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Background: Far lateral (extraforaminal) disc herniations comprise approximately 10% of symptomatic lumbar disc herniations. They represent operative challenges due to accessibility and surgical unfamiliarity. Surgical strategies in the past have included open discectomy and posterior lumbar interbody fusion. Tubular microdiscectomies have gained traction due to their minimally invasive advantages, including reduced morbidity, pain and length of hospital stay., Methods: We report our retrospective single institution consecutive case series of tubular far lateral microdiscectomies. One hundred and seventy-six patients were operated on over an eight-year period. Clinical outcomes were assessed after institutional ethics approval. We additionally describe our surgical technique with an illustrative video case., Results: Over a mean follow-up of 21 weeks, 77% of patients had good or excellent clinical outcomes according to the MacNab criteria. 12% of patients underwent reoperation at the index level for symptom recurrence or persistence. Mean length of hospital stay was 1.3 days. There was a 1% rate of both postoperative haematoma and infection. Mean operation duration was 86 minutes., Conclusion: This case series represents the largest currently reported in the literature. Minimally invasive microdiscectomies performed through tubes allow for precise localisation, reduced tissue disruption and favourable clinical outcomes. Our results appear consistent with a review of the literature, demonstrating the safety and efficacy of this approach., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Controversy remains with the use of post-operative subfascial drains for anterior cervical discectomy and fusion, with limited guidelines and a paucity of conclusive evidence. Thus, the aim of this meta-analysis was to analyse and collate an evidence summary to determine the efficacy of such drains., Methods: A systematic search of Medline (2002-2022.11), PubMed (2003-2022.11), Scopus (2002-2022.11), Cochrane Library (2015-2022.11) databases and reference lists of articles was conducted as per Cochrane systematic reviews standards. All relevant RCTs and NRCTs were included in this study. Data was extracted in a standardised form and analysed with RevMan version 5.4.1. Bias was assessed with RoB2 tool for RCTs and ROBINS-E tool for NRCTs., Results: Two RCTs (136 patients) and five NRCTs (7563 patients) were included. These had a moderate to high risk of bias, except for one very high-risk article. Meta-analysis results showed no significant differences for post-operative haematoma ( P  = 0.31), surgical site infection ( P  = 0.84), take back to theatre ( P  = 0.27), length of stay ( P  = 0.34), and estimated blood loss ( P  = 0.09). Dysphagia ( P  = 0.002) and median operative time ( P  = 0.02) were significantly increased in the drain cohort., Conclusion: The low quality of available data in the included studies is insufficient to estimate the effect of post-operative drains for elective spondylotic ACDF. The findings suggest that if the decision to leave a drain in is left to the surgeon, then there is no difference in the rates of POH, SSI, LOS, or take back to the theatre. The significant association of dysphagia and increased operative time with drains, and the non-significant trend towards increased EBL with drains, must be considered in the context in which procedures may influence the decision to place drains. The results could not be stratified by various confounders that affect the decision-making process, including the number of levels operated. Due to the decreased quality and amount of evidence available, large-scale RCTs that adequately account for confounders should be performed.

Background: Increasing focus has been placed on the use of simulation in neurosurgical and spinal surgical training worldwide, with the establishment of many surgical laboratories dedicated to such purpose. So far, the opportunities for hands-on cadaveric training in the areas of neurosurgery and spine surgery remain limited in Australia, owing to various factors, including the abolition of dissection in many medical schools, high maintenance requirements and widespread geographical distribution of surgical trainees., Methods: We established a cadaver-based neurosurgical laboratory based at the medical school of the University of New England in Armidale, Australia, which is used by the surgical dissection course for junior surgical trainees offered by the university. We reported our experiences in setting up a neurosurgical research laboratory, and explored the feasibility of establishing a cost-effective anatomical research facility in a rural setting in Australia., Results: We found that Genelyn(TM)-fixed cadavers had limited movements of the head as required for adequate surgical positioning and exposure. Furthermore, we discovered that bodies embalmed via the femoral vein had poorly perfused heads after surgical exposure, and thus decapitation had to be performed unfortunately for our purpose. Cadaver samples and surgical equipment were sourced from various veterinary practices and commercial companies. Using human and animal cadavers, this laboratory provided trainees with hands-on opportunities to improve their surgical skills and neuroanatomical knowledge, as well as develop familiarity with highly specialized surgical equipment., Conclusions: We demonstrated the feasibility of establishing a cost-effective neurosurgical research laboratory in Australia and discussed various aspects of its maintenance., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Purpose: The sulcal and gyral anatomy of the basal occipital-temporal lobe is highly variable and detailed descriptions of this region are limited and often inconsistent. The aim of this study was to describe the salient features of the sulcal and gyral anatomy of the basal occipital-temporal lobe., Methods: We studied the sulcal and gyral patterns of 30 formalin-fixed cerebral hemispheres., Results: The major landmarks are the collateral sulcus (separated into the rhinal, proper, and caudal segments) and occipitotemporal sulcus (often interrupted), which were always present in this study. The bifurcation of the caudal collateral sulcus is a useful landmark. In relation to these sulci, we have described the surface anatomy and nominated landmarks of the medial (parahippocampal and lingual) and lateral (fusiform) occipitotemporal gyri., Conclusions: Understanding of the sulcal and gyral patterns of the basal occipital-temporal lobe may provide valuable information in its radiological and intraoperative interpretation.

