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As a major reason for irreversible vision loss, glaucoma is a significant public health concern. Its multifactorial nature demands a nuanced understanding of its pathophysiology, risk factors, and management. An understanding, and continuous refinement, of diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, including pharmacological interventions, novel methods of drug delivery, and surgical techniques (including minimally invasive glaucoma surgeries) are critical. The advent of personalized medicine, genetic profiling, and innovative biomarkers for identifying susceptible individuals and tailoring treatment strategies may help prevent blindness and improve patient outcomes. Evaluation of the impact of lifestyle modifications and holistic approaches and integration of telemedicine and artificial intelligence in glaucoma management may revolutionize current glaucoma practice. In addressing the global challenge of glaucoma blindness, this narrative review highlights ongoing initiatives, public health policies, and community-based interventions. This includes raising awareness, enhancing early detection programs, and access to care, particularly in underserved populations., (Copyright © 2025 Indian Journal of Ophthalmology.)

Purpose: This study evaluates the recent trends in ocular morbidities and vision-related practices in "out-of-school" children in urban slums of Gurugram in North India., Methods: In this observational study, a validated questionnaire was administered to 161 students from two nonformal slum schools. Sociocultural, demographic data, vision-related practices, and visual acuity with subjective refraction of the children were recorded., Results: A total of 80 boys and 81 girls (9.17 ± 2.58 years) participated in this study. About 40% of the children were from lower socioeconomic status. The visual acuity recorded for all the children, except three children, was 6/6 in both eyes. One child had a pre-phthisical eye with no light perception, following a childhood trauma, with the other eye having 6/6 vision. Two children had refractive errors (myopia and compound myopic astigmatism), with a best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 6/6. Thirteen children (8%) had Bitot's spots and 67 (35.4%) had allergic conjunctivitis. Eight (5%) children complained of dry eye-related symptoms like redness and watering of eyes, while 19 (11.8%) had diffuse headache. Average number of years spent in school for these children was less than 1.7 years (range: 1 month-6 years). Only 10.5% of the children gave the history of watching television more than 30 h/week. Significant association was found between the income of father and use of digital devices in children below 10 years ( P = 0.003) and children playing outdoors ( P = 0.001). There was a significant association noted for age and use of digital devices ( P = 0.037)., Conclusion: The prevalence of refractive errors in "out-of-school" children of urban slum was much less than the national average. Almost one in three children suffered from eye allergies, while 8% children had Bitot's spots. The data about the prevalence of ocular comorbidities in underserved areas like urban slums can be used to update and strategize eye health-care delivery models for out-of-school children., (Copyright © 2024 Copyright: © 2024 Indian Journal of Ophthalmology.)

Background: Glaucoma is an optic neuropathy associated with characteristic structural damage to the optic nerve and associated visual dysfunction that may be caused by various pathological processes. A number of pharmacological agents are used to reduce the intraocular pressure (IOP), involving the usage of two or three medications concurrently. Literature is sparse regarding prescription patterns of antiglaucoma drugs, especially regarding variability in public sector vs private sector hospitals. Drug utilization studies can add insight for crafting rational, affordable, and ocular surface friendly prescriptions., Aim: This study assessed the prescription pattern in glaucoma patients of a public sector, tertiary care hospital vs a private sector tertiary care hospital., Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, pertinent data of diagnosed and labeled glaucoma patients were reviewed. Data collected included demographic details, type of glaucoma, number and nature of drugs prescribed, whether innovator or generic drugs were prescribed, if fixed-drug combinations (FDCs) and preservative-free formulations were prescribed. The prescription patterns between the two sectors were compared, as were the prescription patterns between primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and primary angle-closure disease (PACD)., Results: A total of 336 prescriptions were evaluated (216 from public sector, group I; 120 from private sector, group II). Travoprost 0.004% was the most prescribed antiglaucoma medication in both group I (30.09%) and group II (38.33%). Brimonidine and brinzolamide (14.17%) was the most prescribed combination in group II, while Brimonidine with Timolol (7.87%) in group I. In group I, Timolol and Travoprost were the most prescribed medications for both PACD and POAG., Conclusion: This study showed that both public sector as well as private sector tertiary care centers prescribe antiglaucoma medications in tune with current principles of rational drug use. Preservative-free drugs were preferred in both the groups for better adherence., How to Cite This Article: Bhartiya S, Ichhpujani P, Parmar UPS, et al. Glaucoma Drug Prescription Pattern in North India: Public vs Private Sector Hospitals . J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2024;18(1):16-22., Competing Interests: Source of support: Nil Conflict of interest: Dr Shibal Bhartya is associated as the Executive Editorial Board member and Dr Parul Ichhpujani is associated as Associate Editor of this journal and this manuscript was subjected to this journal's standard review procedures, with this peer review handled independently of this editorial board member and his research group., (Copyright © 2024; The Author(s).)

