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Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Depression is one of the most common mood disturbances worldwide. The Si-ni-san formula (SNS) is a famous classic Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) widely used to treat depression for thousands of years in clinics. However, the mechanism underlying the therapeutic effect of SNS in improving depression-like behaviors following chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) remains unknown., Aim of the Study: This study aimed to investigate whether SNS alleviates depression-like behaviors in CUMS mice by regulating dendritic spines via NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy in vitro and in vivo., Study Design and Methods: In vivo, mice were exposed to CUMS for 42 days, and SNS (4.9, 9.8, 19.6 g/kg/d), fluoxetine (10 mg/kg/d), 3-methyladenine (3-MA) (30 mg/kg/d), rapamycin(1 mg/kg/d), and deferoxamine (DFO) (200 mg/kg/d) were conducted once daily during the last 3 weeks of the CUMS procedure. In vitro, a depressive model was established by culture of SH-SY5Y cells with corticosterone, followed by treatment with different concentrations of freeze-dried SNS (0.001, 0.01, 0.1 mg/mL) and rapamycin (10 nM), NCOA4-overexpression, Si-NCOA4. After the behavioral test (open-field test (OFT), sucrose preference test (SPT), forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST), dendritic spines, GluR2 protein expression, iron concentration, and ferritinophagy-related protein levels (P62, FTH, NCOA4, LC3-II/LC3-I) were tested in vitro and in vivo using immunohistochemistry, golgi staining, immunofluorescence, and Western blot assays. Finally, HEK-293T cells were transfected by si-NCOA4 or GluR2-and NCOA4-overexpression plasmid and treated with corticosterone(100 μM), freeze-dried SNS(0.01 mg/mL), rapamycin(25 nM), and 3-MA(5 mM). The binding amount of GluR2, NCOA4, and LC3 was assessed by the co-immunoprecipitation (CO-IP) assay., Results: 3-MA, SNS, and DFO promoted depressive-like behaviors in CUMS mice during OFT, SPT, FST and TST, improved the amount of the total, thin, mushroom spine density and enhanced GluR2 protein expression in the hippocampus. Meanwhile, treatment with SNS decreased iron concentrations and inhibited NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy activation in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, 3-MA and SNS could prevent the binding of GluR2, NCOA4 and LC3 in corticosterone-treated HEK-293T, and rapamycin reversed this phenomenon after treatment with SNS., Conclusion: SNS alleviates depression-like behaviors in CUMS mice by regulating dendritic spines via NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Liver fibrosis is a disease largely driven by resident and recruited macrophages. The phenotypic switch of hepatic macrophages can be achieved by chemo-attractants and cytokines. During a screening of plants traditionally used to treat liver diseases in China, paeoniflorin was identified as a potential drug that affects the polarization of macrophages. The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effects of paeoniflorin in an animal model of liver fibrosis and explore its underlying mechanisms. Liver fibrosis was induced in Wistar rats via an intraperitoneal injection of CCl 4 . In addition, the RAW264.7 macrophages were cultured in the presence of CoCl 2 to simulate a hypoxic microenvironment of fibrotic livers in vitro . The modeled rats were treated daily with either paeoniflorin (100, 150, and 200[Formula: see text]mg/kg) or YC-1 (2[Formula: see text]mg/kg) for 8 weeks. Hepatic function, inflammation and fibrosis, activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC), and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition were assessed in the in vivo and in vitro models. The expression levels of M1 and M2 macrophage markers and the NF-[Formula: see text]B/HIF-1[Formula: see text] pathway factors were measured using standard assays. Paeoniflorin significantly alleviated hepatic inflammation and fibrosis, as well as hepatocyte necrosis in the CCl 4 -induced fibrosis model. Furthermore, paeoniflorin also inhibited HSC activation and reduced ECM deposition both in vivo and in vitro . Mechanistically, paeoniflorin restrained M1 macrophage polarization and induced M2 polarization in the fibrotic liver tissues as well as in the RAW264.7 cells grown under hypoxic conditions by inactivating the NF-[Formula: see text]B/HIF-1[Formula: see text] signaling pathway. In conclusion, paeoniflorin exerts its anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects in the liver by coordinating macrophage polarization through the NF-[Formula: see text]B/HIF-1[Formula: see text] pathway.

