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The study outlines the production of new copper nanoparticles infused with Curcuma longa extract to trigger apoptosis through P53 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathways in bladder carcinoma cells. The structural characteristics of the nanoparticles that were synthesized were analyzed through various sophisticated methods such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). During the antioxidant evaluation, the IC 50 values for copper nanoparticles and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals were found to be 116 µg/mL and 31 µg/mL, respectively. The cells treated with copper nanoparticles underwent evaluation through 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay for 48 h to determine their anticancer properties on TCCSUP bladder carcinoma cell. The TCCSUP cell line exhibited an IC 50 of 290 µg/mL when exposed to copper nanoparticles. The viability of malignant cells decreased upon treatment with copper nanoparticles. Furthermore, the copper nanoparticles presence led to a 65-75% increase in cell apoptosis, along with an increase in Bax and cleaved caspase-8 and a decrease in the Bcl-2. Furthermore, the copper nanoparticles presence resulted in the suppression of colony formation. Notably, the molecular pathway analysis in cells treated with copper NPs demonstrated an increase in p53 expression, along with a decrease in the expression of both total and phosphorylated STAT3. This offers that p53 and STAT3 play a crucial role in the biological efficacies induced by the nanoparticles in human carcinoma cells. The data of our research suggest that copper NPs could have significant potential as an anticancer treatment for human bladder carcinoma cells., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

A multifunctional composite gel with efficient bacteriostatic and dye adsorption properties was prepared using polyvinyl alcohol, chitosan, and soybean isolate protein as carriers, CuNPs prepared by green reduction of dandelion extract as bacteriostatic agent, and glutaraldehyde as cross-linking agent. The composite gel showed good inhibition capacity of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with the diameter of inhibition zone of 27.0-28.3 mm by agar diffusion method. The composite gel antibacterial rate remained above 90 % after 14 days of preparation. After 6 times reuse of composite gel in water, the antibacterial rate remained above 90 %, proving its good stability and reusability. Adding dandelion extract and CuNPs greatly improved the gel antioxidant property, acquiring free radical scavenging rate at 95.6 %. This composite gel had good biocompatibility and adsorption performance, and the maximum adsorption amount of methylene blue and methyl orange was 40.36 mg/g and 41.81 mg/g, respectively. To sum up, the green composition of composite gel has good antimicrobial performance and high dye adsorption, which holds significant promising for treating the water body pollution and protecting the environment. To build cost-effective antibacterial and dye adsorption process on a large-scale, in-depth exploration about this topic is still needed to develop., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

The growth of material science and technology places high importance on creating better processes for synthesizing copper nanoparticles. Thus, an easy, ecological, and benign process for producing copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) has been developed using Priestia sp. bacteria utilizing a variety of low-cost agro-industrial wastes and byproducts. The biosynthesis of CuNPs was conducted using glucose medium and copper ions salt solution, then it was replaced by utilizing low-cost agro-industrial wastes. UV-visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), High-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM), Attenuated Total Reflectance and Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), and zeta potential were used to characterize the biosynthesized CuNPs. The cytotoxicity of CuNPs using Vero -CCL-81 cell lines, and antibacterial and antitumor properties using human colon epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma Caco-2-HTB-37 cell lines were assessed. The UV-visible and DLS studies revealed CuNPs formation, with a maximum concentration of 6.19 ppm after 48 h, as indicated by a 0.58 Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) within 450 nm and 57.73 nm particle size. The 16S rRNA gene analysis revealed that Priestia sp. isolate is closely related to Priestia megaterium and has been deposited in the NCBI GenBank with accession number AMD 2024. The biosynthesis with various agro-industrial wastes indicated blackstrap sugar cane molasses being the most effective for reducing CuNPs size to 3.12 nm owing to various reducing and stabilizing active compounds. The CuNPs were free of contaminants, with a sphere-shaped structure and a cytotoxicity assessment with an IC 50 of 367.27 μg/mL. The antibacterial activity exhibited by the most susceptible bacteria were Bacillus cereus ATCC 11788 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 with inhibition zones of 26.0 mm and 28.0 mm, respectively. The antitumor effect showed an IC 50 dose of 175.36 μg/mL. Based on the findings, the current work sought to lower product costs and provide a practical solution to the environmental contamination issues brought on by the buildup of agricultural wastes. In addition, the obtained CuNPs could be applied in many fields such as pharmaceuticals, water purification, and agricultural applications as future aspects., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The demand for crops production continues to intensify with the rapid increase in population. Agricultural crops continue to encounter abiotic and biotic stresses, which can substantially hamper their productivity. Numerous strategies have been focused to tackle the abiotic and biotic stress factors in various plants. Nanotechnology has displayed great potential to minimize the phytotoxic impacts of these environmental constraints. Copper (Cu)-based nanoparticles (NPs) have displayed beneficial effects on plant growth and stress tolerance. Cu-based NPs alone or in combination with plant growth hormones or microorganisms have been documented to induce plant tolerance and mitigate abiotic or biotic stresses in different plants. In this review, we have comprehensively discussed the uptake and translocation of Cu-based NPs in plants, and beneficial roles in improving the plant growth and development at various growth stages. Moreover, we have discussed how Cu-based NPs mechanistically modulate the physiological, biochemical, metabolic, cellular, and metabolic functions to enhance plant tolerance against both biotic (viruses, bacterial and fungal diseases, etc.) and abiotic stresses (heavy metals or metalloids, salt, and drought stress, etc.). We elucidated recent advancements, knowledge gaps, and recommendations for future research. This review would help plant and soil scientists to adapt Cu-based novel strategies such as nanofertilizers and nanopesticides to detoxify the abiotic or biotic stresses. These outcomes may contribute to the promotion of healthy food production and food security, thus providing new avenues for sustainable agriculture production., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

This study presents an innovative approach to eco-friendly synthesis and utilization of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) for photocatalytic applications, employing waste corn husk fibers as sustainable catalyst support. The synthesis of CuNPs was achieved through a green synthesis method utilizing myrtle extract. Subsequently, the remarkable photocatalytic activity of the CuNPs explored (76% removal efficiency of Crystal Violet), showcased their potential in environmental remediation applications. Furthermore, the immobilization of CuNPs onto waste corn husk fibers was investigated, aiming to develop a novel composite material with enhanced catalytic performance. A distinctive approach was introduced by immobilizing CuNPs onto fibers derived from corn husks, and waste biomass material, leading to a significant enhancement in photocatalytic efficiency, surpassing 95.1%. Furthermore, bioactivity evaluation studies revealed the significant antioxidant, antidiabetic, DNA fragmentation, cell viability, antibiofilm and antimicrobial properties of CuNPs. The antioxidant ability was determined at 100 mg/L as 87.12%. The most powerful antimicrobial activity of CuNP was found as a MIC value of 8 mg/L against E. faecalis. The cell viability inhibition of CuNP was 90.05% at 20 mg/L. CuNP exhibited biofilm inhibition activity at different concentrations. The antibiofilm ability was investigated against Staphylococcus aureus compared to Pseudomonas aureginosa. While the DNA cleavage activity of CuNP observed double-strand breaks at 50 and 100 mg, complete fragmentation occurred at 200 mg concentrations. The bioactivity of the synthesized CuNPs shed light on their potential biomedical applications. The synthesized CuNPs are characterized using various analytical techniques to elucidate their structural and morphological properties. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis provided insights into the chemical composition and surface properties of the synthesized materials. EDS analysis confirmed their successful integration into waste corn husk fibers. Overall, this interdisciplinary study highlights the potential of CuNPs immobilized on waste corn husk fibers for addressing environmental pollution, advancing sustainable technologies and paving the way for the development of efficient catalysts with diverse functionalities., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The author certifies that they have NO affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers’ bureaus; membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest; and expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements), or non-financial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The present study investigated the possible effects of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) after discontinuing treatment on testicular activity in a mouse model. The male mice were given continuous CuNPs treatment for 70 days and left untreated for 70 days. The results show that even after the discontinuation of CuNPs treatment, the testicular impairment was persistent till 140 days at a higher dose (200 mg/kg group). The spermatogenesis, sperm parameters, proliferation and antioxidant status were suppressed in the higher dose groups. However, these effects were also observed at moderate levels in the other CuNPs treated groups, such as at 10 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg. The apoptosis was stimulated at a higher dose compared to the other groups. The testosterone, LH levels and AR expression were suppressed in all the CuNPs treated groups, along with slight elevation in the estrogen levels and up-regulated ERβ expression. The fertility data also showed a decline in all CuNPs treated groups with the lowest litter size in the 200 mg/kg treated group. Despite testis, epididymis and accessory sex organs like prostate, seminal vesicle, and vas deferens, histoarchitecture also showed impairment. This is the first report on how CuNPs affect the male reproductive system in mice even after treatment was terminated. The current study also demonstrated possible negative effects on male reproductive function that might last for longer at higher dosages of chronic CuNPs exposure even after termination., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

