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We propose a closed-loop pretreatment process, wherein volatiles produced during steam explosion pretreatment were recovered and reintroduced as acid catalysts into the pretreatment system. The volatiles were separated through a drastic decompression process followed by a steam explosion process and recovered as a liquified catalyst (LFC) through a heat exchanger. The LFC effectively served as an acid catalyst for hemicellulose hydrolysis, significantly decreasing residence time from 90 min to 30 min to achieve 80 % conversion yield at 170 °C. Hydrolysates with high content of lower molecular weight oligomeric sugars were obtained using LFC, and were considered advantageous for application as prebiotics. These results are attributed to the complementary features of acetic acid and furfural contained within the LFC. Computational simulation using Aspen Plus was used to investigate the effects of recycling on LFC, and it demonstrated the feasibility of the catalyst-recirculating system. A validation study was conducted based on simulation results to predict the actual performance of the proposed pretreatment system. Based on these results, the recirculating system was predicted to improve the conversion yield and low-molecular weight oligomers yield by 1.5-fold and 1.6-fold, respectively., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Intracranial aneurysms (IAs) are a common vascular pathology and are associated with a risk of rupture, which is often fatal. Aneurysm growth of more than 1 mm is considered a surrogate of rupture risk, therefore, this study presents a comprehensive analysis of intracranial aneurysm measurements utilizing a dataset comprising 358 IA from 248 computed tomography angiography (CTA) scans measured by four junior raters and one senior rater. The study explores the variability in sizing assessments by employing both human raters and an Artificial Intelligence (AI) system. Our findings reveal substantial inter- and intra-rater variability among junior raters, contrasting with the lower intra-rater variability observed in the senior rater. Standard deviations of all raters were above the threshold for IA growth (1 mm). Additionally, the study identifies a systemic bias, indicating a tendency for human experts to measure aneurysms smaller than the AI system. Our findings emphasize the challenges in human assessment while also showcasing the capacity of AI technology to improve the precision and reliability of intracranial aneurysm assessments, especially beneficial for junior raters. The potential of AI was particularly evident in the task of monitoring IA at various intervals, where the AI-based approach surpassed junior raters and achieved performance comparable to senior raters., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery was developed to manage excessive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain's ventricles and is considered a mainstream treatment. Despite the development of the shunt device system, various complications still occur. In this study, we reported 307 cases and a long-term follow-up of at least five years of adult patients who underwent VP shunt surgery and analyzed various factors that may affect revision surgery. A retrospective study was conducted at Asan Medical Center, Korea, a tertiary medical center. We reviewed 307 cases from January 2012 to December 2018. The patients' neurological status, predisposing medical conditions, laboratory findings, and other operation-related factors were reviewed using electrical medical records. The normal function group comprised 272 cases (88.6%), and the overall incidence of revision group comprised 35 cases (11.4%). Of the 35 revision surgery cases, 30 (85.71%) were due to shunt malfunctions, such as obstruction, overdrainage, and valve-related errors while 5 (14.29%) were due to shunt infection. Patient demographics, mental status, and operation time did not influence revision as risk factors. Serum laboratory findings showed no statistical difference between the two groups. The white blood cell (WBC) count in the CSF profile differed significantly between the two groups. The Hakim Programmable valve (Codman, USA) is mainly used in our center. In addition, various shunt systems were used, including Strata Regulatory valve (Medtronic, USA), proGAV (Aesculap, USA), and Accu-Flo (Codman, USA). This study analyzed the factors affecting long-term outcomes. Based on these findings, efforts are needed to achieve more favorable outcomes in the future., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The intricate structure of lignin, characterized by a mix of hydrophilic components and hydrophobic structures from its aliphatic