Unlike traditional small molecule drugs, fullerene is an all-carbon nanomolecule with a spherical cage structure. Fullerene exhibits high levels of antiviral activity, inhibiting virus replication in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we systematically summarize the latest research regarding the different types of fullerenes investigated in antiviral studies. We discuss the unique structural advantage of fullerenes, present diverse modification strategies based on the addition of various functional groups, assess the effect of structural differences on antiviral activity, and describe the possible antiviral mechanism. Finally, we discuss the prospective development of fullerenes as antiviral drugs.

High-fat diet (HFD) has been associated with neuroinflammation and apoptosis in distinct brain regions. To explore the effect of short-term (7, 14 and 21 days) high-fat overfeeding on apoptosis, inflammatory signaling proteins, APP changes and glial cell activities in cerebral cortex and cerebellum. Mice were fed with HFD for different lengths (up to 21 days) and after each time body weights of mice was tested, then the apoptotic proteins, IL-1β, APP, BACE1and MAPKs, Akt and NF-κB signaling activity were evaluated by western blots. Results demonstrate that short period of high-fat overnutrition significantly promotes apoptosis, APP expression at day 21 of cerebral cortex and at day 7 of cerebellum compared to chow diet. In addition, increased GFAP + astrocytes, Iba-1 + microglia and IL-1β 30 were observed in cerebral cortex after 21 days HFD, but no changes for 7 days overfeeding of cerebellum. Serendipitously, ERK1/2 pathway was activated both in cerebral cortex and cerebellum for different time course of HFD. Furthermore, increased phospho-p38 MAPK level was observed in cerebellum only. In consistent with in vivo results, SH-SY5Y cells treatment with cholesterol (50 μM, 100 μM) for 48 h culture in vitro demonstrated that pro-apoptotic proteins were enhanced as well. In brief, short-term HFD consumption increases sensitivity to apoptosis, APP and IL-1β production as well as gliosis in cerebral cortex and cerebellum, which may be related to enhancement of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK activation.

Background: Total arterial revascularization is associated with increased patency and long-term efficacy and decreased perioperative morbidity and mortality and incidence of cardiac-related events and sternal wound infection compared with conventional coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG), in which the left internal mammary artery (LIMA) is typically grafted to the left anterior descending artery with additional saphenous vein grafts often used. This study determined whether these favorable clinical results could be realized at the authors' institute., Aim: To summarize the early efficacy and clinical experience of individualized total arterial coronary artery bypass grafting surgery., Methods: CABG was performed on 35 patients with non-single-vessel coronary artery disease by adopting total arterial grafts at Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University between April 2016 and December 2019. LIMA was used in 35 patients, radial artery (RA) was used in 35 patients, and right gastroepiploic artery (RGEA) was used in 9 patients. Perioperative complications were observed, short-term graft patency rate was followed-up, and quality of life was assessed., Results: All patients underwent off-pump coronary artery bypass and the surgeries were successful. All of them were discharged without any complications or deaths. During the follow-up, it was found that patients' angina symptoms were relieved and New York Heart Association classification for cardiac function was class I to class II. A total of 90 vessels were grafted with no occlusion for internal mammary artery, three occlusions for RA, and one occlusion for RGEA., Conclusion: The individualized total arterial strategy based on the vessels targeting individual anatomic characteristics can achieve complete revascularization with satisfactory short-term grafting patency rate., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: There is no conflict of interest., (©The Author(s) 2021. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)