In this report, eco-friendly synthesis for the production of copper nanoparticles by employing the sodium lignosulfonate (NaLS) mixed starch composite (NaLS-Starch/Cu NPs). NaLS-Starch mixed hydrogel has notable reducing and stabilizing potential for preparation of Cu nanoparticles. Characterization of NaLS-Starch/Cu NPs bionanocomposite was subjected to analysis of spectroscopic and microscopic techniques, including FE-SEM, TEM, EDS-elemental mapping, particle size distribution, XRD and ICP. TEM images displayed the spherical structured NaLS-Starch/Cu NPs, averaging 5-10 nm size. NaLS-Starch/Cu NPs were applied to cure the induced burn wounds in 60 Wistar rats. A group was considered as control group. The animals were treated with basal, tetracycline 3 % and NaLS-Starch/Cu NPs 3 % for 30 days and the treatment efficacy was determined according to the burn wound area reduction and molecular and histological characteristics. Taken together, these results support therapeutic use of NaLS-Starch/Cu NPs as potent ointment that may be proposed for burn wound healing. NaLS-Starch/Cu NPs ointment increased the levels of platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF) and fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). The mean wound surface, in all groups treated by NaLS-Starch/Cu NPs was larger than control group., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Alveolar bone defects caused by tumor, trauma and inflammation can lead to the loss of oral function and complicate denture restoration. Currently, guided bone regeneration (GBR) barrier membranes for repairing bone defect cannot effectively promote bone regeneration due to their unstable degradation rate and poor antibacterial properties. Furthermore, they require additional tailoring before implantation. Therefore, this study developed a visible light-curing hydrogel membrane (CF-Cu) comprising methacrylated carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS-MA), silk fibroin (SF), and copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) to address these shortcomings of commercial membranes. The CF-Cu hydrogel, characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), a universal testing machine, and swelling and degradation tests, demonstrated a smooth porous network structure, suitable swelling ratio, biodegradability, and enhanced mechanical strength. Cytotoxicity and hemolysis tests in vitro demonstrated excellent cyto- and hemo-compatibility of the CF-Cu hydrogel extracts. Additionally, evaluation of antibacterial properties in vitro, including colony forming unit (CFU) counts, MTT assays, and live/dead fluorescence staining, showed that the CF-Cu hydrogel exhibited excellent antibacterial properties, inhibiting over 80% of S. aureus, S. mutans, and P. gingivalis with CF-1Cu hydrogel compared to the control group. Moreover, evaluation of osteogenic differentiation of rBMSCs in vitro suggested that the CF-1Cu hydrogel significantly improved alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and the mineralization of extracellular matrix, up-regulating the expressions of osteogenesis-related genes (Runx2, ALP, Col-1, OPN and BSP). In summary, these results indicated that CF-1Cu hydrogel exhibited excellent cytocompatibility, antibacterial and osteogenic properties in vitro. Therefore, the CF-1Cu hydrogel holds potential as a viable material for application in GBR procedures aimed at addressing bone defects., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This study investigates the development and application of electrospun wound dressings based on polylactic acid (PLA) nanofibers, chitosan, and copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) for the treatment of purulent skin wounds. The materials were evaluated for their structural, antibacterial, and wound healing properties using an animal model. PLA/Ch-CuNPs demonstrated the most significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa , surpassing the other tested materials. The integration of CuNPs into the nanofiber matrices not only enhanced the antimicrobial efficacy but also maintained the structural integrity and biocompatibility of the dressings. In vivo experiments using a rat model showed that PLA/Ch-CuNPs facilitated faster wound healing with reduced exudative and inflammatory responses compared to PLA alone or PLA-CuNPs. Histological and immunohistochemical assessments revealed that the combination of PLA, chitosan, and CuNPs mitigated the inflammatory processes and promoted tissue regeneration more effectively. However, this study identified potential toxicity related to copper ions, emphasizing the need for careful optimization of CuNP concentrations. These findings suggest that PLA/Ch-CuNPs could serve as a potent, cost-effective wound dressing with broad-spectrum antibacterial properties, addressing the challenge of antibiotic-resistant infections and enhancing wound healing outcomes.

The extensive development of nanotechnologies has allowed nanoparticles to impact living systems through different pathways. The effect of single exposure to high concentrations of silver and copper nanoparticles (50-200 mg/L) on Vaccinium myrtillus L. under field conditions was investigated. Nanoparticle uptake in different segments of Vaccinium myrtillus L. was assessed by applying inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy and a particle-induced X-ray emission technique. Copper nanoparticles mainly accumulated in the roots and leaves, while silver nanoparticles showed a higher affinity for the roots and berries. The nanoparticles' effects on the pigments and antioxidant activity of the plant's leaves were also evaluated. The possible human health risk associated with the consumption of nanoparticle-contaminated berries was assessed. The results indicated that the consumption of berries contaminated with nanoparticles presented a low risk for human health.

Hydrogen boride (HB) sheet is a new class of 2D materials comprising hydrogen and boron, synthesized through ion-exchange and exfoliation techniques. HB sheets can release hydrogen (H 2 ) under light irradiation and is predicted to be a promising H 2 storage material. However, its application is limited to the UV region. One approach to enable a visible-light-driven system is the utilization of plasmonic metallic nanoparticles. The present study reports H 2 release from copper (Cu) nanoparticle-modified HB sheet (HB/Cu) under visible-light irradiation. Copper nanoparticles possess unique and strong plasmonic responses in the visible-light range, making them ideal light absorbers in this system. HB/Cu nanocomposites are synthesized using a simple mixture of copper acetate and HB sheets in acetonitrile, where HB sheets reduced copper ions to metal copper nanoparticles. The photoirradiation results shows that HB/Cu nanocomposites released more H 2 than the bare HB sheets under visible-light irradiation. This is probably due to the plasmonic photothermal effect of copper metal, which enhances H 2 generation from the HB sheets. This material offers a viable and cost-effective approach for developing visible-light-sensitive systems., (© 2024 The Author(s). Small published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Background: Breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent cancer among women worldwide and poses significant treatment challenges. Traditional therapies often lead to adverse side effects and resistance, necessitating innovative approaches for effective management., Objective: This review aims to explore the potential of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) in enhancing breast cancer therapy through targeted drug delivery, improved imaging, and their antiangiogenic properties., Methods: The review synthesizes existing literature on the efficacy of CuNPs in breast cancer treatment, addressing common challenges in nanotechnology, such as nanoparticle toxicity, scalability, and regulatory hurdles. It proposes a novel hybrid method that combines CuNPs with existing therapeutic modalities to optimize treatment outcomes., Results: CuNPs demonstrate the ability to selectively target cancer cells while sparing healthy tissues, leading to improved therapeutic efficacy. Their unique physicochemical properties facilitate efficient biodistribution and enhanced imaging capabilities. Additionally, CuNPs exhibit antiangiogenic activity, which can inhibit tumor growth by preventing the formation of new blood vessels., Conclusion: The findings suggest that CuNPs represent a promising avenue for advancing breast cancer treatment. By addressing the limitations of current therapies and proposing innovative solutions, this review contributes valuable insights into the future of nanotechnology in oncology., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

The hybridization of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and Cu nanoparticles offers a promising strategy for creating highly conductive and mechanically stable fillers for flexible printed electronics. In this study, we report the ultrafast synthesis of SWCNT/Cu hybrid nanostructures and the fabrication of flexible electrodes under ambient conditions through a laser-induced photo-thermal reaction. Thermal energy generated from the nonradiative relaxation of the π-plasmon resonance of SWCNTs was utilized to reduce the Cu-complex (known as a metal-organic decomposition ink) into Cu nanoparticles. We systematically investigated the effects of SWCNT concentration and output laser power on the structural and electrical properties of the SWCNT/Cu hybrid electrodes. The SWCNT/Cu electrodes achieved a minimum electrical resistivity of 46 μohm·cm, comparable to that of the metal-based printed electrodes. Mechanical bending tests demonstrated that the SWCNT/Cu electrodes were highly stable and durable, with no significant deformation observed even after 1000 bending cycles. Additionally, the electrodes showed rapid temperature increases and stable Joule heating performance, reaching temperatures of nearly 80 °C at an applied voltage of less than 3.5 V.