Aim: In this study, we analyze the content quality and characteristics of the most viewed search results on various internet platforms related to lifestyle measures for patients with glaucoma., Materials and Methods: In this internet-based cross-sectional study, we used search keywords "glaucoma," "lifestyle," "glaucoma," and "exercise" on the most popular internet platforms-Google, Facebook, YouTube, and Reddit. The top 30 Google searches about each of the keyword combinations were identified. We also assessed the first 30 videos on YouTube and Facebook Watch, the first 30 Reddit posts and the first 30 Google images about each of the keyword combinations. The quality of content from the platforms was evaluated by three independent reviewers using the well-established Sandvik score, Health on Net (HON) code, and risk score for different uploaders. The quality of content regarding lifestyle measures in glaucoma uploaded by healthcare professionals (HCPs) was further evaluated., Results: The established criteria resulted in 48 websites from the Google search engine, 22 videos from YouTube, 37 posts from Reddit, and 28 videos from Facebook Watch, which were included in the final analysis. The mean Sandvik scores were 11.14 ± 1.8 (Google webpages), 10.4 ± 2.19 (YouTube videos), 10.54 ± 2.21 (Facebook Watch), and 4.24 ± 1.18 (Reddit). The mean risk scores were 0.22 ± 0.68 (YouTube videos), 0.18 ± 0.47 (Facebook Watch), and 0.11 ± 0.31 (Reddit). The mean HON code scores were 5.45 ± 1.62 (YouTube), 6.55 ± 1.44 (Google webpages), 5.29 ± 1.04 (Facebook Watch), and 8.27 ± 3.05 (Reddit). The content uploaded by HCPs was primarily from ophthalmologists and had significantly ( p < 0.05) higher content quality scores. The majority of the content recommended aerobic exercise as a lifestyle measure in patients with glaucoma as an adjuvant to medical and surgical management., Conclusion: The majority of the content regarding lifestyle measures in glaucoma was uploaded by HCPs and had medically accurate and well-referenced information, especially on Google and YouTube., Clinical Significance: Primary care physicians and ophthalmologists can reliably use social media content to guide recently diagnosed patients about the requisite lifestyle measures., How to Cite This Article: Chahal R, Jindal A, Parmar UPS, et al. Lifestyle Measures for Glaucoma Patients: An Objective Social Media Content Analysis. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2023;17(3):141-148., Competing Interests: Source of support: Nil Conflict of interest: Dr Parul Ichhpujani is associated as the National Editorial Board member of this journal and this manuscript was subjected to this journal's standard review procedures, with this peer review handled independently of this editorial board member and his research group., (Copyright © 2023; The Author(s).)

Considering the excellent tunability of electrical and dielectric properties in binary metal oxide based multi-layered nanolaminate structures, a thermal atomic layer deposition system is carefully optimized for the synthesis of device grade Al 2 O 3 /TiO 2 nanolaminates with well-defined artificial periodicity and distinct interfaces, and the role of process temperature in the structural, interfacial, dielectric and electrical properties is systematically investigated. A marginal increase in interfacial interdiffusion in these nanolaminates, at elevated temperatures, is validated using X-ray reflectivity and secondary ion mass spectrometry studies. With an increase in deposition temperature from 150 to 300 °C, the impedance spectroscopy measurements of these nanolaminates exhibited a monotonic increment in dielectric constant from ∼95 to 186, and a decrement in dielectric loss from ∼0.48 to 0.21, while the current-voltage measurements revealed a subsequent reduction in leakage current density from ∼2.24 × 10 -5 to 3.45 × 10 -7 A cm -2 at 1 V applied bias and an improvement in nanobattery polarization voltage from 100 mV to 700 mV, respectively. This improvement in dielectric and electrical properties at elevated processing temperature is attributed to the reduction in impurity content along with the significant enhancement in sublayer densities and the conductivity contrast driven Maxwell-Wagner interfacial polarisation. Additionally, the devices fabricated at 300 °C exhibited a higher capacitance density of ∼22.87 fF μm -2 , a low equivalent oxide thickness of ∼1.51 nm, and a low leakage current density of ∼10 -7 A cm -2 (at 1 V bias), making this nanolaminate a promising material for high-density energy storage applications. These findings highlight the ALD process temperature assisted growth chemistry of Al 2 O 3 /TiO 2 nanolaminates for superior dielectric performance and multifaceted applications.

Microsponges are polymeric delivery devices composed of porous microspheres that range in size from 5 to 300 micrometers. These have been explored for biomedical applications such as targeted drug delivery, transdermal drug delivery, anticancer drug delivery, and bone substitutes. The purpose of this study is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of recent developments and prospects for a microsponge-based drug delivery system. The current study analyzes how the Microsponge Delivery System (MDS) is made, how it works, and how it can be used for a wide range of therapeutic purposes. The therapeutic potential and patent information of microsponge-based formulations were systematically analyzed. The authors summarize various effective techniques for developing microsponges, such as liquid-liquid suspension polymerization, quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method, water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) emulsion solvent diffusion, oil-in-oil emulsion solvent diffusion, lyophilization method, porogen addition method, vibrating orifice aerosol generator method, electrohydrodynamic atomization method, and ultrasound-assisted microsponge. Microsponge may reduce the side effects and increase drug stability by positively altering drug release. Drugs that are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic can be loaded into a microsponge and delivered to a specific target. The microsponge delivery technology offers numerous advantages over conventional delivery systems. Microsponges, which are spherical sponge-like nanoparticles with porous surfaces, have the potential to increase the stability of medications. They also efficiently decrease the undesirable effects and alter drug release., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

A new technique for performing gonioscopy that facilitates finding Schwalbe´s line, and lowers the amount of time and light that enters through the pupil is presented. The technique is an alternative to the classic corneal wedge technique and is feasible in the horizontal quadrants without further adjustments to the slit lamp, in contrast to the tilting usually needed for these quadrants. Clinical photos and online videos are presented., How to Cite This Article: Albis-Donado O, Ortiz-Arismendi GE, Bhartiya S. New Gonioscopy Technique for Finding Schwalbe's Line: The Ortiz Maneuver. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2023;17(1):37-39., Competing Interests: Source of support: Nil Conflict of interest: Dr Shibal Bhartiya is associated as the Executive Editor of this journal and this manuscript was subjected to this journal's standard review procedures, with this peer review handled independently of this Executive Editor and her research group., (Copyright © 2023; The Author(s).)