and aromatic constituents, poses challenges in creating monodisperse particles. This is due to the need for precise modulation of self-assembly kinetics. Herein, we explore a correlation between the substructure of lignin and its capacity for self-assembly. We have conducted an in-depth investigation into the interactions between hydrophilic groups, such as phenolic and aromatic-OH, and monolignols with interunit linkages that are involved in the formation of lignin particles (LPs). A high degree of hydrophilicity with a condensed structure is crucial for high supersaturation levels, which in turn determines the growth phase and leads to small LPs. An approach based on tailoring the supersaturation level which is contingent on the structural characteristics of extracted organosolv lignin was used to obtain remarkably uniform LPs with mean diameters of approximately 230 and 480 nm. The results of this study have the potential to serve as a foundation for the preparation of monodisperse LPs derived from various lignin sources as well as for the development of methods to extract lignin containing a specific chemical substructure., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no competing financial interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Acetylated lignin (AL) can improve compatibility with commercial plastic polymers compared to existing lignin and can be used as an effective additive for eco-friendly biocomposites. For this reason, AL can be effectively incorporated into polylactic acid (PLA)-based biocomposites, but its biodegradation properties have not been investigated. In this study, biodegradation experiments were performed under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions to determine the effect of AL addition on the biodegradation characteristics of PLA-based biocomposites. As a result, the PLA-based biocomposite showed a faster biodegradation rate in a thermophilic composting environment, which is higher than the glass transition temperature of PLA, compared to a mesophilic environment. 16S rDNA sequencing results showed that differences in microbial communities depending on mesophilic and thermophilic environments strongly affected the biodegradation rate of lignin/PLA biocomposites. Importantly, the addition of AL can effectively delay the thermophilic biodegradation of PLA biocomposites. As a result of tracking the changes in physicochemical properties according to the biodegradation period in a thermophilic composting environment, the main biodegradation mechanism of AL/PLA biocomposite hydrolysis. It proceeded with cleavage of the PLA molecular chain, preferential biodegradation of the amorphous region, and additional biodegradation of the crystalline region. Above all, adding AL can be proposed as an effective additive because it can minimize the decline in the mechanical properties of PLA and delay the biodegradation rate more effectively compared to existing kraft lignin (KL)., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Flow-preservation bypass is a treatment option for complex intracranial aneurysms (IAs) that cannot be managed with microsurgical clipping or endovascular treatment. Various bypass methods are available, including interposition grafts such as the radial artery or saphenous vein. Size discrepancy, invasiveness, and procedure complexity must be considered when using interposition grafts. We describe our experience of treating complex IAs using a superficial temporal artery (STA) interposition bypass., Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records and operative videos of all patients who were treated for complex IAs at our center from January 2009 to December 2021 using cerebral revascularization. Clinical, radiological, and surgical findings of the cases that underwent STA interposition bypass were investigated., Results: Seventy-six bypass procedures were performed of which seven (9.2%) complex IAs were managed using STA interposition bypass. Of these 5 cases were of anterior cerebral artery, 1 of middle cerebral artery, and 1 of posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysm. There were no postoperative ischemic complications. Revision surgery for postoperative pseudomeningocele was performed in one case. The long-term bypass patency rate was 85.7% (6 out of 7) and good long-term aneurysm control was achieved in all cases, with a mean follow-up of 64 months., Conclusions: When treating complex IAs, creative revascularization strategies are needed in selective cases for favorable outcomes. STA interposition graft bypass which can reduce the size discrepancy between the donor and recipient may be a less invasive, flexible, and practical option for treating complex