Multifunctional wound dressings based on hydrogels are an efficacious and practicable strategy in therapeutic processes and accelerated chronic wound healing. Here, copper (Cu) nanoparticles were added to chitosan/sodium alginate (CS/SA) hydrogels to improve the antibacterial properties of the prepared wound dressings. Due to the super-hydrophobicity of Cu nanoparticles, polyethylene glycol (PEG) was used as a surfactant, and then added to the CS/SA-based hydrogels. The CS/SA/Cu hydrogels were synthesized with 0, 2, 3.5, and 5 wt% Cu nanoparticles. The structural and morphological properties in presence of PEG were evaluated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The biodegradation and swelling properties of the hydrogels were investigated in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) at 37 °C for up to 30 days. Cell viability and adhesion, as well as antibacterial behavior, were investigated via MTT assay, FESEM, and disk diffusion method, respectively. The obtained results showed that PEG provided new intra- and intermolecular bonds that affected significantly the hydrogels' degradation and swelling ratio, which increased up to ~1200 %. Cell viability reached ~110 % and all samples showed remarkable antibacterial behavior when CS/SA/Cu containing 2 wt% was introduced. This study provided new insights regarding the use of PEG as a surfactant for Cu nanoparticles in CS/SA hydrogel wound dressing, ultimately affecting the chemical bonding and various properties of the prepared hydrogels., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Marine microorganisms offer a promising avenue for the eco-friendly synthesis of nanoparticles due to their unique biochemical capabilities and adaptability to various environments. This study focuses on exploring the potential of a marine bacterial species, Stenotrophomonas rhizophila BGNAK1, for the synthesis of biocompatible copper nanoparticles and their application for hindering biofilms formed by monomicrobial species. The study begins with the isolation of the novel marine S. rhizophila species from marine soil samples collected from the West coast region of Kerala, India. The isolated strain is identified through 16S rRNA gene sequencing and confirmed to be S. rhizophila species. Biosynthesis of copper nanoparticles using S. rhizophila results in the formation of nanoparticles with size of range 10-50 nm. The nanoparticles exhibit a face-centered cubic crystal structure of copper, as confirmed by X-Ray Diffraction analysis. Furthermore, the synthesized nanoparticles display significant antimicrobial activity against various pathogenic bacteria and yeast. The highest inhibitory activity was against Staphylococcus aureus with a zone of 27 ± 1.00 mm and the least activity was against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with a zone of 22 ± 0.50 mm. The zone of inhibition against Candida albicans was 16 ± 0.60 mm. The antibiofilm activity against biofilm-forming clinical pathogens was evidenced by the antibiofilm assay and SEM images. Additionally, the copper nanoparticles exhibit antioxidant activity, as evidenced by their scavenging ability against DPPH, hydroxyl, nitric oxide, and superoxide radicals, as well as their reducing power in the FRAP assay. The study highlights the potential of the marine bacterium S. rhizophila BGNAK1 for the eco-friendly biosynthesis of copper nanoparticles with diverse applications. Synthesized nanoparticles exhibit promising antibiofilm, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties, suggesting their potential utility in various fields such as medicine, wastewater treatment, and environmental remediation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In this study, we introduce a hydrogel-polymer microsphere (HPM) composite material constituted of PVA, glycerin, and polymer microspheres obtained from Pickering emulsions that are capable of adsorbing Cu 2+ ions. The obtained HPM composite is soft, flexible, can be fully saturated with Cu 2+ ions, and exhibits a reversible color transition from blue to black upon electrode contact or interaction with a reducing agent, due to in situ generation of copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs). Because of the color contrast between the locally generated Cu-NPs and the background, the HPM can be used as substrate for stamping different shapes or writing text. Further, the surface can be erased by an acidic solution, which makes it interesting as flexible write-erase displays. A second feature of the HPM is that it can function as a fluorescence detector of cyanide ions. An HPM whose surface has been stamped with an electrode, upon contacting an aqueous solution containing cyanide ions, begins fluorescing a yellow-green light around the patterned area. The displayed luminescence is irreversible and is preserved even after HPM's drying or lyophilization. This work lays a foundational framework for future exploration of the HPM composites in various technological applications, for sensing, circuit printing, and flexible displays., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

A considerable amount of fruit waste is being produced every day worldwide. The green synthesis of metal nanoparticles from fruit peel waste can be an innovative, cost-effective, and eco-friendly alternative to traditional methods. Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) were synthesized by a green method using the pineapple peels extract (PLX) and copper sulfate pentahydrate. The formation of CuNPs was visually identified and detected by UV-Visible spectroscopy. The CuNPs were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, particle size analyzer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The antioxidant and reducing power of CuNPs were conducted by %DPPH scavenging and electron transfer-based ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, respectively. The antibacterial properties of CuNPs were determined in gram-positive, and gram-negative bacteria. The results showed that the CuNPs were spherical in shape with mean particle size 290.5 nm. The zeta potential of the nanoparticles was found to be - 12.3 mV indicating the instability in the colloidal state. The FTIR study confirmed the peaks of phytochemicals present in the PLX and the nanoparticles supporting the use of pineapple peels as stabilizing, reducing and capping agents. Both the DPPH and reducing power assay depicted that the synthesized CuNPs had significant antioxidant activity. However, the synthesized CuNPs had strong inhibitory capacity against both gram-positive and gram-negative test organisms. Thus, the CuNPS could be used for its viable antibacterial potential to preserve fruits, flowers, and vegetables from bacterial contamination., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The resistance of pathogenic microorganisms to antibiotics is one of the main problems of world health. Of particular concern are multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. Infections caused by these microorganisms affect the appearance of acute or chronic diseases. In this regard, modern technologies, such as nanomaterials (NMs), especially promising nanoparticles (NPs), can possess antimicrobial properties or improve the effectiveness and delivery of known antibiotics. Their diversity and characteristics, combined with surface functionalization, enable multivalent interactions with microbial biomolecules. This article presents an overview of the most current research on replacing antibiotics with NPs, including the prospects and risks involved., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

Green-synthesized silver and copper nanoparticles (NPs), along with their composites, exhibit various biological activities. Ocimum sanctum (Holy basil), traditionally used as medicine in South Asia, treats respiratory disorders, digestive issues, skin diseases and inflammatory conditions. Modern scientific studies support these bioactivities; however, no studies have investigated their bioactivity in combination with NPs. In this study, silver and copper NPs were synthesized using AgNO 3 and CuSO 4 ·5H 2 O solutions, respectively, with Ocimum sanctum leaf extract, and their antibacterial, antioxidant and anticancer properties were examined. Spectroscopic analyses, including Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), elucidated the physicochemical characteristics of the green-synthesized nanoparticles ( Os -AgNPs and Os -CuNPs), revealing sizes of 11.7 and 13.1 nm, respectively. The Os -AgNPs: Os -CuNPs nano-composite with a 1:2 ratio exhibited a zone of inhibition ranging from 8 to 12 mm against tested bacterial pathogens. Additionally, the NPs and their composites demonstrated potent antioxidant activity, with notable 2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity observed in composites with ratios of 2:1 and 1:2. Furthermore, they displayed potential anticancer activity against human leukaemia (Jurkat) cancer cells. Although no distinct difference in anticancer property was observed among the NPs and their composites, our study highlights their well-defined nanostructure and significant biological activity, suggesting their potential as therapeutic agents in the pharmaceutical industry.

