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Background/aim: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia worldwide. Nattokinase is a serine protease extracellularly produced by natto, a fermented product of Bacillus subtilis var. natto. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of nattokinase in a rat model of AD induced by aluminum and D-galactose., Materials and Methods: Forty Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: normal, vehicle, and orally administered nattokinase (NK65 and NK130 groups). Except for the normal group, all groups were treated with AlCl 3 and D-galactose for 10 weeks. The NK65 and NK130 groups additionally received 65 mg/kg/day and 130 mg/kg/day nattokinase, respectively. We analyzed β-amyloid levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and the spatial reference test was evaluated using the Morris water maze test. After the Morris water maze test, rats of all groups were subjected to micro-computed tomography (μCT) to assess constructional changes in the brain. Aluminum concentration and β-amyloid levels were analyzed by histochemical staining in all brain tissues., Results: Oral administration of nattokinase in the AD rat model increased free-form β-amyloid levels in the CSF and improved aluminum and amyloid plaque accumulation in the brain. Brain μCT images showed enhanced brain volume with fewer constructional changes after treatment with nattokinase. In the behavioral tests, both the escape latency time in the spatial reference test and the time taken to cross the platform area in the spatial probe test improved partially., Conclusion: The results suggest that nattokinase has potential therapeutic applications in the treatment of AD., (Copyright © 2024, International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. George J. Delinasios), All rights reserved.)

Objectives: The present study aimed to (1) investigate biocompatibility and cytotoxicity of pulp-capping materials on viability of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs); (2) determine angiogenic, odontogenic, and osteogenic marker mRNA expressions; and (3) observe changes in surface morphology of the hDPSCs using scanning electron microscopy (SEM)., Methods: Impacted third molars were used to isolate the hDPSCs, which were treated with extract-release fluids of the pulp-capping materials (Harvard BioCal-Cap, NeoPUTTY MTA, TheraCal LC, and Dycal). Effects of the capping materials on cell viability were assessed using 3-(4,5-di-methyl-thiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxy-methoxy-phenyl)-2-(4-sulfo-phenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay and the apoptotic/necrotic cell ratios and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels from flow cytometry. Marker expressions (alkaline phosphatase [ALP], osteocalcin [OCN], collagen type I alpha 1 [Col1A], secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine [SPARC], osteonectin [ON], and vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF]) were determined by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Changes in surface morphology of the hDPSCs were visualised by SEM., Results: The MTS assay results at days 1, 3, 5, and 7 indicated that Harvard BioCal-Cap, NeoPUTTY MTA, and TheraCal LC did not adversely affect cell viability when compared with the control group. According to the MTS assay results at day 14, no significant difference was found amongst Dycal, Harvard BioCal-Cap, NeoPUTTY MTA, and TheraCal LC affecting cell viability. Dycal was the only capping material that increased ROS level. High levels of VEGF expression were observed with Harvard BioCal-Cap, TheraCal LC, and NeoPUTTY MTA. NeoPUTTY MTA, and Dycal upregulated OCN expression, whereas TheraCal LC upregulated Col1A and SPARC expression. Only Dycal increased ALP expression. HDSCs were visualized in characteristic spindle morphology on SEM when treated with TheraCal LC and Harvard BioCal-Cap., Conclusions: NeoPUTTY MTA and Harvard BioCal-Cap showed suitable biocompatibility values; in particular, these pulp-capping materials were observed to support the angiogenic marker., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest None disclosed., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Rationale and Objectives: Targeting fibroblast-activation protein is a newer diagnostic approach for the visualization of tumor stroma, and a novel aluminum-[ 18 F] fluoride (Al 18 F)-labeled fibroblast-activation protein inhibitor-4 (FAPI-04), hereafter [ 18 F] AlF-NOTA-FAPI-04, presents a promising alternative to gallium 68 ( 68 Ga)-labeled FAPI owing to its relatively longer half-life. This study sought to evaluate the clinical usefulness of [ 18 F] AlF-NOTA-FAPI-04 PET/CT for the diagnosis of various types of cancer, compared to [ 18 F] FDG PET/CT., Materials and Methods: In this prospective study conducted from October 2021 to January 2024, a total of 148 patients with 16 different tumor entities underwent contemporaneous 18 F-FDG and 18 F-FAPI-04 PET/CT either for an initial assessment or for recurrence detection. Uptake of 18 F-FDG and 18 F-FAPI-04 was quantified by the maximum standard uptake value (SUV max). Diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were compared by using the McNemar test between these two imaging agents., Results: 18 F-FAPI-04 PET/CT could clearly depict 16 different types of cancer with excellent image contrast, thereby leading to a higher detection rate of primary tumors than did 18 F-FDG PET/CT (98.06% vs. 81.55%, P＜0.001). In per-lymph node analysis, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy in the diagnosis of metastatic lymph nodes were 92.44%, 90.44%, and 91.56%, respectively, which was much higher than that 18 F-FDG PET/CT (80.23%, 79.41%, and 79.87%, respectively). Meanwhile, 18 F-FAPI-04 PET/CT outperformed 18 F-FDG PET/CT in identifying more suspected distant metastases (86.57% vs. 74.13%, P＜0.001). Furthermore, 18 F-FAPI-04 PET/CT upgraded tumor staging in 36/101 patients (35.6%), and detected tumor recurrence or metastases in 43/47 patients (91.49%)., Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated that primary and metastatic lesions in patients with various types of malignant tumors are well-visualized on 18 F-FAPI-04 PET/CT, which exhibited a superior diagnostic performance than 18 F-FDG PET/CT. Moreover, 18 F-FAPI-04 PET/CT is a promising tool for tumor staging and follow-up of various malignancies., (Copyright © 2024 The Association of University Radiologists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: This study aimed to compare the marginal adaptation of a single customized gutta percha cone with calcium silicate-based sealer versus mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and Biodentine apical plugs in simulated immature permanent teeth., Methods: Thirty-nine extracted human maxillary anterior teeth were selected, prepared to simulate immature permanent teeth with an apical diameter 1.1 mm, placed in moist foam and divided into three groups. Group 1: Obturation with a single customized gutta percha cone and calcium silicate sealer. Group 2: MTA apical plug. Group 3: Biodentine apical plug. After incubation, teeth were horizontally sectioned at 1 mm and 3 mm from the apex and marginal adaptation was evaluated using scanning electron microscope (SEM)., Results: Biodentine showed the least mean gap size at both 1 and 3 mm from the apex with no statistically significant differences compared to MTA (p > 0.05). The single customized cone with calcium silicate based sealer showed the greatest mean gap size at both 1 and 3 mm from the apex with a statistically significant difference compared to the other groups (p < 0.001)., Conclusion: Biodentine and MTA apical plugs provide a significantly better marginal adaptation to the dentinal walls than a single customized gutta percha cone with calcium silicate based sealer in simulated immature permanent teeth., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Dilaceration can lead to impaction of maxillary incisors, resulting in both aesthetic and functional problems. This case report presents the multidisciplinary approach to managing an inverse impacted dilacerated left lateral incisor in a 9-year-old male patient., Case Report: The orthodontic alignment of the remaining three incisors was achieved within six months. After using the diode laser to remove the gingiva covering the right lateral incisor during alignment process, a lingual button was bonded. The primary left canine and the impacted permanent left lateral incisor were extracted by raising the full-thickness mucoperiosteal flap, followed by the transplantation of the dilacerated lateral incisor into its correct position, splinted to the adjacent central incisors using composite resin. Root canal treatment was performed after the apical plug was created with mineral trioxide aggregate. The composite splint was removed after three weeks, and a new bracket was bonded to the left lateral incisor. It was left passively for 18 months until the permanent canines started to erupt. Light orthodontic forces were then applied for six months, and a passive eruption was expected over three months to properly position the canines within the dental arch. After an 11-year follow-up, the incisor displayed no clinical symptoms, although radiographic examination revealed external resorption in the long-term., Conclusion: This case demonstrates the successful and fast autotransplantation of an immature inverse impacted dilacerated incisor, highlighting the long-term clinical success and favorable aesthetic outcomes.