IAs., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Background: In treating anterior choroidal artery (AChA) aneurysms, preserving the AChA main trunk is of course necessary to prevent postoperative ischemic complications. However, in practice, complete occlusions are often limited by small branches., Objective: We aimed to demonstrate that even in cases where complete occlusion of the AChA aneurysm is complex due to small branches, complete occlusion can be safely achieved using indocyanine green video-angiography and intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM)., Methods: We performed a retrospective review of all unruptured AChA aneurysms surgically treated at our institution from 2012 to 2021. All available surgical videos were reviewed to find AChA aneurysms clipped with small branches; clinical and radiological data were collected for these cases., Results: Among 391 cases of unruptured AChA aneurysms treated surgically, 25 AChA aneurysms were clipped with small branches. AChA-related ischemic complications occurred in 2 cases (8%) without retrograde indocyanine green filling to the branches. These 2 cases had changes in IONM. There were no ischemic complications in the remaining cases with retrograde indocyanine green filling to the branches and no change in IONM. During an average follow-up of 47 months (12-111 months), a small residual neck was observed in 3 cases (12%) and recurrence or progression of the aneurysm was observed in only 1 case (4%)., Conclusions: The surgical treatment of AChA aneurysms carries the risk of devastating ischemic complications. Even in cases where complete clip ligation seems impossible due to small branches associated with AChA aneurysms, complete occlusion can be safely achieved using indocyanine green video-angiography and IONM., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Background: Early detection of intracranial aneurysms (IAs) is crucial for patient outcomes. Typically identified on angiographic scans such as CT angiography (CTA) or MR angiography (MRA), the sensitivity of experts in studies on small IAs (diameter <3 mm) was moderate (64-74.1% for CTAs and 70-92.8% for MRAs), and these figures could be lower in a routine clinical setting. Recent research shows that the expert level of sensitivity might be achieved using deep learning approaches., Methods: A large multisite dataset including 1054 MRA and 2174 CTA scans with expert IA annotations was collected. A novel modality-agnostic two-step IA detection approach was proposed. The first step used nnU-Net for segmenting vascular structures, with model training performed separately for each modality. In the second step, segmentations were converted to vascular surface that was parcellated by sampling point clouds and, using a PointNet++ model, each point was labeled as an aneurysm or vessel class., Results: Quantitative validation of the test data from different sites than the training data showed that the proposed approach achieved pooled sensitivity of 85% and 90% on 157 MRA scans and 1338 CTA scans, respectively, while the sensitivity for small IAs was 72% and 83%, respectively. The corresponding number of false findings per image was low at 1.54 and 1.57, and 0.4 and 0.83 on healthy subject data., Conclusions: The proposed approach achieved a state-of-the-art balance between the sensitivity and the number of false findings, matched the expert-level sensitivity to small (and other) IAs on external data, and therefore seems fit for computer-assisted detection of IAs in a clinical setting., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Lignin has potential as a substitute for natural antioxidants in cosmetics and food industries due to its radical scavenging ability and price competitiveness. The antioxidant activity of lignin depends on its structural properties, and they accordingly have synergy with natural antioxidants. Based on the structural characteristics, the antioxidant activity of ethanol organosolv lignin (EOL) and synergy with myricetin were investigated. The phenolic-OH content was a predominant factor in the antioxidant activity of EOL, and EOL-H with a higher phenolic-OH content and lower IC 50 value (0.17 mg/mL) covered a wide synergy range of 1:32-2:1 (EOL:myricetin). The synergistic effect was verified by comparing predicted and actual values based on ESR analysis, and the phenolic-OH ratio (>0.4) of myricetin and EOL for the synergy was suggested. In this respect, the results highlight the potential of lignin with high phenolic-OH content as a substitute for commercial antioxidants with superior activity and broad synergy ranges., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Dural arteriovenous fistulas at the craniocervical junction (CCJ DAVFs) are a rare