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Objective: To assess the speed of relief provided by flurbiprofen 8.75 mg spray and lozenge and their effect on many of the different qualities and characteristics of throat pain and discomfort, and the many articulations of the broad term "sore throat" (ST)., Patients and Methods: Four hundred and forty adults with recent-onset, moderate-to-severe ST due to upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) were randomized to a single dose of either flurbiprofen 8.75 mg spray (n=218) or flurbiprofen 8.75 mg lozenge (n=222). Throat swabs for bacterial culture were taken at baseline. ST relief was assessed at 1 minute, 1 and 2 hours post-dose using the Sore Throat Relief Rating Scale. The change from baseline at 1 and 2 hours post-dose in difficulty swallowing and swollen throat was assessed using the difficulty swallowing scale and the swollen throat scale, respectively. Patients' experience of URTI symptoms was assessed using a URTI questionnaire at baseline and 2 hours post-dose. The change in Qualities of Sore Throat Index, a 10-item index of qualities of ST, from baseline at 2 hours post-dose was also measured., Results: ST relief was evident in the spray and the lozenge treatment groups at 1 minute, 1 and 2 hours post-dose ( P >0.05). In both groups, scores for difficulty swallowing and swollen throat significantly improved at 1 and 2 hours post-dose compared with baseline. At 2 hours post-dose, the number of patients experiencing URTI symptoms that can be attributed to or associated with ST decreased relative to baseline. The mean change from baseline to 2 hours post-dose for each individual score on the Qualities of Sore Throat Index showed significant improvements for flurbiprofen spray and lozenge (all P <0.0001)., Conclusion: Non-inferiority was established, and flurbiprofen spray and lozenge provided effective relief from ST pain and many of the other commonly reported qualities of ST., Competing Interests: Disclosure Valeria Bychkova and Adrian Shephard are employees of Reckitt Benckiser. The authors report no other conflicts of interest in this work.

Objective: To assess the efficacy of flurbiprofen 8.75 mg delivered as a spray or lozenge in patients with sore throat due to upper respiratory tract infection (URTI)., Materials and Methods: This multicenter, double-blind, double-dummy, non-inferiority study randomized 440 adults with recent-onset, moderate-to-severe sore throat due to URTI to a single dose of either flurbiprofen 8.75 mg spray (n=218) or flurbiprofen 8.75 mg lozenge (n=222). The presence or absence of beta-hemolytic streptococci (A or C) was confirmed by culture tests (throat swab). The primary efficacy end point was the difference from baseline to 2 hours post-dose in sore throat pain intensity scale (STPIS pain intensity difference [PID] 2h), a validated 100 mm visual analog scale (from 0="no pain" to 100="severe pain"), with a non-inferiority margin of -6 mm. Secondary end points included STPIS PID at 1 hour (STPIS PID 1h) and over 2 hours (STPIS sum of sore throat pain intensity differences [SPID] 0-2h ) and ratings of patient satisfaction and investigator assessment of drug efficacy at 2 hours. Safety (adverse events [AEs]) was also assessed., Results: Reductions in sore throat pain intensity at 2 hours (STPIS PID 2h) were similar for spray (least square mean -40.51) and lozenge (-40.10) (difference: 0.41, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] -3.20, 4.01), with non-inferiority demonstrated. Subgroup analyses showed similar efficacy (STPIS PID 2h) for patients testing positive or negative for Strep A or C. There was no significant difference between spray and lozenge in STPIS PID 1h or STPIS SPID 0-2h , and patient satisfaction and investigators' assessment of efficacy at 2 hours were similar for both groups. There were no significant differences in AEs between the two groups, with 17 drug-related events across both groups, all being mild and none being serious., Conclusion: Both formulations demonstrated comparable efficacy and safety profiles and provide patients with two different treatment formats to choose from for effective symptomatic relief of sore throat, depending on their preference., Competing Interests: Disclosure Valeria Bychkova and Robert DeVito are employees of Reck-itt Benckiser. This study was funded by Reckitt Benckiser. Dr Eugenia Radkova received funding from Reckitt Benckiser to develop the content of all study-related documents (protocol, ICF, IB, CSR). Professor Natalia Burova’s organization (Federal State Establishment Clinical Diagnostic Medical Center) received funding from Reckitt Benckiser for the study. The authors report no other conflicts of interest in this work.

The study assessed the correlation of red blood cells structural and functional disorders as a result of tissue metabolism changes and accumulation of final and intermediate metabolic products in association with microbial toxins, as well as changes of plasma general antioxidation capacities with clinical manifestations and degree of endogenous intoxication syndrome in patients with widespread phlegmons of maxillofacial area. The red blood cell structure served as an indicator of all biological membranes condition. The correction of red blood cells structure was achieved by administration of membranoprotective antioxidants.

There were examined 52 patients with odontogenic phlegmons of maxillofacial area. Patients are distributed on 3 groups on severity level and to expected duration diseases. 18 patients of the basic group received in complex treatment 2. Application of a method of forecasting for selection of rational schemes of treatment in proved. Positive influence aetilmetilhydroxypiridin succinate on oxidation-reduction processes and endotoxicosis correction.

Radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence dating and magnetic stratigraphy indicate Upper Paleolithic occupation-probably representing modern humans-at archaeological sites on the Don River in Russia 45,000 to 42,000 years ago. The oldest levels at Kostenki underlie a volcanic ash horizon identified as the Campanian Ignimbrite Y5 tephra that is dated elsewhere to about 40,000 years ago. The occupation layers contain bone and ivory artifacts, including possible figurative art, and fossil shells imported more than 500 kilometers. Thus, modern humans appeared on the central plain of Eastern Europe as early as anywhere else in northern Eurasia.

The data on the study of the clinical course of HIV infection in 127 children, 124 from these infected in nosocomial foci. The overwhelming majority of the children were infected at the period of their stay in hospitals of Elista, Volgograd, Rostov-on-Don, Shakhty (Rostov Province) and Stavropol'. At the end of 9-9.5 years elapsed since the appearance of the first documented cases of parenteral infection 33 children (26%) died. The study revealed that at the age under 1 year the course of HIV infection could rapidly progress into the stage of AIDS in the presence of aggravated premorbid background linked with the unfavorable course of pregnancy in the mother and a severe disease in the child prior to contacting HIV infection.

Taurine which was toxic for rats as shown by means of histological and histochemical assays in chronic experiments, decreased the content of glucose in rabbit blood. Duration of the effect exceeded that of insulin. The hypoglycemic effect was also found in dogs after administration of taurine by various pathways at a dose of 1.6 mmole/kg.