Nogo-A protein consists of two main extracellular domains: Nogo-66 (rat amino acid [aa] 1019-1083) and Nogo-A-Δ20 (extracellular, active 180 amino acid Nogo-A region), which serve as strong inhibitors of axon regeneration in the adult CNS (Central Nervous System). Although receptors S1PR2 and HSPGs have been identified as Nogo-A-Δ20 binding proteins, it remains at present elusive whether other receptors directly interacting with Nogo-A-Δ20 exist, and decrease cell death. On the other hand, the key roles of EphA4 in the regulation of glioblastoma, axon regeneration and NSCs (Neural Stem Cells) proliferation or differentiation are well understood, but little is known the relationship between EphA4 and Nogo-A-Δ20 in NSCs apoptosis. Thus, we aim to determine whether Nogo-A-Δ20 can bind to EphA4 and affect survival of NSCs. Here, we discover that EphA4, belonging to a member of erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular (Eph) receptors family, could be acting as a high affinity ligand for Nogo-A-Δ20. Trans-membrane protein of EphA4 is needed for Nogo-A-Δ20-triggered inhibition of NSCs apoptosis, which are mediated by balancing p38 inactivation and JNK MAPK pathway activation. Finally, we predict at the atomic level that essential residues Lys-205, Ile-190, Pro-194 in Nogo-A-Δ20 and EphA4 residues Gln-390, Asn-425, Pro-426 might play critical roles in Nogo-A-Δ20/EphA4 binding via molecular docking.

The effect of external uniaxial strain on water dissociation on a reduced rutile TiO 2 (110) surface has been theoretically studied using first-principles calculations. We find that when the tensile strain along [11̄0] is applied, the energy barrier of water dissociation substantially decreases with the increase of strain. In particular, water almost automatically dissociates when the strain is larger than 3%. Besides, the water dissociation mechanism changes from indirect to direct dissociation when the compressive strain is larger than 1.3% along [11̄0] or 3% along [001]. The results strongly suggest that it is feasible to engineer the water dissociation on the reduced rutile TiO 2 (110) surface using external strain., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

A modified, sensitive and reversible method for protein staining on nitrocellulose (NC) and polyvinylidine fluoride (PVDF) membranes was developed in Western blotting. The method employed Congo red staining to visualize proteins on different blot membranes. Staining of proteins with Congo red dye is more faster procedures. According to the experimental results, approximate 20 ng proteins could be detected in 3 min in room temperature. The staining on the proteins is easily reversible with Congo red destaining solution for NC and PVDF membranes, so that the blot membranes can be reused for Western blotting. In addition, we confirmed that the staining method is fully compatible with Western blot detection. NC and PVDF membranes treatment with Congo red staining does not interfere with conventional chemiluminescent substrates of peroxidase. As compared to MemCode reversible protein stain kits from Pirece Biotechnology, the staining technique is more sensitive, lower of cost, convenient and not adversely affecting subsequent Western blotting results. On the other hand, the stain is more sensitive than the Ponceau S staining. Therefore, Congo red staining is a promising and ideal alternative for current protein stain. Besides, the binding modes of Congo red or Ponceau S stain were investigated using various 2D and 3D molecular docking and demonstrated potential molecular basis for sensitivity of Congo red staining are higher than Ponceau S., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Numerous studies have shown that young age is a risk factor in early breast cancer. But for stage IV breast cancer, it is unclear whether age has a similar effect on patient survival. We collected and analyzed data from patients with stage IV breast cancer between January 2010 and December 2015 in SEER database. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard model was used in this study. 13,069 patients with stage IV breast cancer were included in the analysis, of which 1,135 were young breast cancer patients (≤40 years old). In a multivariate analysis that adjusted for sociodemographic factors, clinical-pathological characteristics and therapeutic methods, the risk of death in patients with stage IV ≤40 years was significantly reduced (hazard ratio [HR], 0.72; 95% CI, 0.65-0.79). Subgroup analyses showed that, with the same adjustment of all factors, young age only significantly reduced the risk of death in patients with luminal A (HR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.68-0.89) and luminal B (HR 0.46; 95% CI, 0.35-0.60) subtypes. Young age at diagnosis is associated with better survival in patients with stage IV breast cancer. The effect of young age at diagnosis on the survival outcome of stage IV breast cancer varies by subtypes.