vascular disease. Endovascular treatment (EVT) and microsurgery are the primary treatment modalities for CCJ DAVFs. However, incomplete treatment or complications may occur after treatment because of the anatomical complexity., Objective: We analyzed the neurosurgical treatment experiences of CCJ DAVFs to recommend suitable classification and treatment options., Methods: CCJ DAVFs were anatomically classified into three types according to the feeding arteries and their relationships with the anterior spinal (ASAs) and lateral spinal arteries (LSAs). Type 1 was fed by the radiculomeningeal artery from the vertebral artery and was not associated with the ASA or LSA. Type 2 was fed by the radiculomeningeal artery, and the radicular artery supplied the LSA near the fistula point. Type 3 had the characteristics of type 1 or type 2 CCJ DAVFs, except the ASA also contributed to the fistula., Results: There were 5, 7, and 4 cases of type 1, type 2, and type 3 CCJ DAVFs, respectively. EVT was attempted in 12 patients, of whom only 1 (type 1) was completely cured without complications. Nine cases had residual lesions after EVT, and two had spinal cord infarction due to occlusion of the LSA. Fourteen patients underwent microsurgical treatment. In all 14 cases, CCJ DAVFs were completely obliterated after microsurgery., Conclusion: In cases of type 1 CCJ DAVF, both microsurgical treatment and EVT may be considered. However, for type 2 and 3 CCJ DAVFs, microsurgery may be a superior treatment modality., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Cerebral myxomatous aneurysms (CMA) are intracranial aneurysms caused by cardiac myxoma. The exact mechanism underlying their development has not yet been elucidated. And an optimal treatment method has not yet been established because of rarity of the disease. In addition, most existing reports have had a short follow-up period or lack of follow-up imaging test results. The aim of this study was to provide better insights into the course and treatment options of CMAs., Methods: We describe 4 CMA patients treated in our hospital and literature search was performed using PubMed and Embase databases. Keywords used were as follows: "cerebral myxomatous aneurysm", "myxomatous aneurysm", "cardiac myxoma", and "intracranial aneurysm". Only publications in English and related to this disorder with adequate follow-up periods and aneurysmal wall biopsy results were included. Clinical, radiological, pathological, and treatment characteristics were analyzed., Results: A total of 149 CMA cases were managed conservatively that included 9 enlargements, 6 regressions, and 134 stable aneurysms, which were identified for a total of 453.33 aneurysm years (1.91% per aneurysm year, 1.27% per aneurysm year, and 28.76% per aneurysm year, respectively). Poor outcome rate was high in cases with hemorrhage (either parenchymal or subarachnoidal hemorrhage) due to rupture of the CMA (46.67%, 7 out of 15). Thirteen cases had aneurysm biopsy results of which 11 showed tumor invasion on the aneurysm wall., Conclusions: Even though the natural course of unruptured, benign-looking CMAs appears to be favorable, the presence or absence of viable tumor cells in the aneurysm may promote an unfavorable disease course. In the case of large, symptomatic, and enlarging CMAs, surgical, endovascular, or combined treatment should be considered as the mortality and morbidity due to rupture might be high., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Lignin has different structural characteristics depending on the extraction conditions. In this study, three types of ethanol organosolv lignin (EOL) were produced under different extraction conditions involving the reaction temperature (140, 160, 180 °C), sulfuric acid concentration (0.5, 1, 1.5 %), and ethanol concentration (40, 60, 80 %) to compare the difference in properties when mixed with polylactic acid (PLA) matrix after atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). ATRP of EOL was conducted to improve its compatibility with PLA using methyl methacrylate (MMA) as a monomer. The molecular weight of each EOL increased significantly, and the glass transition temperature (T g ) decreased from approximately 150 to 110 °C. The EOL-g-PMMA copolymer exhibited a melting point (T m ), whereas EOL did not, implying that the thermoplasticity increased. The EOL-g-PMMA/PLA blend and film were prepared with 10 % of the copolymer in the PLA matrix. The tensile strength and strain of the blend were higher than those of unmodified organosolv lignin as the compatibility increased, and the UV transmittance was lower than that of neat PLA because of the UV protecting properties of EOL moiety., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In