Conductive polymer nanocomposites for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding are important materials that can be combat the increasingly dangerous radiation pollution arising from electronic equipment and our surrounding environment. In this work, we have synthesized polyaniline-copper nanoparticles (PANI-Cu NPs) by the copper salt based oxidative polymerization method at room temperature and then added with different concentration (0, 1, 3 and 5 wt%) in polystyrene polymer forming PS/ PANI-Cu nanocomposites films by means of the traditional solution casting technique. The formed PANI-Cu NPs were investigated by UV/Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and SEM/EDX elemental mapping techniques. On the other hand, the prepared PS/PANI-Cu nanocomposites films were evaluated by UV and SEM, the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites films were evaluated and showed an improvement by added PANI-Cu NPs up to 3 wt% and 50 kGy gamma exposure dose. The PS/PANI-Cu nanocomposites films were examined as electromagnetic interference shielding material. Electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of the produced nanocomposites were tested in the X-band of the radio frequency range namely from 8 to 12 GHz using the vector network analyzer (VNA) and a proper wave guide. All samples were studied before and after 50 kGy gamma-ray irradiation under the same condition of pressure and temperature. The results showed that the nanocomposites have improved shielding properties., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Colon carcinoma poses a significant health challenge globally, particularly in developed nations where sedentary lifestyles, poor dietary choices, and genetic factors play a crucial role in its prevalence. Chemotherapy, the primary treatment method, carries severe side effects that can jeopardize patients' lives. Herbal extracts such as Ocimum Basillicum extract have shown effectiveness against cancer cells. Additionally, nanoparticles can significantly enhance drug delivery efficacy in these scenarios., Aim: This article aims to investigate the impact of copper nanoparticles coated with Ocimum Bassilicum at chemoradiotherapy of Colon Carcinoma to hopefully create new treatment options with fewer side effects for patients., Methodology: CuO bio-NPs were produced by the addition of 15 mL of extract dropwise to 80 mL of a 5 mM Cu (OAc) 2 aqueous solution, which was then refluxed for 2 h at 100 °C. The mixture gradually became darker brown in color as a result of the heating procedure. The production of CuO NPs and the hydrogen-donating activity of antioxidant phenols within the plant are signaled by surface plasmon resonance excitation, which is the cause of this. In the cell culture, LS174t colon cancer cells were treated with OB extract, CuNPs, and OB-coated CuNPs with and without different radiation levels in order to assess cell viability, through the MTT assay, and the pro-apoptotic BAX and anti-apoptotic BCL2 expressions, through qPCR assay., Results: The results demonstrate a decrease in cell viability and the expression of BCL2 and an increase in the expression of BAX especially when treated with OB-coated CuNPs and even furthermore when paired with radiation therapy., Conclusions: After doing the clinical trial studies, the recent nanoparticles can be used for the treatment of Colorectal carcinoma., Competing Interests: Not applicable.Not applicable., (© 2024 The Authors.)

The synthesis of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) has been the center of researchers' attention due to their potential in various fields, particularly in medicine and pharmacy. The objective of this research was to synthesize CuNPs by using the extract from Polyalthia longifolia roots via an organic solvent-free approach. The roots of P. longifolia were extracted using boiling water and subsequently used to synthesize CuNPs from CuSO 4 solution. The resultant nanoparticles were then characterized using UV-Vis spectrophotometer, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Kirby-Bauer sensitivity test was performed against Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli , and Candida albicans . In the results, we found that the total phenolic content and total flavonoid content of the extract were 85.43 GAE/g dry extract and 0.78 QE/g dry extract, respectively. The characterizations revealed that the obtained nanoparticles possess a spherical shape and diameters of around 2 to 10 nm. The XRD suggests that the nanoparticles were occupied by copper (0) and copper oxides (CuO, CuO 2 , and Cu 2 O). The synthesized CuNPs yielded inhibition zones of 17.2 ± 0.2, 15.6 ± 0.2, and 13.7 ± 0.1 mm against S. aureus , E. coli , and C. albicans , respectively. In conclusion, aqueous extract from the roots of P. longifolia can be used to synthesize CuNPs that could be used as an antibacterial and antifungal agent., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2024 Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences.)

This text discusses the synthesis of copper nanoparticles via a liquid phase reduction method, using ascorbic acid as a reducing agent and CuSO 4 ·5H 2 O as the copper source. The synthesized copper nanoparticles are small in size, uniformly distributed, are mostly between 100-200 nm with clear boundaries between particles, and exhibit excellent dispersibility, making them suitable for metal conductive inks. 1. The copper nanoparticles are analyzed for good antioxidation properties, because their surface is coated with PVP and ascorbic acid. This organic layer somewhat isolates the particle surface from contact with air, preventing oxidation, and accounts for about 9% of the total weight. 2. When the prepared copper nanoparticles are spread on a polyimide substrate and sintered at 250 °C for 120 min, the resistivity can be as low as 23.5 μΩ·cm, and at 350 °C for 30 min, the resistivity is only three times that of bulk copper. 3. The prepared conductive ink, printed on a polyimide substrate using a direct writing tool, shows good flexibility before and after sintering. After sintering at 300 °C for 30 min and connecting the pattern to a circuit with a diode lamp, the diode lamp is successfully lit. 4. This method produces copper nanoparticles with small size, good dispersion, and antioxidation capabilities, and the conductive ink prepared from them demonstrates good conductivity after sintering.

Rampant pathogenesis induced by communicable microbes has necessitated development of technologies for rapid and sustained disinfection of surfaces. Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) have been widely reported for their antimicrobial properties. However, nanostructured copper is prone to oxidative dissolution in the oil phase limiting its sustained use on surfaces and coatings. The current study reports a systematic investigation of a simple synthesis protocol using fatty acid stabilizers (particularly essential oils) for synthesis of copper nanoparticles in the oil phase. Of the various formulations synthesized, rosemary oil stabilized copper nanoparticles (RMO CuNPs) were noted to have the best inactivation kinetics and were also most stable. Upon morphological characterization by TEM and EELS, these were found to be monodispersed ( φ 5-8 nm) with copper coexisting in all three oxidation states on the surface of the nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were drop cast on woven fabric of around 500 threads per inch and exposed to gram positive bacteria ( Staphylococcus aureus ), gram negative bacteria ( Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ), enveloped RNA virus (phi6), non-enveloped RNA virus (MS2) and non-enveloped DNA virus (T4) to encompass the commonly encountered groups of pathogens. It was possible to completely disinfect 10 7 copies of all microorganisms within 40 min of exposure. Further, this formulation was incorporated with polyurethane as thinners and used to coat non-woven fabrics. These also exhibited antimicrobial properties. Sustained disinfection with less than 9% cumulative copper loss for upto 14 washes with soap water was observed while the antioxidant activity was also preserved. Based on the studies conducted, RMO CuNP in oil phase was found to have excellent potential of integration on surface coatings, paints and polymers for rapid and sustained disinfection of microbes on surfaces., (Creative Commons Attribution license.)

The potential of a voltametric E-tongue coupled with a custom data pre-processing stage to improve the performance of machine learning techniques for rapid discrimination of tomato purées between cultivars of different economic value has been investigated. To this aim, a sensor array with screen-printed carbon electrodes modified with gold nanoparticles (GNP), copper nanoparticles (CNP) and bulk gold subsequently modified with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), was developed to acquire data to be transformed by a custom pre-processing pipeline and then processed by a set of commonly used classifiers. The GNP and CNP-modified electrodes, selected based on their sensitivity to soluble monosaccharides, demonstrated good ability in discriminating samples of different cultivars. Among the different data analysis methods tested, Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) proved to be particularly suitable, obtaining an average F1 score of 99.26%. The pre-processing stage was beneficial in reducing the number of input features, decreasing the computational cost, i.e., the number of computing operations to be performed, of the entire method and aiding future cost-efficient hardware implementation. These findings proved that coupling the multi-sensing platform featuring properly modified sensors with the custom pre-processing method developed and LDA provided an optimal tradeoff between analytical problem solving and reliable chemical information, as well as accuracy and computational complexity. These results can be preliminary to the design of hardware solutions that could be embedded into low-cost portable devices.

Printed circuit boards, which make up part of waste from electrical and electronic equipment, contain elements that can be economically reused, such as copper, silver, gold, and nickel, as well as metals that are harmful to the environment and health, such as lead, mercury, and cadmium. Thus, through recycling this scrap, materials that would otherwise be discarded can be reinserted as secondary raw materials to produce new consumer goods through urban mining. In this context, the synthesis of nanoparticles shows promise as it allows the reinsertion of these materials in the manufacture of new products. Therefore, this study used obsolete computer motherboards as a secondary material to obtain copper to produce nanoparticles of this metal. From a solution based on the leach liquor of this scrap, a purification route using solvent extraction was defined and applied to the real leach liquor. Applying the hydroxyoxime extractant at a dilution of 20% (v/v) in kerosene, A/O of 1/1, 298 K, and 0.25 h of contact during extraction, and stripping in H 2 SO 4 (2 M), 298 K, 0.25 h, W/O ratio of 3/1, and two theoretical countercurrent stages, a solution containing more than 95% of the copper in the leach liquor could be obtained with less than 1% of contaminants. From this purified liquor, nanoparticles containing copper and metallic copper oxides and hydroxides were produced, with an average size of 84 nm, at pH 11, 3 h of hot stirring, volume of 0.015 L of ascorbic acid (0.50 M) and 0.015 L of precursor solution (0.03 M Cu), and temperature (343 K)., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) are extensively used in electronics, cosmetics, fungicides, and various other fields due to their distinctive qualities. However, this widespread usage can contribute to environmental contamination and heightened health risks for living organisms. Despite their prevalent use, the ecological impacts and biosafety of CuNPs remain inadequately understood. The present study aims to delve into the potential toxic effects of CuNPs on zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) embryos, focusing on multiple indexes such as embryonic development, neurotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response. The results revealed a notable increase in the death rate and deformity rate, alongside varying degrees of decrease in hatching rate and heart rate following CuNPs exposure. Particularly, the frequency of spontaneous tail coiling significantly declined under exposure to CuNPs at concentrations of 500 µg/L. Furthermore, CuNPs exposure induced alterations in the transcriptional expression of GABA signaling pathway-related genes ( gabra1 , gad , abat, and gat1 ), indicating potential impacts on GABA synthesis, release, catabolism, recovery, and receptor binding. Additionally, CuNPs triggered oxidative stress, evidenced by disruption in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, along with elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. This oxidative stress subsequently led to a proinflammatory cascade, as demonstrated by the increased transcriptional expression of inflammatory markers (il-1β , tnf-α , il-6, and il-8 ). Comparative analysis with copper ion (provided as CuCl 2 ) exposure highlighted more significant changes in most indexes with CuCl 2 , indicating greater toxicity compared to CuNPs at equivalent concentrations. In conclusion, these findings provide valuable insights into the toxic effects of CuNPs on zebrafish embryo development and neurotransmitter conduction. Furthermore, they present technical methodologies for assessing environmental and health risks associated with CuNPs, contributing to a better understanding of their biosafety and ecological impact.

