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Common fluids cannot sustain static mechanical stresses at the macroscopic scale because they lack molecular order. Conversely, crystalline solids exhibit long-range order and mechanical strength at the macroscopic scale. Combining the properties of fluids and solids, liquid crystal films respond to mechanical confinement by both flowing and generating static forces. The elastic response, however, is very weak for film thicknesses exceeding 10 nm. In this study, the mechanical strength of a fluid film was enhanced by introducing topological defects in a cholesteric liquid crystal, producing unique viscoelastic and optomechanical properties. The cholesteric was confined under strong planar anchoring conditions between two curved surfaces with sphere-sphere contact geometry similar to that of large colloidal particles, creating concentric dislocation loops. During surface retraction, the loops shrank and periodically disappeared at the surface contact point, where the cholesteric helix underwent discontinuous twist transitions, producing weak oscillatory surface forces. On the other hand, new loop nucleation was frustrated by a topological barrier during fluid compression, creating a metastable state. This generated exceptionally large forces with a range exceeding 100 nm as well as extended blueshifts of the photonic bandgap. The metastable cholesteric helix eventually collapsed under a high compressive load, triggering a stick-slip-like cascade of defect nucleation and twist reconstruction events. These findings were explained using a simple theoretical model and suggest a general approach to enhance the mechanical strength of one-dimensional periodic materials, particularly cholesteric colloid mixtures., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interest.

Ancient Herculaneum papyrus scrolls, hopelessly charred in the 79 A.D. Vesuvius eruption, contain valuable writings of the Greek philosophers of the day, including works of the Epicurean Philodemus. X-ray phase contrast tomography has recently begun unlocking their secrets. However, only small portions of the text hidden inside the scroll have been recover. One of the challenging tasks in Herculaneum papyri investigation is their virtual unfolding because of their highly complicated structure and three-dimensional arrangement. Although this procedure is feasible, problems in segmentation and flattening hinder the unrolling of a large portion of papyrus. We propose a computational platform for the virtual unfolding procedure, and we show the results of its application on two Herculaneum papyrus fragments. This work paves the way to a comprehensive survey and to further interpretation of larger portions of text hidden inside the carbonized Herculaneum papyri.

Spontaneous breaking of symmetry in liquid crystal (LC) films often reveals itself as a microscopic pattern of molecular alignment. In a smectic- A LC, the emergence of positional order at the transition from the nematic phase leads to periodic textures that can be used as optical microarrays, templates for soft lithography, and ordering matrices for the organization and manipulation of functional nanoparticles. While both 1d and 2d patterns have been obtained as a function of the LC film thickness and applied fields, the connection has not been made between pattern formation and the peculiar critical behavior of LCs at the nematic-smectic transition, still eluding a comprehensive theoretical explanation. In this article, we demonstrate that an intense bend distortion applied to the LC molecular director while cooling from the nematic phase produces a frustrated smectic phase with depressed transition temperature, and the characteristic 1d periodic texture previously observed in thin films and under applied electric fields. In light of De Gennes' analogy with the normal-superconductor transition of a metal, we identify the 1d texture as the equivalent of the intermediate state in type I superconductors. The bend distortion is analog to the magnetic field in metals and penetrates in the frustrated phase as an array of undercooled nematic domains, periodically intermixed with bend-free smectic- A domains. Our findings provide fundamental evidence for theories of the nematic-smectic transition, highlighting the deep connection between phase frustration and pattern formation, and perspectives on the design of functional smectic microarrays., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interest.

Plasmonic photo-thermal therapy (PPTT) is a minimally invasive, drug-free, therapy based on the properties of noble metal nanoparticles, able to convert a bio-transparent electromagnetic radiation into heat. PPTT has been used against cancer and other diseases. Herein, we demonstrate an antimicrobial methodology based on the properties of gold nanorods (GNRs). Under a resonant laser irradiation GNRs become highly efficient light to heat nano-converters extremely useful for PPTT applications. The concept here is to assess the antimicrobial effect of easy to synthesize, suitably purified, water-dispersible GNRs on Escherichia coli bacteria. A control on the GNRs concentration used for the process has been demonstrated critical in order to rule out cytotoxic effects on the cells, and still to be able to generate, under a near infrared illumination, an adequate amount of heat suited to increase the temperature up to ≈50 °C in about 5 min. Viability experiments evidenced that the proposed system accomplished a killing efficiency suitable to reducing the Escherichia coli population of about 2 log CFU (colony-forming unit).