this study, the physicochemical properties of torrefied biomass (larch and yellow poplar) were investigated based on torrefaction temperature. The effect of torrefied biomass on the hydrophobicity and mechanical properties of a polylactic acid (PLA) composites was evaluated. Hemicellulose was removed from the biomass during torrefaction, whereas the cellulose and lignin contents increased slightly. The color of the biomass changed from brown to black. The grindability of the torrefied biomass improved as the torrefaction temperature increased, which contributed to the production of fine particles (>100 mesh). A PLA composite was prepared using torrefied biomass (10 %) and polylactic acid. At 280 °C, water contact angle was the highest, regardless of the particle size and biomass species. Tensile strength of the PLA composite was slightly lower than that of PLA alone, regardless of the particle size of torrefied biomass. Nevertheless, the strength increased with the torrefaction temperature, except for larch with a relatively large particle size (<100 mesh). The tensile strength of the control was 68.0 MPa, whereas that of the torrefied biomass ranged from 61.1 to 65.8 MPa., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Commonly, lignin macromolecules have limitations in application to the thermoplastics industries due to poor dispersibility and interfacial compatibility within ligno-bioplastics. In this study, the dispersibility and interfacial compatibility of ethanol organosolv lignin (EOL) in PLA-based ligno-bioplastic were improved by enhancing the thermoplasticity via oxypropylation. Further, three types of EOLs extracted from different severity conditions were applied to investigate the effect of the structural characteristics of EOLs on the changes in the thermal properties. The thermal properties of oxypropylated EOL were dependent on the structural characteristics of the initial EOL as well as the degree of polymerization of propylene oxide. The thermoplasticity of EOLs extracted under mild condition was effectively increased as a new T g and melting were observed. Based on increased thermoplasticity, the dispersibility and interfacial compatibility of EOL within PLA-based ligno-bioplastic were successfully improved, which compensates for the deterioration in mechanical strength of ligno-bioplastic due to the addition of unmodified EOL. Therefore, oxypropylation of EOL with suitable structural characteristics promises improved availability as a thermoplastic material., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Because nanocellulose has a large specific surface area and abundant hydroxyl functional groups due to its unique nanomorphology, interest increases as an eco-friendly water treatment material. However, the distinctive properties of nanocellulose, which exists in a dispersion state, strongly hamper its usage in practical water treatment processes. Additionally, nanocellulose shows low performance in removing anionic pollutants because of its anionic characteristics. In an effort to address this challenge, regenerated cellulose (RC) hydrogel was fabricated through cellulose's dissolution and regeneration process using an eco-friendly aqueous solvent system. Subsequently, a crosslinking process was carried out to introduce the cationic functional groups to the RC surface PEI coating (P/RC). As a result, the PEI surface cationization process improved the mechanical rigidity of RC and showed an excellent Cr(VI) removal capacity of 578 mg/g. In addition, the prepared P/RC maintained more than 90% removal efficiency even after seven reuses., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Eucalyptus pellita is known as attractive biomass, and it has been utilized for eucalyptus oil, furniture, and pulp and paper production that causes a significant amount of byproducts. Liquid hot water treatment depending on combined severity factor (CSF) was subjected to isolate hemicellulose fraction from E. pellita and to produce xylooligosaccharides (XOS). The xylan extraction ratio based on the initial xylan content of the feedstock was maximized up to 77.6% at 170 °C for 50 min condition (CSF: 1.0), which had accounted for XOS purity of 76.5% based on the total sugar content of the liquid hydrolysate. In this condition, the sum of xylobiose, xylotriose, and xylotetraose which has a low degree of polymerization (DP) of 2 to 4 was determined as 80.6% of the total XOS. The highest XOS production score established using parameters including the xylan extraction ratio, XOS purity, and low DP XOS ratio was 5.7 at CSF 1.0 condition. XOS production score evaluated using the CSF is expected to be used as a productivity indicator of XOS in the industry (R-squared value: 0.92).

