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Background: We report a case on the efficiency of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on cigarette consumption cessation.The patient was 29 years old, He received intensive psychiatric treatments along with ten years of history of depressive and obsessive-compulsive disorders.The first four years of treatment were marked by good outcomes. However, the last 6 years were marked by persisting depressive symptoms associating with psychotic features and sexual obsessions., Methods: The patient received 20 sessions of rTMS over two weeks, 10 times per week at 1 Hz frequency, each session lasted 20 min with 200 pulses and 100% of motor threshold. In the meanwhile, the patient continued his full drug-based treatment according to the reported prescription., Results and Conclusion: After 20 sessions, the patient reported a decreased severity of his depressive symptoms with a BDI (Beck Depression Inventory) score of 6 but without significant improvement of OCD with a YBOCS score of 32. However, the patient reported great improvement in his tobacco craving and a diminishing number of consumed cigarettes in the second week of the rTMS protocol of treatment. This ended with tobacco cessation within a month. However, this occurred without any medication or psychological support for treating tobacco dependence.

Aim: Internet addiction is a mental health issue that can have detrimental effects on an individual's life. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of Internet Addiction and identify the risk factors associated with this behavioral addiction., Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 6 universities in southern Morocco, involving 1,690 students who completed a self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire collected socio-demographic data, and information on substance use, and included validated tools to assess Internet addiction (Young's IADQ), depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire. PHQ-9), and social phobia (Mini Neuropsychiatric International Interview. M.I.N.I)., Results: The findings of our study indicate that the prevalence of Internet addiction was 30.60% (95% CI), depressive symptoms were present in 44.10% of participants, and the prevalence of social Phobia was 30.20%. A significant correlation was identified between early initiation of tobacco and Internet addiction ( p  = 0.05). The multivariate regression model revealed a possible association between cocaine use and Internet Addiction (OR = 5.67, IC 95%: 0.45 to 10.80) ( p  = 0.03), as well as a significant association between social phobia and a higher internet addiction score (OR = 3.45, IC 95%: 1.70-5.02) ( p  < 0.001). However, depressive symptoms were not significantly associated with internet addiction ( p  = 0.38)., Conclusion: These results highlight the urgent need to address internet addiction in the coming years. Implementing Multidisciplinary prevention strategies, early diagnosis, and follow-up measures are essential to mitigate the physical, psychosocial, and academic impacts of this addiction on students., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Ramdani, Lahlou, Merzouki, Doufik, El Oumary, Akebour, Hamri, Mouhadi, Boujraf, Rahioui and Rammouz.)

Objectives: Premature newborns are exposed to a great deal of over-stimulation, which can affect their cerebral development. For better sleep, certain practices should be recommended. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a professional training program on the improvement of practices promoting respect for the newborn's sleep-wake cycle., Materials and Methods: This was an interventional study with a longitudinal, single-group, and before-and-after design. The experimental design followed a three-stage time series: Eight months before, three months after, then eight months after intervention. It targeted a comprehensive sample of 66 professionals. It took place between October 2020 and March 2022 at the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of the Hassan II University Hospital in Fez, Morocco. It was based on an observation grid and a self-administered questionnaire, validated and tested with a Cronbach's alpha reliability of 0.91., Results: The light environment showed significant differences between the 1 st and 3 rd step (3.3% vs. 45.0%; P = 0.02; confidence interval [CI] = 13.644-10.456) for knowledge and (13.3% vs. 78.3%; P = 0.01; CI = 14.412-10.888) for practices; the noise environment showed a positive improvement between the 2 nd and 3 rd intervention (31.7% vs. 41.7%; P < 0.001; CI = 5.954-2.913) for knowledge and (65.0% vs. 73.3%; P < 0.001; CI = 3.597-1.236) for practices, with an average of (8.98 ± 0.30-28.15 ± 0.48; CI = 3.806-1.094) between the 1 st and 3 rd step. Practices surrounding sleep and wakefulness reported significant improvement between the three periods (14.35 ± 0.22 vs. 18.10 ± 0.35 vs. 19.90 ± 0.35; P P < 0.001; CI = 4.647-2.853) for sleep and (13.25 ± 0.48 vs. 22.27 ± 0.59; P < 0.001; CI = 10.563-7.471) for wakefulness with statistically significant correlations between knowledge and practices (0.426**) for sleep and (0.606**) for wakefulness., Conclusion: The study demonstrated the positive impact of this sleep management and assessment program on the development of professional skills. Its implementation requires rigorous application of developmental support strategies for individualized care in neonatology., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (© 2024 Published by Scientific Scholar on behalf of Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice.)