Introduction: In the last few decades, nanoparticles have found extensive use in a variety of biological applications. Traditional medicine widely uses Acanthophora sp., a marine macroalgae, to cure and prevent diabetes, skin disorders, and blood clotting., Objective: The present study aims to investigate whether green-synthesized copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) might work as an anticoagulant., Methodology: The CuNPs were made using an environmentally friendly method that uses Acanthophora extract. We used UV-vis spectroscopy to assess the surface plasmon resonance of the material, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to analyze its form, and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy to identify the material's constituent elements. Furthermore, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) determined the functional groups of the CuNPs., Results: The biosynthesis of CuNPs was confirmed by UV-vis spectroscopy, which showed a surface plasmon resonance peak at 570 nm. The FT-IR analysis showed that certain functional groups are involved in the formation of CuNPs. These groups include OH stretching, C=O stretching, C-H bonding, C-N bonding, and Cu vibration. SEM analysis demonstrated the morphology of CuNPs synthesized, with a size of 0.5 μm, while EDS analysis confirmed their purity. The anticoagulant activity of prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) assays showed that the clotting time got longer depending on the concentration. The CuNPs synthesized from Acanthophora had strong anticoagulant effects at 100 μg/mL, further suggesting that they might be useful as a natural blood thinner., Conclusion: The interesting thing we observed is that the green-synthesized CuNPs made from Acanthophora extract could be used in anticoagulation therapy., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

The growth of material science and technology places a high importance on the creation of better processes for the synthesis of copper nanoparticles. So that, an easy, ecological, and benign process for producing copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) has been developed using candy leaf (Stevia rebaudiana) leaves aqueous extract for the first time. UV-visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM), Fourier transmission infrared (FTIR), and zeta potential were applied to demonstrate strong characterization for the biosynthesized stevia-CuNPs. The UV-visible absorbance at 575 nm of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was 1.2. The particle size mean diameter was recorded as 362.3 nm with - 10.8 mV zeta potential. The HR-TEM scanning revealed 51.46-53.17 nm and spherical-shaped stevia-CuNPs surrounded by coat-shell proteins. The cytotoxicity and cytocompatibility activity assay revealed that stevia-CuNPs was safe in lower concentrations and had a significant cell viability reduction in higher concentrations. The produced stevia-CuNPs were applied as antimicrobial agents against eight pathogenic bacteria and five fungi strains. The inhibitory action of the stevia-CuNPs was more pronounced in bacteria than in fungi, and they likewise demonstrated further inhibition zones in Staphylococcus aureus (50.0 mm) than in Aspergillus flavus (55.0 mm). With inhibition zone sizes of 50.0 mm and 47.0 mm and 50 µg/ml minimum inhibitory concentration, S. aureus and A. flavus were the most inhibited pathogens. The minimum lethal effect (MLC) estimate for S. aureus was 50 µg/ml, whereas 75 µg/ml for A. flavus. The stevia-CuNPs mode of action was characterized as bactericidal/fungicidal as the ratio of MIC to MLC was estimated to be equal to or less than 2. After all, stevia-CuNPs could be used as an alternative to commercial antibiotics to solve the problem of multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

This study presents a green method of producing copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) using aqueous extracts from Sargassum spp. as reducing, stabilizing, and capping agents. The CuNPs created using this algae-based method are not hazardous, they are eco-friendly, and less toxic than their chemically synthesized counterparts. The XRD characterization of the CuNPs revealed the presence of Cu and CuO, with a crystallite size ranging from 13 to 17 nm. Following this, the CuNPs were supported onto a carbon substrate, also derived from Sargassum spp. (biochar CSKPH). The CuNPs in biochar (CuNPs-CSKPH) did not appear in the XRD diffractograms, but the SEM-EDS results showed that they accounted for 36 % of the copper weight. The voltamperometric study of CuNps-CSKPH in acid media validated the presence of Cu and the amount was determined to be 2.58 μg. The catalytic activity of CuNPs-CSKPH was analyzed for the electrochemical reduction of CO 2 . The use of Sargassum spp. has great potential to tackle two environmental problems simultaneously, by using it as raw material for the synthesis of activated biochar as support, as well as the synthesis of CuNPs, and secondly, by using it as a sustainable material for the electrochemical conversion of CO 2 ., (© 2023 The Authors. ChemistryOpen published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Copper is a necessary micronutrient for maintaining the well-being of the human body. The biological activity of organic ligands, especially their anticancer activity, is often enhanced when they coordinate with copper(I) and (II) ions. Copper and its compounds are capable of inducing tumor cell death through various mechanisms of action, including activation of apoptosis signaling pathways by reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibition of angiogenesis, induction of cuproptosis, and paraptosis. Some of the copper complexes are currently being evaluated in clinical trials for their ability to map tumor hypoxia in various cancers, including locally advanced rectal cancer and bulky tumors. Several studies have shown that copper nanoparticles can be used as effective agents in chemodynamic therapy, phototherapy, hyperthermia, and immunotherapy. Despite the promising anticancer activity of copper-based compounds, their use in clinical trials is subject to certain limitations. Elevated copper concentrations may promote tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis by affecting cellular processes., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Introduction :  Oral diseases affect billions worldwide, with dental caries being a significant concern. Silver-copper nanoparticles (Ag-Cu NPs) synthesized from pitaya plant extract offer a potential solution due to their antimicrobial properties. This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effects of Ag-Cu NPs on Streptococcus mutans ( S. mutans ), a major contributor to dental caries., Methodology: Ag-Cu NPs were synthesized using a green chemical method and characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), ultraviolet-visible (U-vis) spectrophotometer, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against S. mutans was determined using the broth microdilution method, while the antibiofilm effect was assessed by the crystal violet method., Results: The synthesized Ag-Cu NPs demonstrated antimicrobial activity with an MIC of 128 µg/ml, significantly inhibiting S. mutans biofilm formation by up to 94% at a concentration of 256 µg/ml. Characterization studies confirmed the successful synthesis of Ag-Cu NPs with spherical morphology., Conclusions:  These findings highlight the potential of Ag-Cu NPs as a novel approach for combating dental caries by targeting S. mutans biofilms. Further research is warranted to explore their safety and efficacy in clinical settings., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Sarıtaş et al.)

Ciprofloxacin (CIP), a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic, is commonly used in aquaculture to prevent and treat bacterial infections in aquatic animals. For this reason, aquatic environments contain CIP and its derivatives, which lead to the development of drug-resistant bacteria. In the present study, copper nanoparticles were prepared using Garcinia mangostana extract (GME-CuNPs) as a reducing agent and evaluated for their CIP removal efficiency (CRE). The results demonstrate that within 20 min, GME-CuNPs at 25 mM possess a CRE of 92.02 ± 0.09% from CIP-containing aqueous media with pH 6-7. The CRE is influenced by both monovalent and divalent salts. A high salt concentration significantly reduces the CRE. Contaminants in fish wastewater can reduce the CRE, but phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, and ammonia do not affect the CRE. Our results reveal that the CRE is controlled by electrostatic attraction between the negatively charged GME-CuNPs and the cationic species of CIP. The CRE is reduced by wastewater with a pH higher than 8.0, in which the CIP molecules have a negative charge, resulting in a repulsive force due to the negative charge of GME-CuNPs. In fish wastewater with a pH lower than 7.0, GME-CuNPs show the potential to achieve a CRE above 80%. Therefore, pH adjustment to a range of 6-7 in fish wastewater before treatment is deemed imperative. It is concluded that the newly developed GME-CuNPs possess excellent activity in CIP elimination from actual fish wastewater samples. Our findings suggest that GME-CuNPs can be a promising tool to effectively eliminate antibiotics from the environment.

