleaks.

The purpose of thermal ablation is induction of tumor death by means of localized hyperthermia resulting in irreversible cellular damage. Ablative therapies are well-recognized treatment modalities for HCC lesions and are considered standard of care for HCC nodules < 3 cm in diameter in patients not suitable for surgery. Effective lesion treatment rely on complete target volume ablation. Technical limitations are represented by large (> 3 cm) or multicentric nodules as well as complex nodule location and poor lesion conspicuity. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a general term referred to computational algorithms that can analyze data and perform complex tasks otherwise prerogative of Human Intelligence. AI has a variety of application in percutaneous ablation procedures such as Navigational software, Fusion Imaging, and robot-assisted ablation tools. Those instruments represent relative innovations in the field of Interventional Oncology and promising strategies to overcome actual limitations of ablative therapy in order to increase feasibility and technical results. This work aims to review the principal application of Artificial Intelligence in the percutaneous ablation of primary lesions of the liver with special focus on how AI can impact in the treatment of HCC especially on potential advantages on the drawbacks of the conventional technique.

Purpose: To explore the provisional use of a drug-eluting stent (DES) after suboptimal drug-coated balloon (DCB) angioplasty in complex, calcified femoropopliteal lesions. Materials and Methods: A prospective, single-center, investigator-initiated pilot study enrolled 15 patients (mean age 71.3 years; 9 men) with symptomatic stenosis (n=6) or occlusion (n=9) of the native superficial femoral and/or proximal popliteal arteries who experienced suboptimal DCB dilation despite postdilation. Lesion characteristics were evaluated with computed tomography angiography and duplex ultrasound confirmed by intravascular ultrasound. Follow-up included clinical and imaging evaluations as well as blood tests to monitor inflammatory markers. Endpoints included systemic inflammation, acute/chronic thrombosis, aneurysm formation, and mortality. Results: Provisional stenting was required for residual stenosis >50% in 4 cases and flow-limiting dissection in 11. Provisional spot stenting was done using the Zilver PTX DES. Clinical improvement was observed in all cases. After 24-month follow-up all patients were alive and in good clinical condition. One- and 2-year primary patency rates were 93.3% and 92.9%, respectively; secondary patency was 100%. Restenosis required reintervention in 2 cases. No local or systemic complications or toxicity were observed due to the use of a double dose of paclitaxel. No significant increase in any inflammation marker was observed in the perioperative period, and no aneurysm formation was seen over 24 months of follow-up. Conclusion: Combined DCB plus DES therapy seems to be safe and correlated with high primary patency following suboptimal angioplasty. Larger studies are required to confirm the safety and efficacy of this approach.

We report a case of superficial femoral artery (SFA) stent fractures (SF) with atypical symptoms and site of disruption. Patient was hospitalized for sudden onset of right thigh pain, nonrelated to steno-obstructive disease. Preoperative ultrasound suspected and computed tomographic angiography (CTA) confirmed multiple proximal SFA SFs with concurrent pseudoaneurysms. A peripheral endograft was deployed covering the entire SFA, achieving a complete "relining" with exclusion of the pseudoaneurysm. Pain disappeared and postoperative control demonstrated good patency of the SFA. After 1 month, patient reported no further events and CTA revealed patency of the endograft and exclusion of the pseudoaneurysm. At 1 year follow-up, Viabahn is patent with no further symptoms reported by the patient., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

This report illustrates the case of a patient who suffered an iatrogenic complete injury of both ureters after a complex surgical procedure to remove a large sacral chordoma. Ureteral recanalization was achieved with two removable, autoexpandable, and polytetrafluoroethylene covered nitinol stents. To our knowledge, we describe the first application of this type of stents to treat a bilateral ureteral transection. Despite the bad general conditions of the patient, the ureteral stents successfully restored and maintained the bilateral ureteral continuity.

The treatment of Aortic Aneurysm disease is a growing procedure due to increase of life expectancy in Western Countries and relative incidence. In the past ten years we observed a progressive growth of endovascular over open surgery procedures with a related decline in rupture related deaths. Endo Vascular Aortic Repair [EVAR] is a well known technique of treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms, that has changed the surgical approach to abdominal aortic aneurysms, as it is performed with low perioperative morbility and mortality rate and shorter hospital stay. However although EVAR offers immediate advantages over open surgical repair, it carries the need of close lifelong surveillance due to specific possible complications including rupture, endoleaks, graft migration and enlargement of aneurysm sac size. Contrast Enhanced Computed Tomography [CTA] is actually considered the standard reference in EVAR followup. However CTA carries high costs, radiation exposure and potential renal impairment. In the last five years several studies have been published on the role of Contrast Enhanced UltraSound [CEUS] in EVAR follow-up asserting high accuracy of this evaluation technique with absence of renal impairment, without radiation risk and at low costs. Especially since introduction of second generation Contrast Agents this evaluation technique is gaining popularity in EVAR follow-up surveillance. The diffusion of CEUS investigations by using new generation of contrast medium with appropriate software represents without any doubt an important step in the EVAR surveillance and could open up new strategies in the evaluation of endovascular aortic procedures gaining a fundamental role in EVAR follow-up.