Background: Self-medication during pregnancy is of great interest. The use of drugs during pregnancy requires a careful reflection on the benefits to the mother and the risks to the fetus. Selecting a drug or drugs for treating pregnant women can be difficult for clinicians owing to the various pharmacokinetic and physiological changes encountered during pregnancy. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of self-medication and associated factors among women during pregnancy., Methods: Searches were carried out at PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The quality of the studies and the risk of bias were analyzed using the Joanna Briggs Critical Appraisal Checklist for Analytical Cross-Sectional Studies instrument. The extracted data were tabulated and analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively through meta-analysis., Results: The overall prevalence of self-medication among pregnant women was 44.50% (95% CI: 38.92-50.23). Subgroup analyses showed differences in self-medication prevalence influenced by region, county income, and study design. The Heterogeneity, assessed by the statistical test I2 varied from 96 to 99% and was statistically significant. The result of this funnel plot showed that the funnel plot was symmetry with p-value = 0.36, and there is no publication bias., Conclusion: The results obtained from this study showed that the prevalence of self-medication among pregnant women is relatively high. This requires effective measures and interventions to reduce self-medication., Trial Registration: ID =  CRD42022312333 ., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Background: Self-medication among pregnant women represents a serious risk to the mother's and child's health. It is a global concern that requires careful attention from professionals in healthcare. In Morocco, there is a lack of available data on self-medication and predicting variables among pregnant and postpartum women. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of self-medication and the factors that contributed to it among pregnant and postpartum women in the Sous Massa Regional Hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a pretested questionnaire among 420 pregnant and postpartum women who were attending the regional hospital center of the Sous Massa region from April to December 2022. Statistical analysis was performed using Jamovi Software. The logistic regression analysis was used to determine the significance of the association between the outcome and independent variables. Results: The research enrolled 420 pregnant and postpartum women. During the current pregnancy, 24.8% of the women used self-medication. The leading common causes/symptoms that necessitate self-medication among pregnant and postpartum women were Anemia (84.8%), epigastralgia (16.8%), vomiting, pyrosis (15.2%), and urinary and vaginal infections The therapeutic families concerned with self-medication practice were Analgesics (41.4%), Antacids (20.3%), antimicrobials (13.5%), and Vitamin supplements (9%). According to the findings, the most frequent sources of information were pharmacists (45.6%), followed by physicians (44.3%). The primary reasons given by respondents for self-medication were the need for rapid release (51.7%), previous treatments with the same drugs (31.7%), and 20% reported difficulty of access to healthcare professionals. Out of 95.9% of the participants reported that they knew the dangers of self-medication and 96% of them were informed and received information about the dangers and contraindications of self-medication during pregnancy. This was significantly statistically associated with self-medication respectively with p -value = 0.031 and p -value = 0.005. Conclusion: The findings of the present study provide an initial awareness of the state of self-medication among pregnant and postpartum women attending the regional hospital centers. It is recommended that healthcare professionals increase their interventions to improve the consciousness of pregnant women; this might require implementing suitable strategies to regulate the commercialization, delivery, and use of conventional medications., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Bouqoufi, Lahlou, Ait El Hadj, Boujraf, Abdessadek and Khabbal.)

Rabies is a viral infection with a high mortality rate. Typical symptoms of rabies include hydrophobia, aerophobia, pharyngeal muscle spasms, and progressive paralysis. Psychiatric symptoms induced by rabies are not common. We report the case of a 26-year-old man in whom a quite typical clinical presentation of a brief psychotic disorder revealed rabies encephalitis., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (© 2023 Published by Scientific Scholar on behalf of Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice.)

Objectives: This study aimed to explore medical students' attitudes, social perception, and knowledge towards mental illness and identify the associated factors., Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Medical Faculty of Fez. A representative sample of 420 Moroccan students from the first to the seventh years was selected randomly during the academic year (2018/2019). They completed the Mental Illness Clinicians Attitudes scale (MICA) and a self-questionnaire exploring sociodemographic data, the university course, social perception and knowledge towards mental illness, and the potential consideration of psychiatry as a career., Results: The average age of participants was 21.73 years (SD ±2.60), and 72.4% (n=304) of respondents were female (M/F gender ratio=0.39). The participants held stigmatizing attitudes and negative social perceptions towards mental illness, as indicated by the high score of the MICA scale (mean=57.24; SD ±9.95). Females (p=0.02) and married students (p=0.02) showed significantly more tolerant attitudes. The attitudes of students (p=0.37) who completed the psychiatry clerkship were slightly more favorable (p=0.15). There was no significant difference in attitudes according to the level of study (p=0.06). Students with a lower socioeconomic level tended to be less stigmatizing (p=0.08). The assessment of knowledge about mental illness among students objectified major gaps. A total of 17.9% (n=75) considered psychiatry as a career., Conclusion: The attitudes of medical students in this study were stigmatizing, and this should without delay motivate Moroccan research, educational and health authorities to investigate further scientific research in this area to address these attitudes and remedies., (Copyright © 2022 L'Encéphale, Paris. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

This paper aims to investigate the three areas [diet, physical activity (PA), and social relationship] and their relationship with depressive disorders in the North African population., Study Design: This is an observational cross-sectional study of 654 participants residing in the urban commune of Fez ( n =326) and the rural commune of Loulja ( n =328) in the province of Taounate. Participants were categorized into two groups: G1 without a current depressive episode and G2 with a current depressive episode. Risk factors, including locality, gender, marital status, age, parental status, employment status, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, social habits, and dietary patterns, were assessed. A multinomial probit model in Stata software was used to identify factors associated with depression occurrence in the population., Results: A total of 94.52% of the participants who engaged in PA did not experience a depressive episode ( P =0.001). Additionally, 45.39% of the participants in our series were on a processed diet and presented with a depressive disorder ( P =0.0001), the social contact (time spent with friends >1.5 h) remained strongly associated with reduced depressive symptoms when comparing the two groups ( P =0.001). The results showed that being rural, a smoker, an alcohol user, and having no spouse significantly increased depression in participants. The coefficient of age was negatively related to the probability of the occurrence of age-related depression; however, this factor was not significant in the model. Thus, having a spouse and/or children and spending time with friends on a healthy diet significantly decreased depression in our population., Discussion: The converging evidence suggests that physical exercise, a stable social relationship, a healthy diet, and the use of PA can alleviate depression symptoms, but limited understanding and few studies have attempted to characterize or identify the neural mechanisms of these effects., Conclusion: Nonpharmaceutical interventions such as PA and dietary changes have proven to be effective treatments for depression, while maintaining positive social relationships can act as a protective factor, serving a prophylactic role in the prevention of depression., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.