Several biologically active compounds involved in the green synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles have been isolated from snail mucus and characterized. This paper presents a successful method for the application of snail mucus from Cornu aspersum as a bioreducing agent of copper sulfate and as a biostabilizer of the copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs-Muc) obtained. The synthesis at room temperature and neutral pH yielded nanoparticles with a spherical shape and an average diameter of 150 nm. The structure and properties of CuONPs-Muc were characterized using various methods and techniques, such as ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (1D-PAGE), up-conversion infrared spectroscopy Fourier transform (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), Raman spectroscopy and imaging, thermogravimetric analysis (TG-DSC), etc. Mucus proteins with molecular weights of 30.691 kDa and 26.549 kDa were identified, which are involved in the biogenic production of CuONPs-Muc. The macromolecular shell of proteins formed around the copper ions contributes to a higher efficiency of the synthesized CuONPs-Muc in inhibiting the bacterial growth of several Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis NBIMCC2353, Bacillus spizizenii ATCC 6633, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Listeria innocua NBIMCC8755) and Gram-negative ( Escherichia coli ATCC8739, Salmonella enteitidis NBIMCC8691, Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia ATCC 17666) bacteria compared to baseline mucus. The bioorganic synthesis of snail mucus presented here provides CuONPs-Muc with a highly pronounced antimicrobial effect. These results will expand knowledge in the field of natural nanomaterials and their role in emerging dosage forms.

Nanoparticles have different shapes and sizes between the range of 1-100 nm, which show advantages for stabilizing compounds, higher carrier capacity, and lower costs. Metal nanoparticles such as copper, gold, silver, and zinc are favorable components for various applications due to their interesting properties. In the present study, nanoparticles were synthesized by reduction with flower extracts of Bauhinia variegate & Saussurea lappa that were used to stabilize the copper nanoparticles. Furthermore, the characterization of plants synthesized copper nanoparticles was carried out through UV-visible dynamic light scattering. Additionally, morphological characterization of nanoparticles was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed the elemental composition of copper nanoparticles. Powder X-ray diffraction was conducted for the analysis of crystallinity, purity, and crystal size of plant-synthesized copper nanoparticles. The average particle size was evaluated and exhibited the particle size at the peak of 8.721 nm and 98.03 nm for flower extracts of Bauhinia variegate & Saussurea lappa copper nanoparticles. The Fourier Transform Infrared spectrum was taken to scrutinize the various functional groups that were responsible for the reduction of the copper ions. The antimicrobial results against the bacterial strains with the positive test results of the zone of inhibition were for Bauhinia variegate (17 mm, 18 mm, 19 mm, and 18 mm) and Saussurea lappa (17 mm, 19 mm, 18 mm, and 18 mm) respectively for plants synthesized copper nanoparticles against the Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli , Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Lipase inhibition assay and Amylase inhibition assay with different concentrations (20 μg/mL to 100 μg/mL) for Bauhinia variegate & Saussurea lappa (12.34 %-59.67 % and 10.50 %-47.01 %) and (34.52 %-89.02 % and 22.34 %-56.45 %) confirmed the anti-obesity and anti-diabetic activities of plants extract synthesized copper nanoparticles., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Objective: Today, designing nanofibers with antibacterial properties using electrospinning technology is one of the attractive approaches for wound healing., Methods: & analysis : This study aims to fabricate a nanocomposite from polyethylene oxide (PEO) coated with copper nanoparticles (NPs) and defensin peptide with wound healing and antimicrobial properties in different ratios of CuNPs/defensin (2/0 mg), (1.5/0.5 mg), and (1/1 mg) in the fixed contain polymer (98 mg). Then, the nanofiber properties were investigated by SEM, tensile, DSC, and BET analysis. Also, the antibacterial properties against S. aureus and E. coli , antioxidant, and in-vivo wound healing effects and histological analysis of the designed nanocomposites were evaluated in rat models., Results: Our SEM images showed that CuNPs and defensin were properly coated on the PEO surface. According to the tensile, DSC, and antibacterial analysis results, the most appropriate feature was related to CuNPs/defensin (1.5/0.5 mg), with maximum elasticity, heat resistance, and antibacterial activity. Furthermore, the designed nanocomposites showed the best performance as a wound closure agent by increasing dermis and epidermis volume density, stimulating fibroblast cells and collagen fiber production, and improving skin vessels., Conclusion: According to our results, PEO nanofibers loaded with CuNPs and defensin have the best potential for wound healing, and they can be used as antibacterial materials in the textile, drug, and medical industries., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Aim This study involves synthesizing metal nanoparticles (NPs) via the green synthesis method using Millettia pinnata leaf, Acacia auriculiformis bark, and Citrus sinensis peel and comparatively evaluating their antibacterial activity in vitro through the analysis of cobalt oxide NPs (CoNPs), copper NPs (CuNPs), and selenium NPs (SeNPs). This research contributes to eco-friendly approaches for producing functional nanomaterials with potential applications in medicine and environmental remediation. Materials and methods The metal NPs were synthesized using M. pinnata leaf, A. auriculiformis bark, and C. sinensis peel. These leaf extracts act as self-reducing and stabilizing agents. The antibacterial activity was assessed by the well diffusion method. Cultures of pathogenic bacteria species such as Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli , Bacillus subtilis , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were prepared. NPs were applied to the culture, and zones of inhibition (ZOIs) were measured. The data were statistically analyzed to compare the antibacterial efficacy of the different NPs. Results The successfully synthesized CoNPs, CuNPs, and SeNPs showed distinctive phytochemical properties. CoNPs exhibited the highest ZOI against most bacterial strains, with CuNPs and SeNPs following. CoNPs consistently showed superior performance compared to CuNPs and SeNPs. Conclusion Our study analyzed the bioactivity of metal NPs produced using green synthesis with plant extracts. CoNPs have shown superior antibacterial effectiveness against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria when compared to CuNPs and SeNPs. This may be due to their larger surface area, smaller size, unique electrical, magnetic, and catalytic properties, as well as their improved contact with the bacterial cell wall and membrane., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Ryntathiang et al.)

The utilization of plants for the production of metallic nanoparticles is gaining significant attention in research. In this study, we conducted phytochemical screening of Alstonia scholaris (A. scholaris) leaves extracts using various solvents, including chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-hexane, methanol, and water. Our findings revealed higher proportions of flavonoids and alkaloids in both solvents compared to other phytochemical species. In the methanol, extract proteins, anthraquinone and reducing sugar were not detected. On the other hand, the aqueous extract demonstrated the presence of amino acids, reducing sugar, phenolic compounds, anthraquinone, and saponins. Notably, ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts displayed the highest levels of bioactive compounds among all solvents. Intrigued by these results, we proceeded to investigate the antibacterial properties of the leaf extracts against two major bacterial strains, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). All extracts exhibited significant zones of inhibition against both bacterial isolates, with S. aureus showing higher susceptibility compared to E. coli. Notably, the methanol extract displayed the most potent I hibitory effect against all organisms. Inspired by the bioactivity of the methanol extract, we employed it as a plant-based material for the green synthesis of copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs). The synthesized Cu-NPs were characterized using Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV-visible spectroscopic analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The observed color changes confirmed the successful formation of Cu-NPs, while the FTIR analysis matched previously reported peaks, further verifying the synthesis. The SEM micrographs indicated the irregular shapes of the surface particles. From the result obtained by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopic analysis, Cu has the highest relative abundance of 67.41 wt%. Confirming the purity of the Cu-NPs colloid. These findings contribute to the growing field of eco-friendly nanotechnology and emphasize the significance of plant-mediated approaches in nanomaterial synthesis and biomedical applications., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The current study focused on assessing the toxicological effects of copper (Cu) and copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) in acute condition on Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. The median lethal concentration (LC 50 ) for Cu and Cu-NPs were determined as 8.04 and 3.85 mg L -1 , respectively. For the subsequent definitive test, varying concentrations were selected: 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, and 9.0 mg L -1 for Cu, and 3.0, 3.3, 3.6, 3.9, and 4.2 mg L -1 for Cu-NPs. To encompass these concentration levels and assess their toxic effects, biomarkers associated with toxicological studies like oxidative stress, neurotransmission, and cellular metabolism were measured in the liver, kidney, and gill tissues. Notably, during the acute test, the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione-s-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, and lipid peroxide in the liver, gill, and kidney tissues were significantly increased due to exposure to Cu and Cu-NPs. Similarly, acetylcholinesterase activity in the brain was notably inhibited in the presence of Cu and Cu-NPs when compared to the control group. Cellular metabolic stress was greatly influenced by the exposure to Cu and Cu-NPs, evident from the considerable elevation of cortisol, HSP 70, and blood glucose levels in the treated groups. Furthermore, integrated biomarker response, genotoxicity, DNA damage in gill tissue, karyotyping in kidney tissue, and histopathology in gill and liver were investigated, revealing tissue damage attributed to exposure to Cu and Cu-NPs. In conclusion, this study determined that elevated concentrations of essential trace elements, namely Cu and Cu-NPs, induce toxicity and disrupt cellular metabolic activities in fish., (© 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

