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Exposure to an electromagnetic field (EMF) can have adverse effects on many organs and tissues, including the reproductive system. This study aimed to investigate the effects of EMF exposure during prenatal and postnatal periods on ovarian development in rat offspring. In this study, rat pups born from eight pregnant rats were used. EMF exposure was initiated on the first day of pregnancy and continued until the 42nd postnatal day. The blood and ovarian tissue samples of female offspring in sham and EMF groups were collected when they reached the age of 42 days. Follicle-stimulating hormone levels were significantly higher in the EMF group than in the sham group. Estradiol levels were significantly lower in the EMF group than in the sham group. Tissue-inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) levels and expression were significantly greater in the EMF group than in the sham group. In the EMF group, congestion, bleeding areas, and degeneration of follicle structures were observed in ovarian tissue. The findings suggest that exposure to 50-Hz, 3-mT EMF used in this study during prenatal and postnatal periods may lead to impaired ovarian structure and function in female offspring. EMF may affect ovarian physiology by increasing iNOS levels and may lead to fertility disorders.

The nasolacrimal canal is placed at the anterior part of the inferior lateral wall of the orbit and opens to the inferior nasal meatus. The canal can be obstructed by acquired diseases such as dacryocystitis and posttraumatic epiphora due to nasoorbitoethmoidal fractures. Furthermore in nasolacrimal canal obstructions, dacryocystorhinostomy with balloon dilatation is used frequently. In evaluation of the nasolacrimal canal's acquired diseases, obstruction etiologies and during the reopening of the canal with balloon dilatation, knowing the lacrimal groove's morphology and morphometry play an important role. The aim of the present study was to evaluate not only the morphological features and types but also the morphometric measurements of lacrimal groove. A total of 60 (30 right, 30 left) adult human dry bone maxillae (both male and female samples) from the collection of the Department of Anatomy of Dokuz Eylül University Medical School were used. Digital compass with 0.01 mm sensitivity was used for measurements. Average length of lacrimal groove was 9.62 +/- 2.10 mm. Average width of lacrimal groove was 5.88 +/- 1.53 mm at upper one-third, 8.04 +/- 2.05 mm at middle one-third, and 5.94 +/- 1.28 mm at lower one-third. In 87.7% of cases a crista was observed at the end of the lacrimal groove. Among them, 34.0% were directed to inferior, 54.0% were directed to posterior and 12.0% were horizontal. The present results on the width, length, shape and direction of the lacrimal groove could mediate the etiology of nasolacrimal canal obstructions and could be helpful in surgical approaches and clinical treatment.