Background: Primary hypophysitis is a rare condition, usually diagnosed retrospectively after surgery for a suspected pituitary adenoma. Improved awareness of the condition and better imaging have resulted in more patients being diagnosed without surgery., Objective: A retrospective chart analysis study of hypophysitis from a single secondary endocrine and neurosurgical referral center in eastern India was conducted between 1999 and 2021 to assess the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges posed by these patients., Methods and Material: Fourteen patients presented to the center between 1999 and 2021. All patients had an MRI of the head with contrast and a full clinical workup. Twelve patients had headache, of whom one had progressive visual impairment. One patient had severe weakness, attributed later to hypoadrenalism and one had sixth nerve palsy., Results: Six patients had glucocorticoids as their primary treatment, four refused treatment, and one was on glucocorticoid replacement. One patient had decompressive surgery because of progressive visual loss, and two had surgery because of a presumptive diagnosis of pituitary adenoma. There was no difference between the patients who had glucocorticoids and those who did not., Conclusions: Our data suggest that it is possible to identify most patients with hypophysitis on clinical and radiological grounds. In the largest published series on this subject and in ours, glucocorticoid treatment did not alter the outcome., Competing Interests: None

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) in diabetic retinopathy patients using Heidelberg retinal tomography III (HRT)., Subjects and Methods: A total of 90 eyes of 90 consecutive newly diagnosed patients with diabetic retinopathy (nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy, NPDR, Group I and proliferative, PDR, Group II) were recruited for the study. The eyes with PDR were subjected to PRP. The effect of PRP was measured on optic nerve head (ONH) parameters using HRT., Results: Follow-up up to 4 years in both groups indicated that in Group II proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) participants undergoing PRP, the ONH parameters showed a significant difference in cup area ( P = 0.023), cup volume ( P = 0.001), mean cup depth ( P = 0.015), maximum cup depth ( P < 0.001), mean retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness ( P < 0.001) at 1 year of follow-up, and remained significant in all at 4 years of follow-up, whereas there was no significant difference in any of the optic disc parameters in the participants of Group I belonging to NPDR group as compared to PDR group after 4 years., Conclusion: PRP affected the ONH morphology in the PDR group and the effect of this change should be interpreted with caution. This may require setting a new baseline for RNFL measurements using the HRT when documenting RNFL loss or glaucoma progression in patients who have undergone PRP., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2022 Oman Ophthalmic Society.)

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to diagnose CME with the help of optical coherence tomography (OCT) after uneventful cataract surgery to prevent visual deterioration., Methods: This study was conducted on 120 patients, who underwent manual small-incision cataract surgery with posterior chamber intra-ocular lens implantation. Follow-up was performed after the first week, sixth week, and 12 th week post-operatively. Detailed examination was performed at each visit along with measurements of central macular thickness using OCT. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 22.0., Result: The mean age of the patients was 61.85 ± 11.41 years having female preponderance. The pre-operative mean best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was found to be 0.05 ± 0.04, whereas the mean post-operative BCVA was found to be 0.65 ± 0.17 at the first week, 0.66 ± 0.17 at the sixth week, and 0.67 ± 0.17 at the 12 th week follow-up. The post-operative mean macular thicknesses at the first week, sixth week, and 12 th week post-operatively were documented to be 221.66 ± 8.49 μm, 224.60 ± 8.75 μm, and 219.17 ± 8.22 μm, respectively., Conclusion: A sub-clinical increase in macular thickness occurs even after uncomplicated cataract surgery. The maximum increase was observed after 6 weeks of surgery, which returns to near normal values within 3 months. Comparison of central macular thicknesses pre-operatively and post-operatively at the first week, sixth week, and 12 th week suggests a significant correlation., Competing Interests: None

To harness energy security and reduce carbon emissions, humankind is trying to switch toward renewable energy resources. To this extent, fatty acid methyl esters, also known as biodiesel, are popularly used as a green fuel. Fatty acid methyl esters can be produced by a batch transesterification reaction between vegetable oil and alcohol. Being a batch process, fatty acid methyl esters production is beset with issues such as uncertainties and unsteady state behavior, and therefore, adequate process control measures are necessitated. In this study, we have proposed a novel two-tier framework for the control of the fatty acid methyl esters production process. The proposed approach combines the constrained batch-to-batch iterative learning control technique and explicit model predictive control to obtain the desired concentration of the fatty acid methyl esters. In particular, the batch-to-batch iterative learning control technique is used to generate reactor temperature set-points, which is further utilized to obtain an optimal coolant flow rate by solving a quadratic objective cost function, with the help of explicit model predictive control. Our simulation results indicate that the fatty acid methyl esters concentration trajectory converges to the desired batch trajectory within four batches for uncertainty in activation energy and six batches for uncertainty in both inlet concentration of triglyceride and in activation energy even in the presence of process disturbances. The proposed approach was compared to the heuristic-based approach and constraint iterative learning control approach to showcase its efficacy., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2022 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