In general, lignin exhibits unpredictable and nonuniform thermal properties due to the structural variations caused by the extraction processes. Therefore, a systematic understanding of the correlation between the extraction conditions, structural characteristics, and properties is indispensable for the commercial utilization of lignin. In this study, the effect of extraction conditions on the structural characteristics of ethanol organosolv lignin (EOL) was investigated by response surface methodology. The structural characteristics of EOL (molecular weight, hydroxyl content, and intramolecular coupling structure) were significantly affected by the extraction conditions (temperature, sulfuric acid concentration, and ethanol concentration). In addition, the correlation between the structural characteristics and thermal properties of the extracted EOLs was estimated. The relevant correlations between the structural characteristics and thermal properties were determined. In particular, EOLs that had a low molecular weight, high phenolic hydroxyl content, and low aryl-ether linkage content exhibited prominent thermal properties in terms of their initial decomposition rate and a high glass transition temperature, T g . Correspondingly, EOL-PLA blends prepared using three EOL types exhibited improved thermal properties (starting point of thermal decomposition and maximum decomposition temperature) compared to neat PLA and had thermal decomposition behaviors coincident with the thermal properties of the constituent EOLs., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2021 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

This study was conducted to investigate the degradation characteristics of kraft lignin (KL) during peracetic acid (PAA) treatment, and to produce potentially valuable polymers of low molecular weight lignin by controlling the reaction conditions. For the peracetic acid treatment, acetic acid (AA) and hydrogen peroxide (HP) were directly mixed at ratios of 4:1, 1:1, and 1:4 (v/v) and employed as reaction media. After PAA treatment of kraft lignin at 80 °C, complete dissolution of the lignin and reduction in the molecular weight were observed. When the PAA reaction was performed at high HP concentration (1:4, v/v), the aromatic lignin skeleton opened and converted to a structure containing large amounts of carboxyl groups. On the other hand, the treatment at high AA concentration (4:1, v/v) decomposed lignin while maintaining its aromatic structure. Hence, we demonstrated that the selective production of lignin-derived polymers can be controlled depending on PAA and HP concentrations., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

For improving the economic efficiency of the biorefining concept, selective decomposition and separation of biomass components is indispensable. In this respect, a sequential pretreatment process consisting of liquid hot water treatment and diluted peracetic acid (PAA) treatment was proposed for total utilization of lignocellulosic woody biomass. During the liquid hot water treatment, hemicellulose can be decomposed efficiently without significant loss of cellulose and lignin, implying the possibility for xylooligomer production by thermochemical treatment. In the PAA treatment, lignin was successfully degraded and liquefied using a 50% diluted PAA solvent, suggesting the possibility of dicarboxylic acid production. After the sequential process proposed in this study, the cellulose accessibility to the enzyme could be maximized by inducing selective deconstruction of hemicellulose and lignin., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: There are no strong guidelines on how long or how we should undertake conservative treatment during the acute period of an osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture (VCF)., Methods: We treated 202 patients with conservative treatment on VCF from March 2012 to August 2015. On inclusion criteria, 75 patients (22 males and 53 females) were included in the final analysis. After admission, a transdermal fentanyl patch with low dose (12.5 µg) application was attempted in all patients. In an unresponsive patient, the fentanyl patch was increased by 25 µg. After identifying the tolerable toilet ambulation of the patient without any assistance, hospital discharge was recommended. We classified two patient groups into one favorable group and one unfavorable group and compared several clinical and radiological factors., Results: Among 75 patients, the clinical outcome of 57 patients (76%) was favorable, but that of 18 patients (24%) was unfavorable. In clinical outcomes, the numeric rating scale at 6 and 12 months and Odom's criteria at 12 months was significantly different between the favorable and the unfavorable groups. The dose of the patches used showed statistically significant differences between the two groups ( p =0.001)., Conclusion: The only statistically significant affecting factor for an unfavorable outcome was the use of a higher dose fentanyl patch. Our data inferred that the unresponsiveness to a low-dose fentanyl patch could be helpful to select patients necessary for percutaneous vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty., Competing Interests: The authors have no financial conflicts of interest.

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the glucan conversion rate after enzymatic hydrolysis depending on the treatment methods and conditions with changes in the chemical composition of treated solid fraction of Jabon Merah. The glucan conversion rate (17.4%) was not significantly improved after liquid hot water treatment (1st step) even though most of the hemicellulose was dissolved into liquid hydrolysate. Subsequently, dilute acid, organosolv, and peracetic acid treatment (2nd step) was conducted under various conditions to enhance glucan conversion. Among the 2nd step treatment, the glucan conversion rate of organosolv (max. 46.0%) and peracetic acid treatment (max. 65.9%) was increased remarkably through decomposition of acid-insoluble lignin (AIL). Finally, the glucan conversion rate and AIL content were highly correlated, which was revealed by the R-squared value (0.84), but inhibitory factors including cellulose crystallinity must be considered for advanced glucan conversion from highly recalcitrant biomasses, such as Jabon Merah., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)