Aim: Calcium hydroxide (CH) has been considered as a direct pulp capping materials (DPC) for the last decades despite having some limitations. Phosphorylate pullulan (PPL) incorporated with CH (CHPPL) is a novel biomaterial that was introduced as a promising DPC material. Thus, the aim of the study was to evaluate the inflammatory response and mineralized tissue formation (MTF) ability of PPL-based CH formulations on rat molars after DPC., Methodology: This study consisted of six groups: CH with 1% PPL (CHPPL-1); 3% PPL (CHPPL-3); 5% PPL (CHPPL-5); Dycal and NEX MTA Cement (N-MTA) as the positive control, and no capping materials (NC). One hundred twenty maxillary first molar cavities were prepared on Wistar rats. After capping, all the cavities were restored with 4-META/MMA-TBB resin and pulpal responses were evaluated at days 1, 7, and 28. Kruskal-Wallis followed by Mann-Whitney U-test was performed with a significance level of 0.05. Immunohistochemical expression of IL-6, Nestin, and DMP-1 was observed., Results: At day 1, CHPPL-1, N-MTA, and Dycal exhibited no to mild inflammation, whilst CHPPL-3, CHPPL-5, and NC showed mild to moderate inflammation, and the results were significantly different (p < .05). At day 7, mild to moderate inflammation was observed in CHPPL-1, N-MTA, and Dycal, whereas CHPPL-3, CHPPL-5, and NC exhibited moderate to severe inflammation. Significant differences were observed between CHPPL-1 and N-MTA with NC (p < .05), CHPPL-1 and CHPPL-3 with CHPPL-5 and Dycal (p < .05), and CHPPL-3 with N-MTA (p < .05). A thin layer of mineralized tissue formation (MTF) was observed in all groups. At day 28, CHPPL-1, Dycal, and N-MTA showed no to mild inflammation, whilst CHPPL-3, CHPPL-5, and NC exhibited mild to severe inflammation, and statistically significant difference was detected (p < .05). CHPPL-1, Dycal, and N-MTA exhibited continuous MTF, whilst CHPPL-3, CHPPL-5, and NC had thicker and interrupted MTF. Significant differences were observed between CHPPL-1, CHPPL-3, and N-MTA with NC group (p < .05). Variable expressions of IL-6, Nestin, and DMP-1 indicated differences in the materials' impact on odontoblast-like cell formation and tissue mineralization., Conclusions: These findings suggest that CHPPL-1 has the potential to minimize pulpal inflammation and promote MTF and had similar efficacy as MTA cement., (© 2024 British Endodontic Society. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