Understanding the role of white adipose tissue (WAT) in the occurrence and progression of metabolic syndrome is of considerable interest; among the metabolic syndromes are obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Insulin resistance is a key factor in the development of T2D. When the target cells become resistant to insulin, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin to try to lower blood glucose. Over time, this can lead to a state of hyperinsulinemia (high levels of insulin in the blood), which can further exacerbate insulin resistance and contribute to the development of T2D. In order to understand the difference between healthy and unhealthy obese individuals, we have used published transcriptomic profiling to compare differences between the WAT obtained from obese diabetics and subjects who are obese with normal glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. The identification of aberrantly expressed messenger RNA (mRNA) and the resulting molecular interactions and signaling networks is essential for a better understanding of the progression from normal glucose-tolerant obese individuals to obese diabetics. Computational analyses using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) identified multiple activated signaling networks in obesity progression from insulin-resistant and normal glucose-tolerant (IR-NGT) individuals to those with T2D. The pathways affected are: Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), Extracellular signal-Regulated protein Kinase 1/2 ERK1/2, Interleukin 1 A (IL1A), Protein kinase C (Pkcs), Convertase C5, Vascular endothelial growth factor (Vegf), REL-associated protein (RELA), Interleukin1/1 B (IL1/1B), Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM1) and Nuclear factor KB1 (NFKB1) networks, while functional annotation highlighted Liver X Receptor (LXR) activation, phagosome formation, tumor microenvironment pathway, LPS/IL-1 mediated inhibition of RXR function, TREM1 signaling and IL-6 signaling. Together, by conducting a thorough bioinformatics study of protein-coding RNAs, prospective targets could be exploited to clarify the molecular pathways underlying the development of obesity-related type 2 diabetes.

Background: Recent studies on nursing and medical students showed a higher prevalence of depression and stress than the general population. Religiosity and spirituality are common in Muslim countries and are usually used as a means of coping strategy for psychological and mental disorders., Objective: Our objective was to evaluate the association between religious actions, depressive symptoms, and stress among students of nursing education lasting 3 years and students from the first 3 years of medical education lasting 7 years. The study was conducted at Ibn Zohr University of Agadir, Morocco., Method: A sample of different stages of nursing and medical students was recruited. Religiosity was assessed by Muslim Belief into Action (M.BIAC) scale. The depressive symptoms and stress were, respectively, assessed by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)., Results: Four hundred and thirteen students participated in this study. Our results showed a high prevalence of depressive symptoms (62.2%) and stress (66.8%). The depression scores were higher in the following subsample categories: students in the first 2 years of studies, female medical students, and nursing students with significant differences. The recorded religiosity was greater among students without depression compared to students with depression ( p < 0.001). In the multivariate regression, the BIAC score demonstrated religiosity as neither a risk factor nor a protective factor of depression., Conclusion: Religiosity constitutes a protective factor of depression and stress among nursing and medical students. This should improve the student's ability to cope with stressful situations during their training. Prospective studies are needed to further investigate this association and how religiosity improves mental health. This would contribute to improved academic performance and wellbeing among medical and nursing students., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Rammouz, Lahlou, Salehddine, Eloumary, Laaraj, Ouhamou, Mouhadi, Doufik, Aalouane and Boujraf.)

Background: The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder is increasing worldwide, making screening and early intervention necessary. Several screening instruments have been developed in recent years. The Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers Revised with Follow-up (M-CHAT-R/F) is considered to be one of the specific measures designed to identify toddlers at risk for autistic spectrum disorder., Objective: The aim of the study was to translate and adapt the original version of M-CHAT-R/F from the English to the Moroccan Arabic language., Study Design: Specialized translators and clinicians ensured forward and backward translation of the scale into Moroccan Arabic. Then, a two-stage screening of the M-CHAT-R/F-T was applied to a study sample comprised of 56 toddlers with autistic spectrum disorder (category I) and 96 toddlers with normal development (category II). "Kappa test", "Cronbach's alpha" test, the intra class correlation coefficient, and the area under the curve were determined., Result: The average score results of M-CHAT-R/F were 13.12 for category I, while it was 2.24 for category II. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the checklist was 0.929. The kappa values ranged from k=0.78 to k=0.97 with a confidence interval of 95% indicating good convergence. The intra-class correlation coefficient ranged from 0.97 to 0.99, which is excellent. The area under the curve in our study was 0.988, an excellent result., Conclusion: Efficiency of the Moroccan Arabic version of the MCHAT was demonstrated for screening in the general population., (Copyright © 2021 L'Encéphale, Paris. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

This study examined the role of social context in the expression of the bilingual cognitive advantage in 145 bilingual university students. All participants mastered Arabic as their native language (L1), but half were highly proficient in French (high L2 group), whereas half were less proficient (low L2 group). A color-word Stroop test with incongruent, congruent and neutral stimuli was administered in single language blocks (Arabic or French words) or in a mixed block (Arabic and French words), either under social presence, or alone. Stroop interference was analyzed to assess the cost of resolving conflict in incongruent trials and was compared across groups and experimental conditions. If bilingualism comes with a cognitive advantage, a reduction of interference in high (vs. low) L2 proficient subjects is to be expected. Analysis revealed that interference was significantly reduced in high L2 group, but only under the single language condition. Furthermore, whereas social context and sex had no main effects, analysis revealed a significant 4-factor interaction between L2 proficiency, linguistic context, social context, and sex. Social presence further reduced interference (social facilitation) in high L2 proficient females, but not in males. Overall, the results suggest that mastering a second language comes with cognitive advantages which adapt dynamically to social and linguistic contexts in a sex-dependent manner. We argue that advancing bilingualism research requires more attention to the social environment., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests.None., (© 2023 Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