This work aims to enhance the performance of the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite by using cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) as reinforcement and copper nanoparticles (CuNPs)/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as conducting and antimicrobial reagents. Firstly, rGO was loaded onto CuNPs using an eco-friendly microwave method. Different techniques characterized the components and prepared composites, which indicated the incorporation of cellulose nanocrystals and rGO@CuNPs within the polyvinyl alcohol matrix. Utilizing the clear zone of inhibition, the antibacterial test was quantified. Compared to the neat composite, the rGO@CuNPs loaded polyvinyl alcohol/ cellulose nanocrystal composites exhibited no bacterial growth against S. aureus, E. coli, and C. albicans. However, all composites did not have antifungal activity against A. niger. The combination of conductivity and interfacial polarization is the reason for the abrupt increase of permittivity with decreasing frequency. Besides, adding rGO@CuNPs improved the electrical conductivity. DC-Conductivity increased about a decade after adding cellulose nanocrystal to polyvinyl alcohol, then another decade after adding CuONPs. The electric loss modulus representation shows a systematic shift in the peak position towards higher frequencies, decreasing the so-called conductivity relaxation time. This is the main reason for the enhancement of conductivity. The systematic attenuation of peaks' height with increasing conductivity is still unclear., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is a prevalent systemic disease caused by diverse factors, for which effective treatments are currently limited. Herein, the oleogel (OG) containing copper-curcumin (CuR) nanoparticles is developed, designated as CuRG, which is also combined with traditional naturopathic scraping (Gua Sha, SCR) as a multifunctional therapy for AGA. With the assistance of lipophilic OG and SCR, CuR can efficaciously penetrate the epidermal and dermal regions where most hair follicles (HFs) reside, thereby releasing curcumin (CR) and copper ions (Cu 2+ ) subcutaneously to facilitate hair regeneration. Concomitantly, the mechanical stimulation induced by SCR promotes the formation of new blood vessels, which is conducive to reshaping the microenvironment of HFs. This study validates that the combination of CuRG and SCR is capable of systematically interfering with different pathological processes, ranging from improvement of perifollicular microenvironment (oxidative stress and insufficient vascularization), regulation of inflammatory responses to degradation of androgen receptor, thus potentiating hair growth. Compared with minoxidil, a widely used clinical drug for AGA therapy, the designed synergistic system displays augmented hair regeneration in the AGA mouse model., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Although the usage of nanoparticles has expanded substantially in recent years, and it causes the detrimental effect on the various organs. CuNPs are widely used in commercial applications. There has been minimal investigation into the possibly harmful effects of CuNPs on the accessory reproductive organs. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of CuNPs on the male reproductive organs like epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle and prostate of mice. The mice were exposed orally to CuNPs at three doses 10, 100, and 200 mg/kg for 70 days. Our results showed that the organs index of only vas deferens and prostate reduced at 200 mg/kg group compared to the control. However, the histological study showed degenerative changes in the epididymis at higher doses like distortion in the tubules. The sperm parameters were also decreased in the 200 mg/kg CuNPs group. The vas deferens in 100 and 200 mg/kg treatment groups exhibited detachment of luminal epithelium and with a few or no spermatozoa in the higher dose group. The seminal vesicle and prostate also showed degenerative changes like atrophy, hyperplasia, and scant secretary materials. Furthermore, CuNPs also increased the oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant enzymes in vas deferens and seminal vesicles at higher dose. Caput epididymis showed decreased GPx enzymes in all the groups. However, MDA and GPx in corpus, cauda, and prostate did not show any significant variations among all the groups. In conclusion, our results suggest that CuNPs can manifest the detrimental effect of the male accessory organs and epididymis in a dose and tissue dependent manner. Since, detrimental effects were observed only at higher dose, thus, uses of CuNPs would be safe for reproductive organs at lower dose, even for the prolonged duration., (© 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

The aim of this work was to compare the potential induction of oxidative stress and the antioxidant enzymatic response after a short-term waterborne exposure to copper (Cu) and arsenic (As) with that of the nanoparticles (NPs) of these elements (Cu-NPs and As-NPs) in fish larvae of the species Dicentrarchus labrax . Larvae were grouped in several tanks and exposed to different concentrations of contaminants (0 to 10 mg/L) for 24 or 96 h under laboratory conditions. Copper and arsenic concentrations were analysed in larval tissues using ICP-MS. A set of oxidative stress biomarkers, including the levels of hydroperoxides (HPs), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were assessed. The trace element concentrations (mg/kg d.w.) in larvae ranged as follows: 3.28-6.67 (Cu at 24 h) and 2.76-3.42 (Cu at 96 h); 3.03-8.31 (Cu-NPs at 24 h) and 2.50-4.86 (Cu-NPs at 96 h); 1.92-3.45 (As at 24 h) and 2.22-4.71 (As at 96 h); and 2.19-8.56 (As-NPs at 24 h) and 1.75-9.90 (As-NPs at 96 h). In Cu tests, the oxidative damage (ROOH levels) was induced from 0.1 mg/L at both exposure times, while for Cu-NPs, this damage was not observed until 1 mg/L, which was paralleled by concomitant increases in SOD activity. The CAT activity was also increased but at lower metal concentrations (0.01 mg/L and 0.1 mg/L for both chemical forms). No oxidative damage was observed for As or As-NPs after 24 h, but it was observed for As after 96 h of treatment with 0.01 mg/L. A decrease in SOD activity was observed for As after 24 h, but it turned out to be increased after 96 h. However, As-NPs did not alter SOD activity. The CAT activity was stimulated only at 96 h by As and at 24 h by As-NPs. Therefore, the two chemical forms of Cu exhibited a higher bioaccumulation and toxicity potential as compared to those of As. Importantly, the association of both Cu and As in NPs reduced the respective trace metal bioaccumulation, resulting also in a reduction in the toxic effects (mortality and biochemical). Furthermore, the assessment of oxidative stress-related biomarkers in seabass larvae appears to be a useful tool for biomonitoring environmental-occurring trace elements.

