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Pure NiO and NiO thin films doped with 0.1 to 25% Cu were grown on pre-heated soda-lime glass substrates via spray pyrolysis technique. The surface roughness of the NiO:Cu thin films decreased as Cu/Ni ratio was increased. Antifungal activity of these thin films against Aspergillus niger (A. niger) which affects some of the fruits, and Macrophomina phaseolina (M. phaseolina) which is a soil borne fungus responsible for the infection of root and lower stem of several plants, was then investigated by bioassay and broth dilution methods. The antifungal response of pure NiO thin film was weak but it improved considerably on doping with copper. The higher the copper content in NiO:Cu thin film, the better was its antifungal response. Moreover, for the given Cu/Ni ratio range of 0-25%, the optical density (OD) of Potato Dextrose (PD) broth inoculated with A. niger and containing NiO:Cu material was reduced or antifungal ability was enhanced by 8.3, 9.9, 11.7, and 13.4 times for the exposure time of 6, 8, 10, and 12 days, respectively. Similarly, the OD of PD broth inoculated with M. phaseolina and containing NiO:Cu material was reduced or antifungal ability was enhanced by 16-37 times in the exposure temperature range of 20-40 °C. A linear relationship of OD with crystallite size and lattice strain of the thin films showed that NiO:Cu material possessed memory of the structural modifications induced by the dopant atoms though its phase changed from crystalline to non-crystalline state. These results can be utilized in agricultural sector. Graphical abstract., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Nanomaterials are being vigorously investigated for their use in anticancer drug delivery regimes or as biomarkers agents and are considered to be a candidate to provide a way to combat severe weaknesses of anticancer drug pharmacokinetics, such as their nonspecificity. Because of this weakness, a bigger proportion of the drug-loaded nanomaterials flow toward healthy tissues and result in undesirable side effects. It is very important to evaluate drug loading and release efficiency of various nanomaterials to find out true pharmacokinetics of these drugs.This observational study aims to evaluate various surface functionalized and naked nanomaterials for their drug loading capability and consequently strengthens the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE). We analyzed naked and coated nanoparticles of transition metal oxides for their further loading with doxorubicin, a representative water-soluble anticancer drug.Various uncoated and polyethylene glycol-coated metal oxide nanoparticles were synthesized and loaded with anticancer drug using simple stirring of the nanoparticles in a saturated aqueous solution of the drug. Results showed that surface-coated nanoparticles have higher drug-loading capabilities; however, certain naked metal oxide nanoparticles, such as cobalt oxide nanoparticles, can load a sufficient amount of drug.