Conventional Simulated Moving Bed Chromatography (C-SMBC) characterized by a single operating point comprising of the internal flow rates and switching period, yields a single fraction of the extract and raffinate, at cyclic steady state. In the current work, we deal with two-fraction yielding Dual Switch SMBC (DS-SMBC) characterized by two operating points implemented during alternate switches. The higher degrees of freedom in Dual Switch SMBC give it the potential of obtaining a higher average extract purity, for one of its two fractions, compared to conventional SMBC, at a certain minimum feed flow rate and minimum average extract recovery. This becomes possible with a trade-off in the average purity of the other extract fraction of Dual Switch SMBC, without any addition to the conventional SMBC equipment. We solve a multi-objective optimization problem wherein we maximize the average purity of one of the extract fractions of Dual Switch SMBC, with the requirement of certain minimum feed flow rate, minimum average extract recovery and minimum average purity of the non-objective extract fraction. One of the aims of the current work is deduction of the working principle of Dual Switch SMBC, that facilitates superior average extract purity. Next, we analyze the trade-offs due to the said process bounds on the objective i.e. average purity of objective extract fraction of Dual Switch SMBC. This has been done for the two case studies of separation: 1) linear isotherm based separation of fructose-glucose in deionized water on cation exchange resin 2) non-linear isotherm based separation of enantiomers of Tröger's base in ethanol on microcrystalline cellulose triacetate. The findings from the trade-offs in the multi-objective optimization problem, further corroborate our understanding of the working principle., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Product rate and grade transitions are two significant operations undertaken by process plants to operate in uncertain environments. Rate transitions, typically dictated by economic considerations, are often implemented in open loop via a throughput manipulator (TPM). The absence of feedback of product rate to manipulate the TPM results in an offset during rate/grade transitions as well as in presence of feed-side disturbances. In this work, we explore use of a simple PI controller based supervisory control layer that guides the plantwide regulatory layer to achieve product rate targets during grade transition or in the presence of feed grade disturbances. While such a layer cannot incorporate optimal operation and constraint handling explicitly as in model predictive control, it obviates the need for advanced process control elements that medium-to-small scale industries can ill-afford. The PI based supervisory-regulatory control structure is illustrated using simulated case studies on a prototypical process for diacetone alcohol production comprising of a reactor followed by two distillation columns and a recycle., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 ISA. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness in the world. Although numerous factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of glaucoma, the main focus of management still remains lowering the intraocular pressure (IOP) by medical or surgical therapy. However, a major challenge is that many glaucoma patients continue to progress despite good control of IOP. In this regard, the importance of other coexisting factors that may contribute to disease progression needs to be explored. Ophthalmologists need to be aware of ocular risk factors and the impact of systemic diseases and their medications, along with lifestyle modifications on the course of glaucomatous optic neuropathy and adopt a holistic approach in treating the eye as well as the patient to alleviate the suffering from glaucoma in a comprehensive manner., How to Cite This Article: Dada T, Verma S, Gagrani M, et al. Ocular and Systemic Factors associated with Glaucoma. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2022;16(3):179-191., Competing Interests: Source of support: Nil Conflict of interest: Dr Tanuj Dada and Dr Shibal Bhartiya are associated as the Editorial board members of this journal and this manuscript was subjected to this journal's standard review procedures, with this peer review handled independently of these Editorial board members and their research group., (Copyright © 2022; The Author(s).)

Objectives: To assess the current trend in the surgical management of glaucoma in India., Methods: An anonymous online survey evaluating the preferred choices in the surgical management of glaucoma was circulated among the members of Glaucoma Society of India (GSI). Survey responses were compared to prior survey among GSI members in 2013 and members of American Glaucoma Society (AGS), 2016., Results: A total of 175 of 879(20%) GSI members participated in the survey of which 75.3% of the survey participants were practicing in the private sector. Trabeculectomy with or without augmentation with Mitomycin C(MMC) was the first-choice glaucoma incisional surgery for 96.6% of the survey participants. Of the participants doing tube surgery, use of valved GDD was the preferred choice (83.4%). Re-trabeculectomy was the preferred approach (60.7%) in case of trabeculectomy failure. For paediatric glaucomas, combined trabeculotomy with trabeculectomy was the preferred surgical approach for both hazy cornea (84.5%) as well as clear cornea (66%). For a POAG patient without prior incisional surgery and presenting with visually significant cataract, phacoemulsification with trabeculectomy was the preferred management approach by 58.7% of the participants., Conclusion: Trabeculectomy continues to be the clear winner for the Indian glaucoma surgeon because of its cost effectiveness, lack of expensive instrumentation, and a more robust surgical training for trabeculectomy during residency programs. A higher proportion of angle closure disease precludes the use of minimally invasive glaucoma surgery and very often tube shunts also. Economics, ease of access and follow-up made a combined cataract and glaucoma surgery a preferred choice among Indian surgeons., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

Introduction: A serosurvey was designed to ascertain the extent of infection among police personnel in Mumbai, India, during the last week of January 2021, at the end of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, and just before the introduction of vaccination., Methods: The survey was carried out to screen for SARS-CoV-2 among 3232 police personnel. Of the 3176 participants willing for blood sample collection, 3077 personnel were found to be eligible for testing antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 virus using the Roche Diagnostics' Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 assay., Results: The overall seroprevalence was 74.1% (95% CI 72.5-75.6). Males (75.1%, 73.4-76.8) had significantly higher seroprevalence than females (69.8%, 66.0-73.3), 18-39 years age group (76.4%, 74.4-78.3) than 40-59 years age group (70.6%, 67.9-73.1), non-officers (75.2%, 73.5-76.7) than officers (63.8%, 58.2-69.0), and personnel without comorbidities (75.0%, 73.3-76.6) than with comorbidities (69.7%, 65.6-73.5). Additionally, personnel with resident members positive for COVID-19 (89.6%, 84.7-93.1), personnel having reported COVID-19 earlier (95.5%, 93.8-96.7), and personnel having PCR positivity earlier (96.4%, 94.7-97.6) had significantly higher seroprevalences than others. All other variables, including diabetes and blood glucose status, lipid levels and thyroid enzymes, were not significantly associated with the seroprevalence levels., Conclusions: Almost three-fourths of frontline police personnel had evidence of past COVID-19 infection at the end of the first wave in January 2021, just before the introduction of COVID-19 vaccination. These frontline non-healthcare essential workers are an important risk group, and amenable to rapid serosurveys. These findings may help in estimating transmission status in the general community, along with disease burden, aiding prioritization of healthcare services., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestNone., (© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Indian Virological Society 2022.)