Biopolymer-based copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) have become an area of significant interest due to their wide-ranging applications in a variety of fields. However, there remains a challenge in tailoring their morphologies and improving their properties. In this study, CuNPs were synthesized via wet chemical reduction using sodium hypophosphite monohydrate (NaH 2 PO 2 ·H 2 O), l-ascorbic acid and chitosan. The effect of different synthesis conditions, including reaction pH, temperature, time, concentration of NaH 2 PO 2 ·H 2 O, l-ascorbic acid and chitosan, as well as the deacetylation degree (DD) of chitosan, on the synthesis of CuNPs was investigated. The synthesized CuNPs were characterized by various analytical techniques. The catalytic properties of synthesized CuNPs were investigated for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) in the presence of sodium borohydride. The synthesis-morphology-catalytic activity relationship of CuNPs was discussed. The results suggested that the morphology of CuNPs could be adjusted by controlling the synthesis conditions. Chitosan DD significantly impacts the morphology of the synthesized CuNPs. As the chitosan DD decreased from 91.8 % to 52.3 %, the average particle size of synthesized CuNPs decreased from 43.9 ± 10.6 to 17.7 ± 5.9 nm and the shape changed from anisotropy to near-sphere. CuNPs synthesized using low DD (53.2 %) chitosan (CuNPs-N3) demonstrated the highest 4-NP conversion rate of 99.1 % and reaction rate constant of 0.3540 min -1 . CuNPs-N3 was thermodynamically and kinetically more feasible than CuNPs synthesized with high DD chitosan. These findings provide important insights for further designing and developing hierarchical nanostructured CuNPs catalysts for broader applications., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Metal-based nanomaterials have remarkable bactericidal effects; however, their toxicity cannot be disregarded. To address this concern, we developed a simple synthesis route for antibacterial catheters using metal-based nanomaterials to reduce toxicity while harnessing their excellent bactericidal properties. The grafting agent (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) forms -NH 2 groups on the catheter surface, onto which copper ions form a nanomaterial complex known as Cu 2 (OH) 3 (NO 3 ) (defined as SA-Cu). The synthesized SA-Cu exhibited outstanding contact antibacterial effects, as observed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which revealed cell membrane crumbing and bacterial rupture on the catheter surface. Furthermore, SA-Cu exhibited excellent biosafety characteristics, as evidenced by the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, which showed no significant cytotoxicity. SA-Cu demonstrated sustained antimicrobial capacity, with in vivo experiments demonstrating over 99% bactericidal efficacy against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) for two weeks. The transcriptome sequencing results suggested that SA-Cu may exert its bactericidal effects by interfering with histidine and purine metabolism in MRSA. This study presents a straightforward method for synthesizing antimicrobial silicone catheters containing copper nanomaterials using copper ions., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest We declare that we have no financial and personal relationships with other people or organizations that can inappropriately influence our work, there is no professional or other personal interest of any nature or kind in any product, service and/or company that could be construed as influencing the position presented in, or the review of, the manuscript., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: This study aimed to synthesize heat-cured poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) acrylic formulated with copper nanoparticles (nCu) for producing dentures with antimicrobial properties and ability to prevent denture stomatitis (DS)., Methods: nCu/PMMA nanocomposites were prepared through in situ formation of nCu into methyl methacrylate (MMA). The fabricated material was characterized using scanning electron microscopy, spectroscopy (energy-dispersive X-ray, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier-transform infrared, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), X-ray diffraction analysis, and mechanical flexural tests (ISO 20795-1:2008). Antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans and oral bacteria was determined. MTS assay (ISO 10993-5:2009) and copper release experiments were conducted to assess cytotoxicity. In the clinical trial, participants wearing nCu/PMMA (n=25) and PMMA (n=25) dentures were compared; specifically, DS incidence and severity and Candida species proliferation were assessed for 12 months. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance with Tukey's post hoc test (α=0.05)., Results: nCu/PMMA nanocomposite loaded with 0.045% nCu exhibited the maximum antimicrobial activity against C. albicans and other oral bacteria without producing cytotoxicity in the wearer. nCu/PMMA dentures retained their mechanical and aesthetic properties as well as inhibited the growth of Candida species on both denture surface and patient palate. DS incidence and severity were lower in the nCu/PMMA denture group than in the PMMA denture group., Conclusions: PMMA acrylic produced with copper nanotechnology is antimicrobial, biocompatible, and aesthetic and can reduce DS incidence. Thus, this material may act as a novel preventive alternative for oral infections associated with denture use.

In this study, we introduce an economically viable and scalable process for developing a novel covalent organic framework (COF), which is a cross-linked polymer. The resulting material, TzTFB-COF, is successfully functionalized with silver and copper nanoparticles, which show high adequacy in the degradation of nitroaromatic compounds (NACs). For the synthesis of TzTFB-COF, s-tetrazine diamine (Tz) and 1,3,5-triformylbenzene (TFB) are chosen as building blocks, which exhibit a high density of nitrogen-containing sites. TzTFB-COF shows good chemical and thermal stability (>300 °C). For functionalization of TzTFB-COF with silver and copper nanoparticles, a solution infiltration technique is used. The composite materials, i.e. , Ag@TzTFB-COF and Cu@TzTFB-COF, have been characterized using various spectroscopic and analytical techniques, which show high activity, high selectivity, and excellent chemical and thermal stability up to 350 °C. The silver and copper contents of Ag@TzTFB-COF and Cu@TzTFB-COF are determined to be 9.6 and 12.4 wt % by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES). The catalytic efficiency of the synthesized Ag@TzTFB-COF and Cu@TzTFB-COF materials is assessed in the context of catalyzing the hydrogenation of NACs. Experimental results reveal a remarkable catalytic performance when conducted in an aqueous medium, and notably, the materials demonstrate substantial potential for reusability across multiple catalytic cycles. The determined parameters for the catalytic hydrogenation reaction, i.e. , the rate constants and Gibbs free energies, are found to be 0.0185 s -1 and 9.878 kJ/mol for Ag@TzTFB-COF and 0.0219 s -1 and 9.615 kJ/mol for Cu@TzTFB-COF. Thus, the catalytic reaction exhibits characteristics of endothermic, endergonic, and nonspontaneous nature.

The usage of copper (II) oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) has significantly expanded across industries and biomedical fields. However, the potential toxic effects on non-target organisms and humans lack comprehensive understanding due to limited research on molecular mechanisms. With this study, by combining the 96 h in vivo exposure of crucian carp fish, Carassius carassius, to sub-lethal CuO NPs doses (0.5 and 1 mg/dL) with image-based quantification, and docking and molecular dynamics approaches, we aimed to understand the mechanism of CuO NPs-induced cyto-genotoxicity in the fish erythrocytes. The results revealed that both doses of copper NPs used were toxic to erythrocytes causing oxidative stress response and serious red blood cell morphological abnormalities, and genotoxicity. Docking and 10-ns molecular dynamics confirmed favorable interactions (ΔG = -2.07 kcal mol -1 ) and structural stability of Band3-CuO NP complex, mainly through formation of H-bonds, implying the potential of CuO NPs to induce mitotic nuclear abnormalities in C. carassius erythrocytes via Band3 inhibition. Moreover, conventional and multiple ligand simultaneous docking with DNA revealed that single, double and triple CuO NPs bind preferentially to AT-rich regions consistently in the minor grooves of DNA. Of note, the DNA-binding strength subtantially increased (ΔG = -2.13 kcal mol -1 , ΔG = -4.08 kcal mol -1 , and ΔG = -6.03 kcal mol -1 , respectively) with an increasing number of docked CuO NPs, suggesting that direct structural perturbation on DNA could also count for the molecular basis of in-vivo induced DNA damage in C. carassius erythrocytes. This study introduces the novel term "erythrotope" to describe comprehensive red blood cell morphological abnormalities. It proves to be a reliable and cost-effective biomarker for evaluating allostatic erythrocyte load in response to metallic nanoparticle exposure, serving as a distinctive fingerprint to assess fish erythrocyte health and physiological fitness., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Wound infections and delayed complications after caesarean section surgical procedure to mothers would have a prevalence of discomfort, stress and dissatisfaction in the postpartum period. In this report, one-pot synthesis is used for the preparation of chitosan (CS)-based copper nanoparticles (nCu), which was used for the preparation of zinc oxide (ZnO) hydrogel as wound dressing materials after surgery. The antibacterial activity of (CS-nCu/ZnO) developed hydrogels was studied zone of inhibition, against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The antibacterial activity of the CS-nCu/ZnO hydrogel demonstrated that nanoformulated hydrogel materials have provided excellent bactericidal action against clinically approved bacterial pathogens. The biocompatibility and in vitro wound healing potential of the developed wound closure materials were studied by MTT assay and wound scratch assay methods, respectively. The MTT assay and cell migration assay results demonstrated that CS-nCu/ZnO hydrogel material induces cell compatibility and effective cell proliferation ability. These findings suggest that the CS-nCu/ZnO hydrogel outperforms CS-ZnO in terms of wound healing and could be used as a wound closure material in caesarean section wound treatment., (© 2023 The Authors. International Wound Journal published by Medicalhelplines.com Inc and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

In this proof-of-concept study, a microfluidic flow injection analysis (FIA) system was developed using multi-walled carbon nanotube-modified screen-printed carbon electrodes (CNTSPEs) that were modified with copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) following the electrodeposition of the diazonium salt of 4-aminothiophenol to form 4-thiophenol-conjugated CuNPs (CuNPs-CNTSPE). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) were used to characterize the size of CuNPs, morphology and elemental analysis of CuNPs-CNTSPE, respectively. Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), the charge-transfer resistance (R ct ) of CuNPs-CNTSPE was found to be 20-fold lower than that of CNTSPE. The CuNPs-CNTSPE displayed an oxidation peak for dopamine at -0.08 V which is ∼80 mV lower than the one detected using CNTSPE. The modified electrode was used in microfluidic flow injection analysis and offline systems for sensitive detection of dopamine (DA). The pH, flow rate, loop volume, concentration, and type of surfactant were all optimized for on-chip detection. Under the optimal conditions, using phosphate electrolyte solution (pH 6) containing 0.05% (w/v) Tween 20® as the carrier at a flow rate of 0.6 mL min -1 and a loop volume of 50 μL, the calibration curve was linear from 1.5 to 500 nM with a limit of detection of 0.33 nM. This technique was used for the successful detection of DA in real samples with recovery ranging from 96.5% to 103.8%. The microfluidic FIA system described here has the potential to be used as an electrochemical point-of-care device for rapid DA detection with high sensitivity and reproducibility., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)