Objectives: To evaluate whether contrast ultrasonography can be used to distinguish asymptomatic from symptomatic carotid plaques and provide insight into underlying pathophysiological differences., Design: Contrast carotid ultrasound was performed in both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients referred for carotid endarterectomy., Materials and Methods: Of 77 consecutive patients referred for carotid artery evaluation, 64 underwent carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic cerebrovascular disease and 9 underwent urgent surgery for acute neurological deficits with hemiparesis. The endarterectomy specimens were assessed immunohistologically., Results: In all 9 patients undergoing urgent surgery, contrast ultrasonography showed the accumulation of diffuse microbubble contrast at the base of the carotid plaque. This pattern was observed only in 1/64 of the patients undergoing surgery for asymptomatic carotid disease. Immunohistologically staining of the endarterectomy specimens showed that the area of microbubble contrast at the base of the symptomatic plaques was associated with an increased number of small diameter (20-30 microm) microvessels staining for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)., Conclusions: Contrast carotid ultrasonography may allow the identification of microvessels with neoangiogenesis at the base of carotid plaques, and differentiate symptomatic from asymptomatic plaques.

This paper describes four cases of visceral artery aneurysms (VAAs) successfully treated with endovascular stent-grafts and discusses the endovascular approach to VAAs and the long-term results. Four balloon expandable stent-grafts were used to treat three splenic artery aneurysms and one bleeding common hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm. The percutaneous access site and the materials were chosen on the basis of CT angiography findings. In all cases the aneurysms were successfully excluded. In one case a splenic infarction occurred, with nonrelevant clinical findings. At 16- to 24-month follow-up three patients had patent stents and complete exclusion and shrinkage of the aneurysms. One patient died due to pancreatitis and sepsis, 16 days after successful stenting and exclusion of a bleeding pseudoaneurysm. We conclude that endovascular treatment using covered stent-grafts is a valid therapeutic option for VAAs. Multislice CT preoperative study helps in planning stent-graft positioning.

Objectives: Type II endoleak is the most common complication after endovascular aneurysm repair and require close surveillance. Hence, the need to validate new techniques as alternative to helical CT-scan, the reference standard. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of Cadence Contrast Pulse Sequencing ultrasound technique with second generation contrast agents in detecting endoleaks, and to compare the results with data obtained from CTA., Methods: 30 patients with endovascular stent grafts, during their regular follow-up consisting in serial CT and ultrasound exams performed at discharge, at one and six months and at one year thereafter, previous informed consent, were enrolled in a prospectic double blind study design in order to compare triphasic helical CT-scan to another adjunctive ultrasound investigation (Cadence CPS technique with Sono Vue). No more than 15 days occurred between the two examinations. In the study were evaluated only data obtained from the comparison of the two concomitant investigations, independently from the follow-up. Variables analysed were changes in the maximum diameter of the aneurysmal sac, presence and type of endoleak, if detected. In the case of disagreement between the two diagnostic tools angiography was performed., Results: One patient dropped out because of violation of the study protocol (a stroke occurred in the time interval between the two investigations). Both exams visualised patency and proper graft placement in all the remaining patients. Aneurysmal diameters with both investigations overlapped (r(s):0.98). In 21 patients no endoleak was detected with a significant aneurysmal sac shrinkage (P<0.001). In seven patients both methods confirmed presence of endoleak. Ultrasonography detected all type of endoleaks, while CT-scan was uncertain in one. Moreover, in one patient CT-angiography showed an increased aneurysmal diameter without other evidence, while a contrast ultrasound investigation disclosed a type II low-flow endoleak, confirmed by angiography., Conclusions: The Cadence Contrast Pulse Sequencing with echo contrast agent is an ultrasound technique that substantially improves the ultrasound diagnostic reliability.

A pulmonary arteriovenous fistula (PAVF) is a rare vascular malformation commonly treated by embolization with coils or balloons to prevent the risk of several serious complications such as cerebral embolism and brain abscess. A 32-year-old female with two PAVFs and neurological ischemic manifestations has been successfully treated by transcatheter embolization of both fistulas using a new device (Amplatzer Vascular Plug). This self-expanding cylindrical nitinol mesh cage with high radial strength allows a chance of relocation until properly positioned. It is preferred to coils or balloons because a large caliber of feeding artery implied high risk of uncontrollable distal embolization. There appear to be no reports in the literature concerning use of this device, which could represent a useful innovative tool in embolotherapies, especially in large vascular areas.