We have explored the electric field controlled magnetization in the nanodot CoFe 2 O 4 /SrRuO 3 /PMN-PT (CFO/SRO/PMN-PT) heterostructures. Ordered ferromagnetic CFO nanodots (∼300 nm lateral dimension) are developed on the PMN-PT substrate (ferroelectric as well as piezoelectric) using a nanostencil-mask pattering method during pulsed laser deposition. The nanostructures reveal electric field induced magnetization reversal in the single domain CFO nanodots through transfer of piezostrains from the piezoelectric PMN-PT substrate to the CFO. Further, electric field modulated spin structure of CFO nanomagnets is analyzed by using x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD). The XMCD analysis reveals cations (Fe 3+ /Co 2+ ) redistribution on the octahedral and tetrahedral site in the electric field poled CFO nanodots, establishing the strain induced magneto-electric coupling effects. The CFO/SRO/PMN-PT nanodots structure demonstrate multilevel switching of ME coupling coefficient ( α ) by applying selective positive and negative electric fields in a non-volatile manner. The retention of two stable states of α is illustrated for ∼10 6 seconds, which can be employed to store the digital data in non-volatile memory devices. Thus the voltage controlled magnetization in the nanodot structures leads a path towards the invention of energy efficient high-density memory devices., (© 2022 IOP Publishing Ltd.)

Although the healing effect of music has been recognized since time immemorial, there has been a renewed interest in its use in modern medicine. This can be attributed to the increasing focus on holistic healing and on the subjective and objective aspects of well-being. In ophthalmology, this has ranged from using music for patients undergoing diagnostic procedures and surgery, as well as for doctors and the operation theatre staff during surgical procedures. Music has proven to be a potent nonpharmacological sedative and anxiolytic, allaying both the pain and stress of surgery. This review aims to explore the available evidence about the role of music as an adjunct for diagnostic and surgical procedures in current ophthalmic practices., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest statement: The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship and/or publication of this article., (© The Author(s), 2021.)

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine habitual visual acuity (HVA) in a large urban cohort in western India and identify factors associated with poor HVA., Methods: This was a prospective study conducted over 10 days in September 2018 to assess the HVA in individuals attending a 10-day festival in Western India. Participants who volunteered to undergo vision screening and also filled the questionnaire form pertaining to demographic information including their age, gender, address, income, and educational status were included in this study. HVA was recorded with the distance correction that the participants were wearing when they attended the screening. The study evaluated the prevalence of visual acuity 6/6 or <6/6, 6/12, and 6/18 and the factors associated with lower visual acuity., Results: Of the 6300 participants, 1660 (26.3%) were females. Majority of the participants were from urban background (6084, 96.6%) and were of younger age group (18-40 years--3786, 60.1%; 41-60 years--2187, 34.7%; >60 years--327, 5.2%). HVA was recorded as 6/6 both eyes in 4136 (65.6%), at least 6/12 both eyes in 5691 (90.3%), and at least 6/18 both eyes in 5974 (94.8%) individuals. Only 11 patients (0.17%) had VA worse than 6/60 with only 3 patients (0.003%) having bilateral VA <6/60. Older age, female sex, lower education status, and low annual income were significant risk factors for poor HVA., Conclusion: Poor education, lower income, female gender, and old age are significantly associated with poor HVA even in urban Western India despite relatively easy access to affordable eye care facilities., Competing Interests: None

Rhizoctonia bataticola causes dry root rot (DRR), a devastating disease in chickpea (Cicer arietinum). DRR incidence increases under water deficit stress and high temperature. However, the roles of other edaphic and environmental factors remain unclear. Here, we performed an artificial neural network (ANN)-based prediction of DRR incidence considering DRR incidence data from previous reports and weather factors. ANN-based prediction using the backpropagation algorithm showed that the combination of total rainfall from November to January of the chickpea-growing season and average maximum temperature of the months October and November is crucial in determining DRR occurrence in chickpea fields. The prediction accuracy of DRR incidence was 84.6% with the validation dataset. Field trials at seven different locations in India with combination of low soil moisture and pathogen stress treatments confirmed the impact of low soil moisture on DRR incidence under different agroclimatic zones and helped in determining the correlation of soil factors with DRR incidence. Soil phosphorus, potassium, organic carbon, and clay content were positively correlated with DRR incidence, while soil silt content was negatively correlated. Our results establish the role of edaphic and other weather factors in chickpea DRR disease incidence. Our ANN-based model will allow the location-specific prediction of DRR incidence, enabling efficient decision-making in chickpea cultivation to minimize yield loss.

Background: Understanding expectations of the patients towards the quality of services that hospitals providing is very important in quality in healthcare. With every health care organization claiming its services to be the best, benchmarking and comparing them to ascertain the real best is very difficult but much required in this competitive world. Patients have a varied need depending upon the resources and criticality of disease. The aim of the study was to identify the factors linked with patient's expectations contributing to the quality of the service delivered by the hospital., Materials and Methods: Multi-speciality hospitals were visited to survey indoor and outdoor patients of different age groups. Omega coefficient and Cronbach α test were used to test the questionnaire's validity and reliability. The factor analysis technique was used to identify factors determining patient expectations. The SERVQUAL framework was used to categorize evaluation criteria., Results: The resultant factors show variations in prioritizing service demands by the patients. Such a system would enable the patients to select a hospital capable of delivering best quality services., Conclusion: This study identifies the factors that contribute in delivering high quality service by the hospital. It gives a futuristic view to design a framework for evaluating the quality of the service delivered by a hospital., (Copyright © 2020 FECA. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

