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Introduction: Smoking, a major preventable cause of morbidity and mortality is a real public health problem in the world., The Objective: was to establish the epidemiological profile of smoking among soldiers at Camp Almamy Samory Touré., Method: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study lasting 6 months in 2018 at Camp Almamy Samory Touré in Conakry including all serving soldiers, without distinction of age, sex, residence and who accepted freely to participate., Results: We investigated 384 soldiers, including 287 smokers, a prevalence of 75% and 97 non-smokers, 25%. The most represented age group was 31-40 years 25.5% with an average age of 38.95 ± 9.36 years. They were all male (100%) and the majority resided in Conakry 96.61%. The level of education was secondary followed by higher and primary respectively: 38.54%; 24.48% and 23.70%. Married people were more numerous 39.58% followed by single people 34.11%. The average age of onset of smoking among our soldiers was 18.86 ± 3.42 years. Leisure places 26.48% were the main place of initiation to tobacco smoking. The 38.46% of the military smoke 11-20 wicks of cigarettes per day. During the study, 55.93% of soldiers wanted to quit smoking now., Conclusion: The prevalence of smoking among soldiers at Camp Almamy Samory Touré in Conakry remains very high with a young and male predominance. Nearly ¾ of the soldiers surveyed had smoked in the past and places of leisure were the main place of initiation to tobacco smoking. However, more than half of the soldiers now wanted to quit smoking after a good knowledge of the toxic effects of this practice., (Le comité de rédaction se réserve le droit de renvoyer aux auteurs avant toute soumission à l'avis des lecteurs les manuscrits qui ne seraient pas conformes à ces modalités de présentation. En outre il leur conseille de conserver un exemplaire du manuscrit, des figures et des tableaux.)

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the results of phacoalternative., Method: This was a four-month analytical descriptive study. Our variables were socio-demographic, clinical, paraclinical and evolving. Patients operated by Phacoalternative during the study, having consented, were included. Not included were the operated patients who did not follow up., Result: The average age was 61.37 ± 8.3 years, the sex ratio 1.06 of which 63.9% came from Conakry, 57.6% were out of school and 39.9% were housewives. Diabetes was the most common comorbidity 23.75%. The fundus was inaccessible in 66.4%. The average biometrics were 22.60D. The right eye was more operated on or 53.5%. The most common postoperative complication was the 4.5% cloudy cornea. There were no complications at D1 in 88.3% and at D14 in 98.8%. The mean of preoperative Astigmatism 1.07D < to the mean of postoperative astigmatism 1.6D.Preoperative visual acuity was < 1/10 in 78.8%, between 1/10 - 2/10 in 11.5% and ≥ 3/10 in 9.7%. Postoperative visual acuity was < 1/10 in 2.0%, between 1/10 - 2/10 in 10.0% and ≥ 3/10 in 88.0%., Conclusion: The phacoalternative is the ideal method. However, the acquisition of Phacoemulsifiers could improve these results., (Le comité de rédaction se réserve le droit de renvoyer aux auteurs avant toute soumission à l'avis des lecteurs les manuscrits qui ne seraient pas conformes à ces modalités de présentation. En outre il leur conseille de conserver un exemplaire du manuscrit, des figures et des tableaux.)

Changes in dietary omega-6/3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) ratios affect anti- and proinflammatory equilibrium. As reperfused myocardial infarction (MI) is an inflammatory pathology that alters the cell integrity of the myocardium but also of other tissues, such as the hippocampus and amygdala, attenuation of the inflammation could be helpful in maintaining cell integrity after MI. Therefore, we hypothesized that a decrease in the dietary omega-6/3 PUFA ratio, without altering the diet content in total fat, proteins, or carbohydrates, will result in a reduction of infarct size and a diminution of postreperfusion apoptosis observed in the amygdala and hippocampus. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed 1 of 3 diets containing different omega-6/3 PUFA ratios for 2 weeks (5:1; 1:1; 1:5). Then, myocardial ischemia was induced by left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion for 40 min, followed by reperfusion. Cardioprotective mechanisms were studied in the myocardium at 15 min of reperfusion, along with myocardial infarct size after 24 h of reperfusion. Apoptosis was evaluated in the hippocampus and the amygdala. We found that infarct size was significantly reduced by 32% in groups 1:5 and 1:1 vs. group 5:1. Akt activity was higher in groups 1:5 and 1:1 compared with group 5:1. Caspase-3 enzymatic activity doubled in area CA1 and the dentate gyrus (DG) in group 5:1 compared with groups 1:1 and 1:5. In addition, caspase-8 enzymatic activity was increased in the DG at 24 h, and caspase-9 was enhanced in CA1 at 24 h in group 5:1 vs. groups 1:1 and 1:5. These results demonstrate that the increase in the dietary omega-3 PUFA, at the expense of omega-6 PUFA, reduces infarct size and helps to inhibit apoptosis in the limbic system after MI.