Background: Cripto-1 (CR-1) has been reported to be involved in the development of several human cancers. The potential role of CR-1 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is still not clear., Methods: CR-1 expression was evaluated in ccRCC tissues by Real-time quantitative PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Serum levels of CR-1 were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The clinical significance of CR-1 was analyzed. The effects of CR-1 on cell proliferation, migration, invasion and angiogenesis were investigated in ccRCC cell lines in vitro and in vivo, and markers of the epithelial -mesenchymal transition (EMT) were analyzed. The impact of CR-1 on Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway was also evaluated in vitro and in vivo., Results: CR-1 expression was elevated in ccRCC tumor tissues and serum samples. CR-1 expression was correlated with aggressive tumor phenotype and poor survival. Ectopic expression of CR-1 significantly promoted cell proliferation, migration, invasion and angiogenesis whereas knockdown of CR-1 inhibited these activities both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we found that CR-1 induced EMT and activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway both in vitro and in vivo., Conclusions: These results suggest that CR-1 is likely to play important roles in ccRCC development and progression, and that CR-1 is a prognostic biomarker and a promising therapeutic target for ccRCC.

Abstarct: The stability and reactivity of clusters are closely related to their valence electronic configuration. Doping is a most efficient method to modify the electronic configuration and properties of a cluster. Considering that Cu and S posses one and six valence electrons, respectively, the S doped Cu clusters with even number of valence electrons are expected to be more stable than those with odd number of electrons. By using the swarm intelligence based CALYPSO method on crystal structural prediction, we have explored the structures of neutral and charged Cu n+1 and Cu n S (n = 1-12) clusters. The electronic properties of the lowest energy structures have been investigated systemically by first-principles calculations with density functional theory. The results showed that the clusters with a valence count of 2, 8 and 12 appear to be magic numbers with enhanced stability. In addition, several geometry-related-properties have been discussed and compared with those results available in the literature.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by a gradual loss of midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) during aging. 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is one of the neurotoxins used widely to induce PD-like symptoms in PD animal models, including rodents and non-human primates. It has been reported that deletion of autophagy-related gene 7 (Atg7) in the brain results in a reduction of mDA neurons in adulthood. In this study, we used tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-Cre mice to generate conditional knockout (CKO) mice with the specific deletion of Atg7 in mDA neurons. Consistent with previous reports, adult Atg7 CKO mice contained fewer TH-positive mDA neurons compared with wild-type (WT) controls. TH-expressing neurons containing puncta-like structures with p62 and ubiquitin immunoreactivity were observed in the midbrain of Atg7 CKO mice but were not detected in control mice. However, MPTP-induced loss of mDA neurons was not observed in Atg7 CKO mice. Our results indicate that Atg7-involved autophagy is required not only for the survival of mDA neurons in the mouse brain, but also for MPTP-induced mDA neuron degeneration., (Copyright © 2016 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Exploring the properties of noble metal atoms and nano- or subnano-clusters on the semiconductor surface is of great importance in many surface catalytic reactions, self-assembly processes, crystal growth, and thin film epitaxy. Here, the energetics and kinetic properties of a single Cu atom and previously reported Cu magic clusters on the Si(111)-(7 × 7) surface are re-examined by the state-of-the-art first-principles calculations based on density functional theory. First of all, the diffusion path and high diffusion rate of a Cu atom on the Si(111)-(7 × 7) surface are identified by mapping out the total potential energy surface of the Cu atom as a function of its positions on the surface, supporting previous experimental hypothesis that the apparent triangular light spots observed by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) are resulted from a single Cu atom frequently hopping among adjacent adsorption sites. Furthermore, our findings confirm that in the low coverage of 0.15 monolayer (ML) the previously proposed hexagonal ring-like Cu6 cluster configuration assigned to the STM pattern is considerably unstable. Importantly, the most stable Cu6/Si(111) complex also possesses a distinct simulated STM pattern with the experimentally observed ones. Instead, an energetically preferred solid-centered Cu7 structure exhibits a reasonable agreement between the simulated STM patterns and the experimental images. Therefore, the present findings convincingly rule out the tentative six-atom model and provide new insights into the understanding of the well-defined Cu nanocluster arrays on the Si(111)-(7 × 7) surface.