PRéCIS:: Intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement differences with Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT) and dynamic contour tonometry (DCT) are affected by atmospheric pressure inside a hyperbaric chamber., Purpose: To compare IOP measurements obtained with GAT and DCT in 22 normal individuals at different atmospheric pressures simulated in a hyperbaric chamber., Methods: The IOP of both eyes of 22 healthy volunteers was measured using GAT and DCT at 4 different atmospheric pressure levels.Starting at 1 Queretaro atmospheric pressure (QATM), the IOP was measured with GAT and DCT. The atmospheric pressure was then increased to 1.1 QATM (equivalent to 1032 m above sea level), 1.2 QATM (equivalent to 315 m above sea level), and 1.25 QATM (equivalent to sea level), starting 5 minutes after reaching each level. The limits of agreement between various measurements with each tonometer were calculated using the Bland-Altman plots., Results: The first 4 subjects were used to measure feasibility, consistency, variability, and the time needed for IOP to return to baseline after each atmospheric pressure increase.For the entire 44 eyes, the mean GAT IOP at 1 QATM was 12.23 mm Hg (range, 8 to 20 mm Hg; SD, 2.84) and mean DCT was 16.36 (range, 12.1 to 25.3; SD, 2.84), with a mean 4.14 mm Hg difference (range, -0.1 to 7.5 mm Hg; SD, 1.62; P<0.001).Using the second measurements of the first 4 subjects and those after 5 minutes of adaptation for the rest of the group at 1.1 QATM, mean GAT IOP was 11.05±2.68 mm Hg and mean DCT IOP was 15.60±3.02 mm Hg, for a mean difference between instruments of 4.56±1.81 mm Hg (P<0.001).At 1.2 QATM, mean GAT IOP was 11.14±2.53 mm Hg and mean DCT IOP was 15.39±2.91 mm Hg. The difference between instruments was 4.25±2.12 mm Hg (P<0.001).At 1.25 QATM, the mean GAT IOP was 12.39±3.11 mm Hg and mean DCT IOP was 14.91±2.73 mm Hg. The difference between instruments after 5 minutes of adaptation was 2.53±1.62 mm Hg (P<0.001).Generalized estimating equations for performing linear regression multivariable analysis using atmospheric pressure, expressed as altitude, and age as covariates, shows that the difference between GAT and DCT increases by 1 mm Hg per 673 m of increase of altitude above sea level. Age was not a significant predictor., Conclusions: Acute changes in atmospheric pressure induce changes in IOP measurements for both GAT and DCT and in different directions. Despite the limitation of sample size, it may be postulated that the difference of IOP measurements between the 2 tonometers increases with lower atmospheric pressures.

Ophthalmic literature has been subjected to scientometrics in the past both for specific disease pathologies, such as, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy, and specific journals to add insight to the evolving trends. This short scientometric review looks at the distribution pattern and subject domain knowledge of worldwide glaucoma research with data extracted from Web of Science (WoS, Clarivate Analytics) for the past 74 years. How to cite this article: Ichhpujani P, Kalra G, Kaur R, et al. Evolution of Glaucoma Research: A Scientometric Review. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2020;14(3):98-105., Competing Interests: Source of support: Nil Conflict of interest: None, (Copyright © 2020; Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.)

There are three options for a given class of drugs, including brand name drugs, generic and branded generic drugs. Brand name drugs are costlier as compared to generic and branded generic drugs because they are innovator molecules developed by a company after many years of research and come into the market with a patent, whereas branded generic drugs are produced by a different company once the patent of innovator company expires. Given that glaucoma is a chronic, largely asymptomatic disease, the choice of drugs is extremely important: the duration of medication is often lifelong, and the cost of drugs, side effects and efficacy affect compliance and adherence to therapy. This review is a brief overview of the available brand name and branded generic drugs for the management of glaucoma, in terms of efficacy and side effect profiles. It also aimed to guide rational and pragmatic drug choices in different clinical scenarios., (©Romanian Society of Ophthalmology.)

The ultimate goal of glaucoma therapy, as of any other therapeutic intervention, is to achieve superior clinical outcomes, patient satisfaction, and patient adherence to treatment. In a chronic asymptomatic disease, such as, glaucoma, where diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms may have multiple acceptable treatment arms, patient centricity becomes increasingly important. Shared decision-making, patient participation, quality of life (QoL) concerns, and risk-benefit analyzes further complicate this decision-making. In addition, the ethics of research in glaucoma and also that of glaucoma screening may often be in conflict with the ethics of patient care. This article aims to highlight the ethical dilemmas that confound decision-making in current glaucoma practice, and the doctors' fiduciary duties to the patient. How to cite this article: Bhartiya S. Patient Centricity and the Ethics of Glaucoma Care. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2020;14(2):68-71., Competing Interests: Source of support: Nil Conflict of interest: None, (Copyright © 2020; Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.)

Endogenous endophthalmitis, EE, a less common form of endophthalmitis, occurs when the microorganisms spread to the eye through the bloodstream, from a septic focus elsewhere in the body, that breaches into the integrity of the eyeball itself. The etiopathogenesis of endogenous endophthalmitis has changed over the past two decades, the aim of this review being to study the changing trends in causative organism in the era of modern antibiotics., (©Romanian Society of Ophthalmology.)

The challenges of glaucoma management are many: the disease is chronic, progressive, often asymptomatic, and very often, the quality of life and costs of treatment is unacceptable to the patient. This is true for both medical therapy and conventional glaucoma surgery. The choice of therapy, especially the transition from the former to the latter, is now being bridged by Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgeries (MIGS). Choosing from the several options now available in the surgical armamentarium requires a deeper understanding of the available modalities. This review aims to provide an overview of the decision-making process, keeping in mind age, type of glaucoma, life expectancy, socioeconomic status, patient expectations, and coexisting cataract., (©Romanian Society of Ophthalmology.)