COVID-19 pandemic is facing healthcare professionals with unprecedented challenges, which might alter their mental health. We targeted assessing depression, generalized anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) of Moroccan medical doctors during the COVID-19 pandemic; this would allow identifying the associated factors. A cross-sectional national study was carried out on 1267 exposed and unexposed public health medical doctors to COVID-19 patients. The study was conducted between May 15 and 15 June 2020. An anonymous self-administered questionnaire was completed online voluntarily and randomly. We used the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7), and the PTSD Checklist for DSM‑5 (PCL-5) to assess depression, generalized anxiety, and PTSD, respectively. The respondents' rate was 63.3%. The mean age was 30.97 ± 6.65 years old, and 59.3% (N = 751) were females with a sex ratio M/F of 0.68. The sample included 43.0% (N = 545) of COVID-19 frontline doctors. Among all participants, 31.5% (N = 400) had depression, 29.2% (N = 370) had generalized anxiety, and 21.7% (N = 276) had PTSD. The average scores of the PHQ-9, the GAD-7, and the PCL-5 were 7.79 (± 5.54), 6.12 (±5.72), and 18.58 (±17.62), respectively. The multivariate logistic regression showed that working in primary and secondary hospitals, moderate and high-stress perceptions, a chronic physical illness, and a family history of psychiatric disorder were independently associated factors of depression, generalized anxiety, and PTSD. The females expressed significantly more anxiety. Doctors living in a family consisting of member with chronic disease showed a significantly higher risk of PTSD. The security sense of contamination risk and low threat perception of COVID-19 were significantly protective factors of depression, anxiety, and PTSD. Moroccan medical doctors are in psychological distress. It is essential to preserve medical doctors' mental well-being health for a better fight against the COVID-19 pandemic through effective and targeted health policies.

Purpose: To report on the methodology, participant characteristics, and associations of four most frequent environmental barriers with health conditions, general health and quality of life (QoL) in the very first systematic data collection in people with spinal cord injury (SCI) in Morocco., Materials and Methods: We obtained data from 385 participants of the cross-sectional Moroccan SCI community survey (MorSCI). We used descriptive statistics to describe participant characteristics and regression models to investigate associations of the five most frequently reported environmental barriers with health conditions (secondary conditions, pain intensity, mental health), general health and QoL., Results: The most frequently reported environmental barriers were "lack of public services" (92.5%), "financial strain" (93.0%), restricted access to "public transportation" (85.5%), "public places" (83.9%) and "private places" (84.7%). People who perceived those factors as barriers also reported more secondary conditions, higher pain intensity, lower mental health, lower general health, and lower QoL., Conclusions: This study on Moroccans with SCI found that environmental barriers detract from health and QoL. Given that environmental barriers are potentially modifiable, policy interventions present powerful tools to reduce barriers and potentially increase health and QoL in this vulnerable population.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONPublic policy on the construction of transportation and public places is important to make the physical environment accessible for wheelchair users to support their participation in society.The provision of adequate rehabilitation services and specialized post-acute rehabilitation units for people with SCI in Morocco is urgently needed, not only to contribute to health and QoL but also to contribute to their abilities to overcome environmental barriers.Adequate state services including universal health coverage and access to rehabilitation services and assistive devices or adapted tools must be a priority on the policy level to facilitate activities of daily living and reduce barriers.Improving the skills and knowledge of health professionals in SCI rehabilitation and guide policy makers to promote patient education and self-advocacy in the meantime, may help reduce the gap between needs of people with SCI and available support.

Purpose: This article aimed to evaluate the different epidemiological aspects of the population (Fez-Meknes region), expose the secular trends of the food habits related to it, present the basic concepts and mechanisms of food in urban and rural areas in the Fez-Meknes region, and finally to analyze the results in the light of a literature review., Materials and Method: A survey was conducted among a representative sample of the urban and rural population in the Fez-Meknes region (654 people aged 15 years and over, of which 326 people reside in the urban commune of Fez and 328 in the rural commune of Loulja in the province of Taounate)., Results: The results are, a difference between the two urban and rural groups concerning the rhythm of taking meals outside the home (P < 0,001); the average frequency of consumption of certain foods according to social class (p < 0,001); the frequency of food consumption per week of legumes, olive oil, fermented milk, and tea is more increased than that recorded in the urban environment (p < 0,001). On the other hand, the quantification of the consumption of sweet products, dairy products, and whole grains did not conclude a significant difference between the two study environments (p > 0,05)., Discussion: Changing dietary patterns over the past few decades, including more shift work, more meals eaten outside the home or family setting, and more irregular eating patterns, including skipping breakfast and eating late at night., Conclusion: A disparity in eating habits between urban and rural areas was noted. It would be necessary to act judiciously on the environmental factors by encouraging the Moroccan populations to maintain, as much as possible, their good traditional habits, and to reinforce the new good food habits., Competing Interests: Authors of this article have no conflict or competing interests. All of the authors approved the final version of the manuscript., (© 2022 The Authors.)

Introduction: Varying public views on cannabis use across countries may explain the variation in the prevalence of use, policies, and research in individual countries, and global regulation of cannabis. This paper aims to describe the current state of cannabis use, policies, and research across sixteen countries., Methods: PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for studies published from 2010 to 2020. Searches were conducted using the relevant country of interest as a search term (e.g., "Iran"), as well as relevant predefined keywords such as "cannabis," "marijuana," "hashish," "bhang "dual diagnosis," "use," "addiction," "prevalence," "co-morbidity," "substance use disorder," "legalization" or "policy" (in English and non-English languages). These keywords were used in multiple combinations to create the search string for studies' titles and abstracts. Official websites of respective governments and international organizations were also searched in English and non-English languages (using countries national languages) to identify the current state of cannabis use, policies, and research in each of those countries., Results: The main findings were inconsistent and heterogeneous reporting of cannabis use, variation in policies (e.g., legalization), and variation in intervention strategies across the countries reviewed. European countries dominate the cannabis research output indexed on PubMed, in contrast to Asian countries (Thailand, Malaysia, India, Iran, and Nepal)., Conclusions: Although global cannabis regulation is ongoing, the existing heterogeneities across countries in terms of policies and epidemiology can increase the burden of cannabis use disorders disproportionately and unpredictably. There is an urgent need to develop global strategies to address these cross-country barriers to improve early detection, prevention, and interventions for cannabis use and related disorders., Competing Interests: No conflicts of interest declared concerning the publication of this article.