Conventional therapeutic approaches for cancer are limited by cancer cell resistance, which has impeded their clinical applications. The main goal of this work was to investigate the combined antitumor effect of paclitaxel with small interfering RNA modified by cationic liposome formed from modified octadecyl quaternized carboxymethyl chitosan. The cationic liposome was composed of 3β-[N-(N', N'-dimethylaminoethane)-carbamoyl]-cholesterol, dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine, and octadecyl quaternized carboxymethyl chitosan. The cationic liposome properties were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering and zeta potential measurements, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and gel retardation assay. The cationic liposome exhibited good properties, such as a small particle size, a narrow particle size distribution, a good spherical shape, a smooth surface, and a good binding ability with small interfering RNA. Most importantly, when combined with paclitaxel and small interfering RNA, the composite cationic liposome induced a great enhancement in the antitumor activity, which showed a significantly higher in vitro cytotoxicity in Bcap-37 cells than liposomal paclitaxel or small interfering RNA alone. In conclusion, the results indicate that cationic liposome could be further developed as a codelivery system for chemotherapy drugs and therapeutic small interfering RNAs., (© The Author(s) 2015.)

Current trends in nanotechnology and RNA interference technology have made the application of nanocarriers (NCS) as a novel gene and drug delivery systems very promising for the field of multidrug resistance (MDR) cancer treatment. Co-delivery of gene and chemotherapy drugs with NCS has a good synergistic effect compared with the traditional chemotherapy which can increase the amount of the drug distribution in target organ in order to reduce the toxic side effects thereby enhancing efficacy. Therefore, the advent of co-delivery systems with NCS especially in the clinical treatment of MDR has had a significant impact on the cancer treatment.

Despite recent advances in conventional therapeutic approaches for cancer, the efficacy of chemotherapy for cancer is limited due to the drug resistance and toxic side effects during treatment. To overcome drug resistance, higher doses of the toxic chemotherapy drugs are frequently administered, thus leading to even severe adverse side effects, which have limited their clinical application. Cationic liposome as a novel non-viral carrier for co-delivery of gene and chemotherapy drugs in cancer gene therapy has already attracted more and more attention in recent years. Most importantly, this combined strategy can generate a significant synergistic effect, which can silence the related gene expression and increase the concentration of the intracellular chemotherapy drugs. This approach allows the use of a much lower dose of the chemotherapy drugs to achieve same therapeutic effect, which may have the potential for overcoming some major limitations of the conventional chemotherapy. In conclusion, co-delivery of gene and chemotherapy drugs with cationic liposome delivery system will play a vital role in the future and especially could be a promising clinical treatment for drug-resistant tumors.

Objective: To investigate the chemical constituents of the bulbs of Bolbostemma panicultum., Method: The compounds were isolated by column chromatography on silica gel, C18, Sephadex LH-20 separately and their structures were elucidated by chemical and spectroscopic technologies., Result: Eight compounds were isolated and identified as maltol(I), emodin(II), cucurbitacin B(III), cucurbitacin E(IV), stigmasta-7, 22, 25-triene-3-ol(V), stigmasta-7, 22, 25-triene-3-nonadecanoic acid ester(VI), stigmasta-7, 22, 25-triene-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside(VII), stigmasta-7, 22, 25-triene-3-O-beta-D-(6'-palmitoyl) glucopyranoside(VIII)., Conclusion: I-VIII were obtained from this plant for the first time; VI and VIII are new compounds.