Plasmonic metallic nanoparticles (NPs) represent a relevant class of nanomaterials, which is able to achieve light localization down to nanoscale by exploiting a phenomenon called Localized Plasmon Resonance. In the last few years, NPs have been proposed to trigger DNA release or enhance ablation of diseased tissues, while minimizing damage to healthy tissues. In view of the therapeutic relevance of such plasmonic NPs; a detailed characterization of the electrostatic interaction between positively charged gold nanorods (GNRs) and a negatively charged whole-genome DNA solution is reported. The preparation of the hybrid biosystem has been investigated as a function of DNA concentration by means of ζ-potential; hydrodynamic diameter and gel electrophoresis analysis. The results have pointed out the specific conditions to achieve the most promising GNRs/DNA complex and its photo-thermal properties have been investigated. The overall study allows to envisage the possibility to ingeniously combine plasmonic and biological materials and, thus, enable design and development of an original non invasive all-optical methodology for monitoring photo-induced temperature variation with high sensitivity.

We have developed a noninvasive, all-optical, holographic technique for permanently aligning liquid crystalline DNA filaments in a microperiodic template realized in soft-composite (polymeric) materials. By combining optical intensity holography with a selective microfluidic etching process, a channelled microstructure has been realized which enables self-assembly of DNA. The striking chemicophysical properties of the structure immobilize the DNA filaments within the microchannels without the need of any kind of surface chemistry or functionalization. Polarized optical, confocal, and electronic microscopies have been used for characterizing the DNA geometry inside the microchannels in terms of birefringence, fluorescence, and nanoscale organization properties. In particular, observation of a far-field diffraction pattern confirms a periodic organization of the DNA filaments inside the polymeric template.

An empty polymeric structure has been realized by combining a high precision level optical holographic setup and a selective microfluidic etching process. The distinctive features of the realized periodic microstructure enabled aligning several kinds of liquid crystal (LC) compounds, without the need of any kind of surface chemistry or functionalization. In particular, it has been possible to exploit light sensitive LCs for the fabrication of all-optical devices, cholesteric and ferroelectric LCs for ultrafast electro-optical switches, and a common LC for a two-dimensional periodic structure with high anisotropy. All-optical and electro-optical experiments, performed for investigating the samples in terms of switching voltages and response times, confirm good performances of the realized devices.

Solid chiral microspheres with unique and multifunctional optical properties are produced from cholesteric liquid crystal-water emulsions using photopolymerization processes. These self-organizing microspheres exhibit different internal configurations of helicoidal structures with radial, conical or cylindrical geometries, depending on the physicochemical characteristics of the precursor liquid crystal emulsion., (Copyright © 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Using an atomic force microscope (AFM) we confined a smectic-A liquid crystal (LC) between a flat glass plate and a 10-μm glass sphere attached to the free end of the AFM cantilever. Both surfaces were treated with a surfactant that induces normal alignment of the LC molecules. We measured the force F acting on the cantilever while varying the plate-sphere distance D with subnanometer precision. For D < 50 nm, the force was periodically oscillating and decayed as D was increased. Analyzing the force in the framework of a simple model of elastic deformation of the smectic layers, we have evaluated the undeformed layer thickness a(0) and compressibility modulus B. Compared to other techniques used to determine a(0) and B, AFM measurements are faster and require a much smaller amount (microliters) of LC. Moreover, they are based on purely mechanical deformations of the LC structure and do not require any static or radiative electromagnetic field.

This work is aimed to the photopolarimetric characterization of the disorder evolution occurring in homeotropically aligned nematic liquid crystal films during the electrically induced Fréedericksz transition. The molecular director dynamics and the transversal reorientation modes are investigated by the analysis of the depolarization of the light beam emerging from the sample. Our measurements reveal unexpected depolarization effects at the transition, which we interpret in terms of director field unhomogeneity and defects creation.

We report a detailed physical characterization of a novel array of organic distributed feedback microcavity lasers possessing a high ratio between the quality factor Q of the resonant cavity and its volume V. The optical microcavity was obtained by confining self-organized mesophases doped with fluorescent guest molecules into holographically patterned polymeric microchannels. The liquid crystal microchannels act as mirror-less cavity lasers, where the emitted laser light propagates along the liquid crystal helical axis behaving as Bragg resonator. This miniaturization process allows us to obtain a micro-laser array possessing an ultralow lasing threshold (25nJ/pulse) while having directional control on the lasing emission, a fine wavelength tunability and the control over the emission intensity.

Distributed feedback microstructures play a fundamental role in confining and manipulating light to obtain lasing in media with gain. Here, we present an innovative array of organic, color-tunable microlasers which are intrinsically phase locked. Dye-doped helixed liquid crystals were embedded within periodic, polymeric microchannels sculptured by light through a single-step process. The helical superstructure was oriented along the microchannels; the lasing was observed along the same direction at the red edge of the stop band. Several physical and technological advantages arise from this engineered heterostructure: a high quality factor of the cavity, ultralow lasing threshold, and thermal and electric control of the lasing wavelength and emission intensity. This level of integration of guest-host systems, embedded in artificially patterned small sized structures, might lead to new photonic chip architectures.