The discovery of new drugs has benefited significantly from the development of research in venomics, increasing our understanding of the envenomation processes. It has been previously reported that honeybee venom (HBV) exhibits several pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antimutagenic, radioprotective, and anticancer activity and may inclusively act as a complementary treatment for SARS-CoV-2. It composition consists mainly on melittin, phospholipase A2, and apamin but other constituents such as hyaluronidase, mast cell degranulating peptide and secapin are also relevant for its bioactivity. However, and because HBV is not officially recognized as a drug, until now, the international community did not establish quality standards for it. To uncover its exact composition, and boost the discovery of HBV-derived drugs, a significant number of techniques were developed. In this review, a relevant overview of the so far published analytical methods for HBV characterization is organized with the aim to accelerate its future standardization. The literature search was performed within PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct by selecting specific documents and exploring HBV evaluation., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2022 Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research.)

Objective: The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the impact of heavy and chronic cannabis use on brain potential functional control, reorganization, and plasticity in the cortical area., Methods: 23 cannabis users were convened in 3 user's groups. The first group included 11 volunteers with an average of 15 joins/day; the second group included 6 volunteers with an average of 1.5 joins/day; the third group included 6 volunteers with an average of 2.8 joins/week. Besides, a 6 healthy volunteers (control group). All healthy and cannabis users underwent identical brain BOLD-fMRI assessment of the motor function. Besides, neuropsychological and full biological assessments were achieved., Results: BOLD-fMRI maps of motor areas were obtained, including quantitative evaluation of the activations in the motor area. Besides, statistical analysis of various groups was achieved., Conclusion: Chronic cannabis addiction of varying use strength by groups of heavy, moderate, low dose, and zero doses are shown to have systematically equivalent effects on the control of brain motor function. Indeed, the BOLD-fMRI shows a remarkable sensitivity to minimal brain plasticity and reorganization of the functional motor control of the studied cortical area, and such varionation was not shown. Specific elucidation of the cannabis effect mechanisms in this unique function should clarify further protective pharmacological effects. This might illuminate the use of neuronal resources to prepare processes for pharmacological use and pharmaceutical forms. This suggests exploring any potential cannabis pharmaceutical form in diseases involving motor impairments., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Background: Most studies of the prevalence of cannabis use among patients with schizophrenia used a self-report as declared by the patient himself. We hypothesize that patients with schizophrenia did not tell the truth and might underreport their use for many reasons to be discussed later. Indeed, the under-report of cannabis use among these patients can affect the effectiveness of their treatment., Aims: To assess the degree of agreement between the prevalence values obtained from patients' reports and the results of the toxicological tests., Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on 403 patients with schizophrenia. A sociodemographic, psychiatric history and illicit drug use profile was performed for each patient. We assessed the patients with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Calgary Depression score (CDSS), Barratt Impulsiveness Score (BIS-10) and Medication Adherence Rating Scale (MARS). The consumption of cannabis used was confirmed with MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI-DSM IV) and using toxicological analysis., Results: Among the 403 patients who consented to give their urine samples, 49.1% (198/403) tested positive for cannabis, and 41.41% (82/198) underreported their use. The sensitivity and specificity of the questionnaire were 0.58 and 0.74. Based on the comparison between sociodemographic and psychiatric history data of patients who self-report and underreport their cannabis use, no significant difference was observed except for the duration of cannabis use and the score on the medication adherence scale. Moreover, it was found that impulsivity, PANSS score, CDSS score, and the type of schizophrenia are not involved in predicting the underreporting of cannabis use., Conclusion: The rate of patients who under-report cannabis use is important. Therefore, toxicological analysis is becoming relevant for identifying drug use among schizophrenic patients and in the addictive comorbidity research field., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

The venom from Apis mellifera intermissa , the main honey bee prevailing in Morocco, has been scarcely studied, despite its known potential for pharmacological applications. In the present work, we investigated the composition, the anti-inflammatory activity, and the venom's cytotoxic properties from fifteen honey bee venom (HBV) samples collected in three regions: northeast, central, and southern Morocco. The chemical assessment of honey bee venom was performed using LC-DAD/ESI/MS n , NIR spectroscopy and AAS spectroscopy. The antiproliferative effect was evaluated using human tumor cell lines, including breast adenocarcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, cervical carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and malignant melanoma. Likewise, we assessed the anti-inflammatory activity using the murine macrophage cell line. The study provides information on the honey bee venom subspecies' main components, such as melittin, apamin, and phospholipase A2, with compositional variation depending on the region of collection. Contents of toxic elements such as cadmium, chromium, and plumb were detected at a concentration below 5 ppm, which can be regarded as safe for pharmaceutical use. The data presented contribute to the first study in HBV from Apis mellifera intermissa and highlight the remarkable antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory effects of HBV, suggesting it to be a candidate natural medicine to explore.