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of intravenous fosphenytoin in children with status epilepticus, and resulting serum total phenytoin levels., Methods: In this prospective study, 51 children aged less than 18 years received intravenous loading dose of fosphenytoin (18-20 mg/kg). Serum total phenytoin levels were estimated at 90 -100 minutes. Outcomes studied were (i) seizure control and local and/or systemic adverse effects in next 24 hours and (ii) phenytoin levels and its correlation with dose received, seizure control and adverse effects., Results: The actual dose of fosphenytoin received varied from 15.1 to 25 mg/kg. Seizures were controlled in 45 (88%) children and, two required additional dose of 10 mg/kg. None of the children showed any local or systemic adverse effects. Serum total phenytoin levels were in the therapeutic range (10-20 µg/mL) in 12 (23.5%), sub-therapeutic in 16 (31.3%) and supra-therapeutic in 25 (49%) children. There was weak correlation of the phenytoin levels with dose of fosphenytoin received, seizure control, or adverse effects., Conclusions: Intravenous fosphenytoin loading dose of 20 mg/kg is effective in controlling seizures in 88% of children with status epilepticus, with a good safety profile. Seizure control and adverse effects appear to be independent of serum total phenytoin levels achieved.

Background. Diabetic retinopathy is a microvascular disease, it is associated with changes in peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, these changes being more pronounced in PDR (Proliferative diabetic retinopathy) patients undergoing laser photocoagulation. Objective. To assess changes in peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in proliferative diabetic retinopathy patients using optical coherence tomogram (OCT). Methods. The database search was conducted in June 2018 and continued until October 2018. The search engines used included Pubmed, Medline, OVID and Google Scholar. A meta-analysis of weighted mean difference and standard deviation was conducted. Results. A total of 10 studies containing 377 eyes of PDR patients were selected. The analysis of the included studies revealed no significant effect of PRP on average retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (0.249, 95% CI: -0.985 to 1.483) using OCT. Conclusion. Hence, to conclude, our meta-analysis revealed that there was no significant effect of PRP on RNFL thickness and the impact of PRP could vary. Measurement of peripapillary RNFL thickness may yield erroneous and unpredictable results in this subgroup of patients, further confounding the evaluation of nerve fiber layer damage and its progression., (©Romanian Society of Ophthalmology.)

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the long-term effect of panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) on the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR)., Methods: This was a prospective longitudinal cohort study examining 42 eyes of 42 patients with PDR undergoing PRP. Peripapillary RNFL thickness (RNFLT) was measured using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography at baseline, 1 year, and 3 years following PRP., Results: The mean "average RNFLT" was 89.88 ± 14.26 μm at baseline, 85.75 ± 11.36 μm at 1-year follow-up, and 83.33 ± 11.96 μm at 3-year follow-up. There was a statistically significant difference in the average RNFL thickness at baseline and 1 year and 3 years after PRP. At 1-year follow-up, superior, inferior, and nasal RNFL measurements reduced significantly from baseline ( P < 0.01). The reduction in RNFL remained statistically significant for superior and inferior quadrants 3 years after PRP., Conclusion: PRP causes a reduction in RNFL thickness until 3 years after the procedure. Caution should be exercised while interpreting peripapillary RNFL thickness scans in patients who have undergone PRP for diabetic retinopathy., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2019 Oman Ophthalmic Society.)

Aim: Large diurnal intraocular pressure (IOP) fluctuation is a single most independent risk factor for glaucoma progression besides raised IOP. The major limitation of Goldman applanation tonometer (GAT) is its inability to measure night IOP without disturbing the patient's sleep. We discussed the methods available for the 24-hour IOP monitoring and its relevance in glaucoma. Methods: A PUBMED search was performed using the 24 Hour tonometry, newer tonometry devices, contact lens sensors, as keywords and all relevant articles were studied. Results and Conclusion: A number of methods are available for the 24 hour IOP monitoring. These devices allow home monitoring of IOP without affecting the daily routine. These devices, like Rebound tonometry, Contact lens sensor (CLS), etc., were briefly discussed. Triggerfish is one CLS device that has the capability to measure IOP without affecting the patient's sleep. Besides being safe and easily tolerable, it has shown reproducible results with other tonometry methods. Triggerfish has also been proven the device of choice in measuring IOP in different glaucoma subtypes and determining the efficacy of treatment in them, the only challenge being that it presently provides data on relative IOP rather than absolute IOP. With future research, triggerfish CLS can become an important device to measure the 24 hour IOP values especially in patients whose office measured IOPs seemingly fit in patient's target range but still the patients' disease shows glaucomatous progression. The utility of this device in relation to progressive vision loss is a matter of future study. Abbreviations: CCT = Central Corneal Thickness; CLS = Contact lens sensor; GAT = Goldmann Applanation Tonometer; IOP = Intraocular Pressure; NTG = Normal Tension Glaucoma; PACG = Primary angle closure glaucoma; POAG = Primary open angle glaucoma; VAS = Visual Analogue Score., (©Romanian Society of Ophthalmology.)

Intraocular pressure (IOP) is known to have a definite circadian rhythm and its fluctuation correlates well with glaucoma progression. Twenty-four hour monitoring of IOP is an important indicator intraocular pressure fluctuation, as well as its peaks and spikes. However, Diurnal variation in IOP is well recognized but many decisions in glaucoma management are taken after one or two IOP measurements. Patient directed self-tonometry can be preformed through the twenty-four cycle, and has been the subject of an ongoing debate. In this review, we studied the history of self-tonometry devices and the present technologies for future. The results of various techniques studied revealed that a standardized method of conducting diurnal variation is yet to be ascertained, and for this, a proper research method is required., (©Romanian Society of Ophthalmology.)

