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Dietary protein quality plays a key role in maintaining intestinal mucosal integrity, but also modulates the growth of luminal microorganisms. This work assessed the effect of dietary protein sources on the performance, gut morphology, and microbiome in Nile tilapia. Four isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets comprising equivalent amounts of the protein supply derived from either PLANT, ANIMAL, INSECT, or BACTERIAL (bacterial biomass) sources were fed to triplicate groups of fish (IBW: 12 g) for 46 days. Fish fed the ANIMAL and BACTERIAL diets showed significantly higher weight gains than those fed the PLANT and INSECT diets ( p < 0.05). Relative abundance at the phylum level showed that Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria, and Proteobacteria were the more abundant phyla in tilapia's intestine, while Cetobacterium was the most representative genus in all treatments. Interesting patterns were observed in the correlation between amino acid intake and genus and species abundance. Metabolism prediction analysis showed that BACTERIAL amine and polyamine degradation pathways are modulated depending on diets. In conclusion, different protein sources modulate the relationship between bacteria functional pathways and amino acid intake.

Background: The life course of individuals born very premature is a topic of increasing concern. The association between high early amino acid intake and later high blood pressure (HBP) in preterm neonates is debated., Methods and Results: In a national, prospective, population-based birth cohort, EPIPAGE-2 (Etude Epidémiologique sur Petits Ages Gestationnels), we assessed blood pressure at 5 years. Eligible infants were those born between 24 and 29 weeks of gestation. Infants were distributed in 2 groups of 717 infants matched on propensity score on whether or not they were exposed to high amino acid intake (>3.5 g/kg per day at day 7); 455 control term infants were also enrolled. A value ≥95th percentile of reference values for age and height defined systolic or diastolic HBP. Blood pressure at 5 years of age was assessed for 389 and 385 children in the exposed and nonexposed groups, respectively. Rates (in percent) of systolic and diastolic HBP were 18.0% (95% CI, 14.5%-22.2% ) , 13.3% (95% CI, 10.3%-17.0%), 8.5% (95% CI, 6.5%-11.1%), and 9.0% (95% CI, 6.6%-12.3%), 10.2% (95% CI, 7.5%-13.6%), and 5.4% (95% CI, 3.8%-7.6%) in exposed, nonexposed, and term-born groups, respectively. Exposure to high early amino acid intake and maximal serum creatinine (by 50 μmol/L) between day 3 and day 7 were 2 independent risk factors for systolic HBP (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.60 [95% CI, 1.05-2.43] and aOR, 1.59 [95% CI, 1.12-2.26], respectively) but not for diastolic HBP (aOR, 0.84 [95% CI, 0.50-1.39] and aOR, 1.09 [95% CI, 0.71-1.67], respectively). After adjustment for 5-year weight Z score, the aOR between high early amino acid intake and systolic HBP was 1.50 [95% CI, 0.98-2.30]., Conclusions: These results suggest that mechanisms of childhood systolic HBP involve neonatal renal challenge by high amino acid intake or dysfunction.

We prospectively assessed changes in free 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and vitamin D binding protein (VDBP) among overweight adults who followed a pescatarian Orthodox intermittent fasting regimen ( n  = 59) and controls who followed a low-fat 12:12 diet ( n  = 46). Total and free 25(OH)D, parathyroid hormone, VDBP, anthropometric data, and amino acid intake were evaluated in both groups at three time points: at baseline, 7 weeks after diet implementation, and 5 weeks after participants returned to their usual eating habits (12 weeks from baseline). An increase in amino acid intake between baseline and 12 weeks was independently correlated with higher free 25(OH)D values at 12 weeks for both groups. Our findings suggest that diet can affect free 25(OH)D concentrations, through variations in amino acid intake, independently of exposure to sunlight, providing novel mechanistic insights into the future planning of vitamin D supplementation strategies. However, this hypothesis needs to be tested in larger studies.

Background: Inadequate nutrition leads to poor neurodevelopmental outcomes in very low-birth weight infants (VLBWIs). This study aimed to investigate the beneficial effects of early amino acid intake on the neurodevelopmental outcomes in VLBWIs at 20 months of correct age and school age., Methods: The information of VLBWIs that received amino acid intake were retrospectively analyzed in this study. The cases in early group (EAA) received amino acid within 24 h, but the cases in standard group (SAA) after 48 h post-natal. The body weight, height, and Bayley score of the infants at correct age of 20 months were compared between groups. And the cognitive outcomes at school age were evaluated using Wechsler Intelligence Scale and Das-Naglieri cognitive assessment system., Results: There were no differences at baseline characteristics of the VLBWIs between EAA and SAA groups. Compared with the SAA group, the infants in EAA group had shorter time to regain birth weight (P < 0.05). The head circumference, MDI, and PDI in EAA group at 20 months of correct age were significantly higher than that in SAA group (both P < 0.05). According to the Wechsler scale and Das-Naglieri scores, the infants in EAA group had markedly improved cognitive outcomes compared with those in SAA group (all P < 0.05)., Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that early amino acid intake within 24 h could significantly improve the neurodevelopmental and cognitive outcomes in VLBWIs at 20 months of correct age and school age., (© 2021. Royal Academy of Medicine in Ireland.)

Background: The Japanese database of food amino acid composition was revised in 2010 after a 24-year interval. To examine the impact of the 2010 revision compared with that of the 1986 revision, we evaluated the validity and reliability of amino acid intakes assessed using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ)., Methods: A FFQ including 138 food items was compared with 7-day dietary records, completed during each distinct season, to assess validity and administered twice at approximately a 1-year interval, to assess reliability. We calculated amino acid intakes using a database that compensated for missing food items via the substitution method. Subjects were a subsample of two cohorts of the Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study. A total of 102 men and 113 women in Cohort I and 174 men and 176 women in Cohort II provided complete dietary records and the FFQ, of whom 101 men and 108 women of Cohort I and 143 men and 146 women of Cohort II completed the FFQ twice., Results: In the comparison of the FFQ with dietary records, the medians (ranges) of energy-adjusted correlation coefficients for validity were 0.35 (0.25-0.43) among men and 0.29 (0.19-0.40) among women in Cohort I, and 0.37 (0.21-0.52) and 0.38 (0.24-0.59), respectively, in Cohort II. Values for reliability were 0.47 (0.42-0.52) among men and 0.43 (0.38-0.50) among women in Cohort I, and 0.59 (0.52-0.70) and 0.54 (0.45-0.61), respectively, in Cohort II., Conclusions: The FFQ used in our prospective cohort study is a suitable tool for estimating amino acid intakes., (Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)