Objective: Mental imagery (MI) has long been used in learning in both fields of sports and arts. However, it is restrictively applied in surgical training according to the medical literature. Few studies have evaluated its' feasibility and usefulness. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of mental imagery on surgical skills learning among novice's surgeons., Material and Methods: In this pilot prospective randomized comparative study; we recruited 17 residents and interns of surgery education curriculum. They were all included in their first semester of the curricula. Two groups were randomly designed. Group (a) including "Mental Imagery" volunteers (n = 9) which benefited from a mental imagery rehearsal exercise prior to physical practice, while the control group (b) (n = 8) didn't underwent any MI process prior to surgery practice. Each participant of both groups was invited to perform an intestinal hand-sewn anastomosis on bovine intestine. Each procedure was evaluated and analyzed according to 14 qualitative criteria while each criterion was scored 0, 1 or 2 respectively assigned to the gesture was not acquired, gesture was performed with effort, or mastered gesture. The final score is 28 for those who master all 14 gestures. A non-parametric statistical comparison between the both studied groups was performed., Results: Both groups of surgery students demonstrated equivalent age, sex ratio, laterality, and surgical experience. The mean overall score is significantly higher in the MI group (a) (17.78; SD = 2.42) compared to the control group (b) (10.63, SD = 2.85). However, advanced analysis of individual assessment items showed significant statistical difference between both groups only in 6 out of 14 assessed items., Conclusion: Indeed, mental imagery will not be able to substitute the traditional learning of surgery for novice surgeons; it is an important approach for improving the technical skills acquisition and shortening the physical learning., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Various approaches have been developed to comprehensively assess multiple dimensions of religiosity. The Belief into Action (BIAC) Scale was developed for this purpose and to evaluate the degree of translation of personal beliefs into real-life actions. The goal of the present study was to assess the validity and reliability of the Moroccan Arabic version of the Muslim BIAC, designed to assess the religiosity of Muslims. This study was conducted in two stages. First, the original version of Muslim BIAC was translated from English to Arabic using a standard forward-backward translation procedure. Second, the Moroccan Arabic version of the Muslim BIAC was administered to a sample of 132 students at Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco (mean age 22.2 years). The average score on the BIAC was 46.1 (SD = 17.2). The Cronbach's alpha for internal reliability was 0.81, with alphas for removed items ranging from 0.77 to 0.82. Test-retest reliability by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.87 (95% CI = 0.83-0.91). Discriminant validity indicated relatively weak correlations with depressive symptoms (r = - 0.06) and perceived stress (r = 0.08). The Moroccan Arabic version of the Muslim BIAC is a reliable and valid measure of religious involvement that can be used to assess the relationship between religiosity and health in Moroccan Arabic populations.

In this article, the authors report an overview of the healthcare management of People with Spinal Cord Injury living in Morocco. The authors' experience in monitoring neurologic recovery and rehabilitation expectations and outcomes are also presented. In addition to the epidemiological data, the patient journey through the chain of care, living with Spinal Cord Injury, the health and rehabilitation system are discussed. This paper illustrates well the suffering of people with Spinal Cord Injury specifically and of disabled persons in general living in low and middle-income countries, especially with the lack of access to specialized and quality rehabilitation facilities and shortage of healthcare workers specialized in rehabilitation., Competing Interests: Authors declear to not have any conflict of interests to declear., (© 2020 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Brain Research Organization.)

: Globally, there are concerns about access to healthcare and harm reduction services for people who use drugs (PWUD) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Members from the Network of Early Career Professionals working in Addiction Medicine shared their experiences of providing treatment to PWUD during the COVID-19 pandemic. Drawing on these qualitative reports, we highlight the similarities and discrepancies in access to services for PWUD in 16 countries under COVID-10 restrictions. In most countries reported here, efforts have been made to ensure continued access to services, such as mobilising opioid agonist maintenance treatment and other essential medicines to patients. However, due to travel restrictions and limited telemedicine services, several Network of Early Career Professionals working in Addiction Medicine members from lower-resourced countries experienced challenges with providing care to their patients during periods of COVID-19 lock-down. The insights provided in this commentary illustrate how the COVID-19 lock-down restrictions have impacted access to services for PWUD.

: Alcohol use is a major risk factor for infectious disease and reduction of harms associated with alcohol consumption are essential during times of humanitarian crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. As a network of early career professionals working in the area of addiction medicine, we provide our views with regards to national actions related to reducing alcohol-related harm and providing care for people with alcohol use disorder during COVID-19. We believe that COVID-19 related measures have affected alcohol consumption in the majority of countries represented in this commentary. Examples of these changes include changes in alcohol consumption patterns, increases in cases of alcohol withdrawal syndrome, disruptions in access to medical care for alcohol use disorder and increases in illegal production of alcohol. Our members urge that treatment for acute and severe conditions due to substance use should be considered as essential services in times of humanitarian crises like COVID-19.