Objective: Cauda equina syndrome (CES) is a rare but important neurosurgical emergency. Despite being a recognized clinical entity since 1934, there remains significant uncertainty in the literature regarding the urgency for surgical intervention. The past decade has seen the emergence of the much-referred-to 48-hour limit as a possible window of safety. The ramifications of this time point are significant for early patients who may subsequently have urgent treatment delayed, and for litigation cases, after which adverse decisions are more likely to occur., Methods: A systematic principally qualitative review of the animal and human clinical literature is presented, examining the evidence for urgent surgical decompression in CES and the much-quoted 48-hour rule., Results: There is significant discordance in the literature regarding whether emergency surgery improves outcomes; however, a growing consensus is the acknowledgment that biologic systems deteriorate in a continuous rather than stepwise manner. Level of neurological dysfunction at surgery (incomplete CES vs. CES with retention) is probably the most significant determinant of prognosis. Onset and duration of symptoms also are likely to have an impact, if not on overall outcome then at least on duration of neurological recovery., Conclusions: There is no strong basis to support 48 hours as a blanket safe time point to delay surgery. Both early and delayed surgery may result in improved neurological outcomes. However, it is likely that the earlier the surgical intervention, the more beneficial the effects for compressed nerves, especially with acute neurological compromise., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) and anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) are common surgical procedures for degenerative disc disease of the cervical and lumbar spine. Over the years, many bone graft options have been developed and investigated aimed at complimenting or substituting autograft bone, the traditional fusion substrate. Here, we summarise the historical context, biological basis and current best evidence for these bone graft options in ACDF and ALIF.

Iodide sialadenitis is a rare, delayed idiosyncratic reaction to iodine-containing contrast media. We present non-contrast computed tomography images of this benign but dramatic adverse reaction occurring in the submandibular glands., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Blunt vs sharp expansion of the uterine incision at cesarean delivery has been investigated as a technique primarily to reduce intraoperative blood loss. The objective of this systematic review was to compare the effects of either intervention on maternal outcomes., Study Design: A systematic review with metaanalyses that used the DerSimonian and Laird random effects model was performed. The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library 2012, Issue 4), MEDLINE (1948-Apr 2012), EMBASE (1947-Apr 2012), and the reference lists/citation history of articles were searched. Only randomized controlled trials were included., Results: Four trials (1731 patients) were evaluated. Data from one recently completed trial (535 patients) were not yet available. Metaanalyses revealed a trend towards reduced maternal blood loss with blunt expansion of the uterine incision that was statistically significant when measured by surgeon's estimation of volume lost, but not by comparison of pre- and postoperative hematocrit and hemoglobin levels or a requirement for blood transfusion. There was a trend towards fewer unintended extensions in the blunt group and no difference in the incidence of endometritis., Conclusion: Blunt dissection of the uterine incision at cesarean delivery appears to be superior to sharp dissection in minimizing maternal blood loss. However, this conclusion could change when data from a new unpublished large trial are available., (Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Chordomas in the clival-cervical region present challenges to the neurosurgical team due to their encroaching nature, proximity to critical neurovascular structures and often large size due to late presentation. This report illustrates the utility of a staged approach when confronted with such a pervasive tumour. We describe the adaptive combination of two approaches, the endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal plus posterior cervical approaches, in the surgical management of a clival chordoma extending inferiorly to C3 in an 18-year-old male., (Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Study Design: A case report of a young male suffering progressive neurologic dysfunction associated with a previously unreported combination of structural bony abnormalities. A review of the literature is also presented., Objective: To describe a unique presentation of cervical myelopathy related to posterior deficiencies of the atlas and axis, and to report on the successful management of this case., Summary of Background Data: Cervical myelopathy from congenital canal stenosis is an uncommon presentation in the adolescent age group, especially affecting the C2/3 level. Aplasia of the atlas is a rare, although well-reported phenomena. Defects of the posterior elements of the axis are similarly uncommon. A combination of the 2 defects in the 1 patient has not previously been recorded., Methods: A 14-year-old Caucasian male with no history of trauma or neck pain presented with progressive cervical myelopathy over a 2-year period. Plain radiograph and computed tomography revealed congenital aplasia of the posterior arch of the atlas and bilateral cleft defects of the laminae of the axis resulting in a free floating C2 spinous process. Magnetic resonance imaging showed T1 and T2 signal abnormality at the C2-C3 level, with C2/3 congenital canal stenosis and mild disc protrusion., Results: The patient underwent a posterior decompression and lateral mass fixation at the C2/3 articulation to preserve maximal motion segments. At 12-month follow-up, the patient's cervical myelopathy had improved in terms of gait dysfunction and hemiparesis. Fusion was evident across the posterior lateral mass on radiologic investigation., Conclusion: Posterior deficiencies of the atlas and axis are rare occurrences in isolation, let alone in the 1 patient. This report broadens the radiographic differential diagnosis of patients presenting with cervical myelopathy, which has been associated with congenital posterior C2 anomalies in only a handful of patients. Surgery is an appropriate option for these patients faced with progressive neurologic dysfunction.