Background: Conventional experimental approaches to understand glaucoma etiology and pathogenesis and, consequently, predict its course of progression have not seen much success due to the involvement of numerous molecular, cellular, and other moieties. An overwhelming number of these moieties at different levels combined with numerous environmental factors further complicate the intricacy. Interaction patterns between these factors are important to understand yet difficult to probe with conservative experimental approaches., Methods: We performed a system-level analysis with mathematical modeling by developing and analyzing rate equations with respect to the cellular events in glaucoma pathogenesis. Twenty-two events were enlisted from the literature survey and were analyzed in terms of the sensitivity coefficient of retinal ganglion cells. A separate rate equation was developed for cellular stress also. The results were analyzed with respect to time, and the time course of the events with respect to various cellular moieties was analyzed., Results: Our results suggest that microglia activation is among the earliest events in glaucoma pathogenesis. This modeling method yields a wealth of useful information which may serve as an important guide to better understand glaucoma pathogenesis and design experimental approaches and also identify useful diagnostic/predictive methods and important therapeutic targets., Conclusion: We here report the first mathematical model for glaucoma pathogenesis which provides important insight into the sensitivity coefficient and glia-mediated pathology of glaucoma., How to Cite This Article: Faiq MA, Sidhu T, et al. A Novel Mathematical Model of Glaucoma Pathogenesis. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2019; 13(1):3-8., Competing Interests: Source of support: Nil Conflict of interest: None

The clinical course of lymphoma depends on the indolent or aggressive nature of the disease. Hence, the optimal management of lymphoma needs a correct diagnosis and classification as B cell, T-cell or natural killer (NK)/T-cell as well as indolent or high-grade type lymphoma. The current consensus statement, developed by experts in the field across India, is intended to help healthcare professionals manage lymphomas in adults over 18 years of age. However, it should be noted that the information provided may not be appropriate to all patients and individual patient circumstances may dictate alternative approaches. The consensus statement discusses the diagnosis, staging and prognosis applicable to all subtypes of lymphoma, and detailed treatment regimens for specific entities of lymphoma including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, T-cell lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, and anaplastic large cell lymphoma.

A facile hydrothermal synthesis route was explored to obtain various nanostructures of Co oxide for applications in electrocatalytic water-splitting. The effect of reaction time and metal precursor ions on the morphology of synthesized nanostructures was studied in detail with the aid of a scanning electron microscope. By systematic optimization of the synthesis parameters, Co oxide nanostructures with single dimensionality were obtained in the form of 0D nanoparticles (NPs), 1D nanowires (NWs), 2D nanosheets (NSs) and 3D nanocrystals (NCs). The effectiveness of the developed nanostructures towards oxygen evolution reaction (OER) was studied and a promising OER activity was recorded for all the samples. Amongst all the developed catalysts, Co(OH)2 NPs showed the lowest overpotential of 339 mV to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm-2, which is even lower than that of noble-metal oxides such as the commercial RuO2 catalyst (370 mV). The specific effect of different parameters such as BET surface area, phase, crystallographic orientation of surface lattice planes, electroactive surface area and surface active species on the OER performance was studied. It was found that the Co3O4 phase is more active for the OER, compared to the Co(OH)2 phase. However, Co(OH)2 NPs showed the best OER performance owing to their higher BET surface area, thereby underlining the significance of the catalyst surface area. The effect of the number of active surface atoms was demonstrated by estimating the electroactive surface area of all Co3O4 nanostructures. It was also shown that the formation of CoO2 species (Co(IV)) on the surface is more beneficial for the OER as compared to the formation of CoOOH species (Co(III)). Finally, the robustness of the developed Co3O4 nanostructures was established by performing a recycling test for the OER (1000 cycles) and the observed change in the catalytic activity was correlated with morphological variation.

Introduction: To ascertain differences in intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement and their repeatability between dynamic contour tonometry (DCT) and Goldmann/Perkins applanation tonometry (GAT) at two different atmospheric pressures., Materials and Methods: Forty-one eyes of 41 healthy consenting subjects were enrolled for this observational, cross-sectional study. Pachymetry and IOP measurements with DCT and GAT for both eyes of each subject at Acapulco (0 m from sea level) and at Mexico City (2,234 m from sea level) were done by the same observer. The IOP was compared between tonometers at each of the altitudes, and also for repeatability of each tonometer at different altitudes. Pearson's correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman plots were used to assess reliability of measurements and their differences at the two altitudes., Results: The mean age of patients was 41.7 (28-66 years); 22 were females. Mean IOP with DCT was 16.1 ± 2.2 mm Hg at sea level and 15.9 ± 2.1 mm Hg at 2,234 m above sea level, not a significant difference. Mean GAT IOP at the two altitudes was 13.1 ± 1.8 and 11.5 ± 1.7 mm Hg respectively, a statistically sig -nificant difference. In contrast, central corneal thickness (CCT) was not significantly changed (548.3 to 549.4 μm, p = 0.496)., Conclusion: Repeatability of single-observer measurements with GAT remains clinically acceptable, but not at different altitudes. The DCT seems to more consistently measure a similar IOP at different altitudes in the same subjects. The two tonometers may not be used interchangeably in the serial follow-up of patients at any of the altitudes. How to cite this article: Albis-Donado O, Bhartiya S, Gil-Reyes M, Casale-Vargas G, Arreguin-Rebollar N, Kahook MY. Citius, Altius, Fortius: Agreement between Perkins and Dynamic Contour Tonometry (Pascal) and the Impact of Altitude. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2018;12(1):40-44., Competing Interests: Source of support: Nil Conflict of interest: None