Background: The lockdown of COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) is associated with several stressful factors that can negatively affect peoples' sleep quality and mental health., Objectives: We conducted this study to evaluate sleep disorders and psychological impact associated with the spread of the COVID-19 and the lockdown on the Moroccan population. We also aimed to study the effects of respondents' beliefs and attitudes about sleep on sleep disorders, anxiety-related symptoms, and depressive symptoms., Material and Methods: We used a questionnaire enclosing respondents' sociodemographic information, five psychological and behavioral tests including Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep (DBAS-16), Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) test., Results: Our results highlighted widespread false beliefs about sleep and the prevalence of sleep disorders, anxiety, and depression-related symptoms within the Moroccan population. Nearly 82.3% of respondents revealed false beliefs about sleep. Furthermore, we confirmed a strong positive correlation between knowledge and attitudes about sleep and the prevalence of sleep disorders, anxiety, and depression-related symptoms. However, we found no significant difference in the prevalence of sleep and psychological disorders, between healthcare workers and other professions workers., Conclusion: Our study revealed a high prevalence of sleep disorders, anxiety, and depressive symptoms in the Moroccan population during the COVID-19 lockdown period. Moreover, false beliefs on sleep understanding were prevalent and were presenting a risk factor leading to sleep disorders, anxiety, and depressive symptoms., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the impact of hemodialysis (HD) using synthetic Helixone membrane on brain functional control reorganization and plasticity in the cortical area generated while Oxidative Stress (OS) would be the main impacting agent., Methods: Indeed, 9 chronic HD patients underwent identical brain BOLD-fMRI assessment using the motor paradigm immediately before and after the same HD sessions. To assess the oxidative stress, the same patients underwent biological-assessment, including Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Total- Antioxidant-Activity (TAOA) reported in earlier papers., Results: BOLD-fMRI maps of motor areas obtained from HD-patients before and after HD sessions revealed a significant enhancement of activation volume of the studied motor cortex after HD reflecting brain plasticity. Results were correlated with OS assessed by the measurement of MDA and TAOA; this correlation was close to 1., Conclusion: Indeed, HD enhances the inflammatory state of brain tissues reflected by the increased OS. The functional brain reaction demonstrated a functional activity reorganization to overcome the inflammatory state and OS enhanced by HD process. This functional activity reorganization reveals brain plasticity induced by OS originated by HD., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Purpose: Many studies performed in Morocco showed an important lack of knowledge about epilepsy among persons with epilepsy and their families. The misconceptions about the disease are a source of suffering for both patients and their families and increase the costs of epilepsy care. We conducted this investigation for assessing the origins of misinterpretation of the disease in the Moroccan society., Objectives: The teachers' knowledge about epilepsy in the Fez-Meknes region in Morocco and their attitudes toward a person with epilepsy constitute the two major objectives of this study. We also assessed the impact of sociocultural parameters on Moroccan teachers' knowledge and attitudes toward a person with epilepsy., Material and Methods: The data collection was based on the "Attitudes Toward Persons with Epilepsy" (ATPE) test., Results: The study showed a positive correlation between the level of teachers' knowledge of epilepsy and their attitudes toward a person with epilepsy. The results revealed the persistence of negative attitudes toward a person with epilepsy among teachers. The level of ATPE of teachers in Morocco was lower compared to high-middle income countries., Conclusion: There is still poor knowledge about epilepsy among teachers in Morocco. This unawareness is negatively affecting teachers' attitudes toward a person with epilepsy. Hence, we recommend integrating epilepsy in teaching and training programs of teachers in the Moroccan educational system., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The work's purpose is to make a general review on the various clinical-radiological aspects and the management of cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) in our hospital and compare them to those described in the literature., Material and Method: Our series included 62 patients aged over 18 years, collected over 7 years (2009-2016) in the radiology department of the CHU Hassan II of Fez (Morocco), in which the radiological diagnosis of TVC was retained. Our patients have benefited from a brain CT scan and brain MRI. Clinical and radiological characteristics and post-treatment progression were described., Results: The average age was 35 years with a female predominance; sex ratio 3.76 (49F/13H). The symptomatology was non-specific, made mainly of headaches, comic crises, disturbances of consciousness and focal signs. The upper longitudinal sinus was dominant topography (51.61%). The etiological factors were varied: infectious (sinusitis, chronic otitis media, oto-mastoiditis, bacterial meningitis, and septicemia), gyneco-obstetrical (oral contraception, pregnancy, and postpartum), systemic (Behçet diseases, polycythemia of Vaquez, paraneoplastic syndrome, antiphospholipid syndrome), local (head trauma), undetermined etiological factors. The CT scan, but especially the cerebral MRI, made it possible to make the diagnosis but also to direct towards the etiology., Conclusion: Cerebral MRI is currently the best imaging in the diagnosis of CTV, allowing an accurate assessment of its location, extent and impact on the cerebral parenchyma. Multiple conditions are responsible for CTVs. Therapeutic management is based on heparinotherapy and etiological treatment., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined by World Health Organization as glucose intolerance diagnosed for the first time during pregnancy; GDM affects 7% of pregnancies. Women with earlier GDM have higher risk to develop type 2 diabetes (T2D). The aim of our study was to evaluate the outcomes of GDM and to assess the impact of recalling patients in the postpartum stage by phone, the target was to assess T2D or impaired glucose tolerance in women with a history of GDM., Methods: This prospective study included 200 patients with GDM that have received education sessions regarding the major interest of screen T2D using 75 g of oral glucose tolerance testing in the 3 rd month after birth., Results: Only 22.5% ( n = 45) women spontaneously complied to assess T2D. About 15% have had developed T2D and 28% prediabetes. Risk factors of T2D onset were younger gestational age at the occurrence GD, higher fasting blood glucose, and frequent use of insulin., Conclusions: Women with GD history demonstrated high risk of developing T2D. Simple changes of lifestyle were shown to be an efficient prevention protocol. Despite therapeutical education, few women spontaneously complied with T2D screening. The telephone reminders could improve the screening observance therefore patient's outcome., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia are the major symptoms of the disease. These motor impairments are often accompanied by affective and emotional dysfunctions which have been largely studied over the last decade. The aim of this study was to investigate emotional processing organization in the brain of patients with Parkinson's disease and to explore whether there are differences between recognition of different types of emotions in Parkinson's disease. We examined 18 patients with Parkinson's disease (8 men, 10 women) with no history of neurological or psychiatric comorbidities. All these patients underwent identical brain blood oxygenation level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging for emotion evaluation. Blood oxygenation level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging results revealed that the occipito-temporal cortices, insula, orbitofrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and parietal cortex which are involved in emotion processing, were activated during the functional control. Additionally, positive emotions activate larger volumes of the same anatomical entities than neutral and negative emotions. Results also revealed that Parkinson's disease associated with emotional disorders are increasingly recognized as disabling as classic motor symptoms. These findings help clinical physicians to recognize the emotional dysfunction of patients with Parkinson's disease., Competing Interests: None