This study was designed to determine the role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) in apoptosis observed in the myocardium and limbic system after myocardial ischemia. PEG sTNFRI, a recombinant, human, soluble p55 Type 1 TNF receptor (3 mg/kg) or vehicle (saline) was administered s.c. to male Sprague-Dawley rats on days 5, 3 and 1 before myocardial ischemia. The animals were then subjected, under anesthesia, to left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion for 40 min, followed by 15-min or 72-h reperfusion. Caspase-3 and -8 activities as well as terminal dUTP nick-end labelling-positive cells were examined in the myocardium (subendocardial and subepicardial regions), lateral (LA) and medial amygdala (MA) and hippocampus (CA1, CA3, dentate gyrus (DG)). After 15 min of reperfusion, the subendocardial and CA1 regions presented an increase in caspase-3 activity, whereas caspase-8 activity appeared to be augmented in the DG. PEG sTNFRI inhibited caspase-8 activation in the DG. After 72 h of reperfusion, plasma TNFalpha levels were reduced in the treated groups. The DG, CA1, CA3 and MA showed an increment of caspase-8 activity, which was reversed by PEG sTNFRI, except in the MA. Furthermore, caspase-3 activity was increased in the CA1, DG, LA and MA. These results indicate that TNFalpha contributes to apoptosis via activation of the extrinsic pathway in the limbic system after myocardial infarction, which is not the case in the myocardium.

Depression is diagnosed in 15-30% of patients following myocardial infarction (MI) and this may also be observed in the rat. We measured the effects of the antidepressant sertraline on behavioural and biochemical events following MI in a rat model. Following surgery, MI rats and sham controls were treated with sertraline (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline. Subgroups of rats were tested for behavioural depression 14 days after surgery. Apoptosis was estimated in other rats by measuring caspase-3 activity and TUNEL positive cells (3 days after surgery) in limbic structures (amygdale, hippocampus, hypothalamus, frontal and prefrontal cortices). Bax/Bcl-2 ratio was measured 14 days after surgery. Behavioural signs of depression (decreased sucrose intake and forced swimming time) were found in saline-treated MI rats but not in sertraline-treated rats. Compared with controls, caspase-3 activity and TUNEL positive cells were significantly increased in most limbic structures of MI rats. High prefrontal Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in MI rats correlated with low forced swimming time. Apoptosis was not found in sertraline-treated MI rats. These results establish the bases of a rat model of depression following MI and show for the first time that a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor prevents both behavioural and biochemical markers in this model.

Apoptosis is known to occur in the limbic system after myocardial infarction (MI) in the rat. Our study was designed to evaluate the time course dynamics of this phenomenon in limbic areas. Apoptosis, i.e., caspase-3 activity and the number of terminal dUTP nick-end labelling-positive cells, as well as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were quantitated in sham-operated controls and MI rats 1, 2 and 7 days after surgery. Both apoptosis parameters were increased throughout, although in different structures: the CA1 region of the hippocampus and the medial amygdala at day 1, the CA1 region of the hippocampus and the lateral amygdala at day 2, and the frontal cortex at day 7. At day 2, BDNF was decreased in the prefrontal cortex and medial amygdala, whereas it was elevated in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus; at day 7, BDNF was reduced in the frontal cortex and posterior hypothalamus but was augmented in the medial amygdala. These data indicate that post-MI apoptosis in the limbic system is a dynamic process occurring mainly in the hippocampus and amygdala during the first days after MI. The fact that BDNF was increased as early as 2 days after MI suggests that neurogenesis can occur rapidly in selected limbic regions after MI.