Introduction and Aim: Eating disorders (EDs) are complex, multifactorial diseases linked to biological, developmental, psychological, and sociocultural factors. Medical students are among subjects at high risk of EDs. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate EDs among 710 Moroccan medical students with a focus on cognition and behavior related to EDs., Methods: Sociodemographic, economic, and clinical data were collected. Validated questionnaires, such as the SCOFF (Sick, Control, One Stone, Fat, Food) questionnaire and the Eating Disorder Inventory 2 (EDI2), were administered., Results: The male:female ratio was 0.53, mean age was 21±2 years, 11.1% of participants were underweight, 13.4% were overweight, and 1.8% were obese. A middle socioeconomic level was found in 84.9% of cases. The prevalence of EDs in students was 32.8% (37.6% among females and 23.7% among males) and that of weight-control behaviors 18.5%. Increased body-mass index values were significantly associated with dieting ( P <0.001), fasting ( P =0.044), and the use of appetite suppressants ( P =0.037)., Conclusion: It appears that the impact of EDs is high, affecting a third of medical students, with significant use of harmful weight-control behaviors. We also found that dimensions of bulimia, perfectionism, body dissatisfaction, and ineffectiveness, parts of the core of EDs, were found in future medical practitioners., Competing Interests: Disclosure The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

Background: Stature-weight growth delay (SWGD) is a frequent motivation of consultation. It could be a consequence of a known chronic affection, congenital or acquired affection. The purpose of this study is to describe epidemiological, clinical, paraclinical, and etiological aspects of SWGD., Patients and Methods: This retrospective study included 103 patients presenting a growth delay with an average age of 14.44 years and ranging between 5 and 21 years. Male predominance was noticed in 68.93% of cases. Patients showed a stature lower to -2 standard deviation (SD) for corresponding age compared to Sempe and Pedron reference. Patients were hospitalized in Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Department of the University Hospital of Fez, Fez, Morocco., Results: Patient's history included a perinatal suffering in 6.7% of cases, a chronic pathology follow-up in 17.6% of cases, and psychomotor development disorder in 10.6% of cases. The average weight was -2.37 SD with extremes varying from -4 to -0.5 SD. The stature values varied between -4.5 and -2 SD for the given age, with an average of -3.12 SD. A severe stature delay (< -3 SD) was recorded in 39.6% of cases and the targeted average size was -2.44 SD with extremes varying from -4 to -1.5 SD. Growth delay etiologies were dominated by a deficit in growth hormones (GHs) in 60% of cases., Discussion and Conclusion: Dynamic tests objectified a total deficit and partial deficits in GH in 41.7 and 30% of patients, respectively. The hypothalamo-pituitary magnetic resonance imaging was pathological in 23.3% of patients and showed a syndrome of interruption of pituitary stem in seven patients, pituitary hail gland in three patients, a craniopharyngioma in two patients, prolactin microadenoma in one patient, and nonfunctional pituitary microadenoma in one patient. GH treatment was established in 16 children that were presenting a deficit in GH, and two girls presenting Turner syndrome, whereas etiological treatment was suggested in all remaining cases., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.

Background: A color mapping of fiber tract orientation using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) can be prominent in clinical practice. The goal of this paper is to perform a comparative study of visualized diffusion anisotropy in the human brain anatomical entities using three different color-mapping techniques based on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and DTI., Methods: The first technique is based on calculating a color map from DWIs measured in three perpendicular directions. The second technique is based on eigenvalues derived from the diffusion tensor. The last technique is based on three eigenvectors corresponding to sorted eigenvalues derived from the diffusion tensor. All magnetic resonance imaging measurements were achieved using a 1.5 Tesla Siemens Vision whole body imaging system. A single-shot DW echoplanar imaging sequence used a Stejskal-Tanner approach. Trapezoidal diffusion gradients are used. The slice orientation was transverse. The basic measurement yielded a set of 13 images. Each series consists of a single image without diffusion weighting, besides two DWIs for each of the next six noncollinear magnetic field gradient directions., Results: The three types of color maps were calculated consequently using the DWI obtained and the DTI. Indeed, we established an excellent similarity between the image data in the color maps and the fiber directions of known anatomical structures (e.g., corpus callosum and gray matter)., Conclusions: In the meantime, rotationally invariant quantities such as the eigenvectors of the diffusion tensor reflected better, the real orientation found in the studied tissue., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.

Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.

Objectives: The goal of this study was assessing the intermittent fasting effect on brain plasticity and oxidative stress (OS) using blood-oxygenation-level dependent (BOLD)-functional magnetic resonance image (fMRI) approach. Evidences of physiological and molecular phenomena involved in this process are discussed and compared to reported literature., Method: Six fully healthy male non-smokers volunteered in this study. All volunteers were right handed, and have an equilibrated, consistent and healthy daily nutritional habit, and a healthy lifestyle. Participants were allowed consuming food during evening and night time while fasting with self-prohibiting food and liquids during 14 hours/day from sunrise to sunset. All participants underwent identical brain BOLD-fMRI protocol. The images were acquired in the Department of Radiology and Clinical Imaging of the University Hospital of Fez, Fez, Morocco. The anatomical brain and BOLD-fMRIs were acquired using a 1.5-Tesla scanner (Signa, General Electric, Milwaukee, United States). BOLD-fMRI image acquisition was done using single-shot gradient echo echo-planer imaging sequence. BOLD-fMRI paradigm consisted of the motor task where volunteers were asked to perform finger taping of the right hand. Two BOLD-fMRI scan sessions were performed, the first one between the 5th and 10th days preceding the start of fasting and the second between days 25th and 28th of the fasting month. All sessions were performed between 3:30 PM and 5:30 PM. Although individual maps were originated from different individual participants, they cover the same anatomic area in each case. Image processing and statistical analysis were conducted with Statistical Parameter Mapping version 8 (2008, Welcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, London UK)., Results and Discussion: The maximal BOLD signal changes were calculated for each subject in the motor area M1; Activation maps were calculated and overlaid on the anatomical images. Group analysis of the data was performed, and the average volume and the maximum intensity of BOLD signal in the activated area M1 was determined for all studied volunteers. The current study allowed measuring regional brain volumes and neural network activity before and during an extended period of fasting using BOLD-fMRI. This demonstrated and confirmed the impact of fasting on human brain structure and function. Further studies are required to elucidate mechanisms and enable direct inference of a diet-induced OS effect on the brain.