criteria were randomized to each irrigant, 65 in the NaOCl and 60 in the NSS groups. ProRoot® MTA was used as a pulp dressing material in both groups and teeth were followed for 12 months. The primary outcome was the success of VPT; requiring both clinical and radiographic success to be considered as success. The hypothesis was that the absolute difference of VPT success in the NSS group was not worse than that in the NaOCl group, by a margin of 5%. The secondary outcome was discoloration; percentages of discolorations between both groups were compared. Results: Using a per protocol analysis, the absolute difference of VPT success between the NSS and NaOCl groups was 2.08% (95% CI: -1.95, 6.1). Perceptible gray discolorations were 80% and 63% in NaOCl and NSS groups (difference -17%; 95% CI: -40.0, 6.2; p=0.15). Conclusions: For MTA-VPT procedure, irrigation with NSS was not worse than that with NaOCl. However, both irrigants caused discoloration. (EEJ-2023-05-065).

Anthocyanins are known as an antioxidant, and their water-soluble purple-colored pigments are very nutritive. Therefore, the present study investigated the antioxidant activity of black rice anthocyanins nano-composite against infertility induced by AlCl3 in rats. Anthocyanin silver nanoparticles (An-AgNPs) were prepared by reducing black rice anthocyanin with the metallic ions. Antioxidant activity (DPPH %) of anthocyanin was determined. Also, the morphology of (An-AgNPs) was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Albino rats were divided into five groups (negative control (NC): fed on basel diet, positive control (PC): treated with AlCl3 (34 mg/kg bw) for seventy days, and three other groups treated with AlCl3 (34 mg/kg bw) + An-AgNPs at 10, 15, and 20 mg/kg, b.w/ day, respectively for seventy days. Serum testosterone, LH, FSH, and estradiol were measured. Additionally, Sperm motility, Sperm count (Testicular and Epididymal), fructose in semen, and semen quality were determined. The values of the anthocyanin component and DPPH radical scavenging activity obtained were 3603.82±6.11 mg CCE/g and 84.62±1.98, respectively. An-AgNPs shows tend to agglomerate, particles are uniform in size and shape, and the diameter of the particles ranges between 70nm to 130nm. LH, estradiol and testosterone levels increased significantly in rats treated with An-AgNPs 10, 15, 20 mg/kg b.w+ AlCl3 (34 mg/kg bw) also exhibited significantly higher sperm motility, sperm count, and daily sperm production, and decreased sperm transit rate than G2. In comparison to G2, animals treated with AlCl3 (34 mg/kg bw) + An-AgNPs 10, 15, 20 mg/kg b.w(G3 to G5) had significantly higher semen and semen quality (P 0.05). We can conclude that the An-AgNPs showed a strong effect against infertility induced by AlCl3; this represents a suitable natural supply of biological substances for medicine and anthocyanins could be considered the ideal ingredients against oxidative stress-induced infertility.

Background: The assessment of the postmortem interval (PMI) represents one of the major challenges in forensic pathology. Because of their stability, microRNAs, or miRNAs, are anticipated to be helpful in forensic research., Objective: To see if estimation of PMI is possible using miRNA-21 and Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) expression levels in the heart samples from aluminum phosphide toxicity (Alpt)., Methods: This was a cross sectional study on 60 post-mortem samples (heart tissues) collected at different intervals during forensic autopsies. The two groups were allocated equally according to the cause of death into Group I (non-toxicated deaths, n = 30): Deaths caused by other than toxicity, and Group II (toxicated deaths, n = 30): Deaths due to Alpt. MDA (Malondialdehyde) and GSH (Glutathione), were measured in heart tissues using ELIZA. MiRNA- 21and HIF-1α expression levels were measured in heart tissues at different PMI using RT-Q PCR. ROC curve for detection of toxicated deaths using miRNA-21 and HIF was carried out., Results: miRNA-21 and HIF-1α expression levels in Alp deaths were up regulated while GSH was downregulated with statistically significant difference. There was positive correlation between miRNA-21, HIF-1α and MDA with PMI while there was negative correlation between GSH and PMI in Alp deaths. In prediction of post mortem interval in Alp deaths miRNA-21 sensitivity and specificity were (75.9 %, 51.7 %, respectively) while HIF-1α sensitivity and specificity were 100 %., Conclusion: PMI can be calculated using the degree to which particular miRNA-21 and HIF-1α are expressed in the heart tissue. The combination of miRNA-21 with HIF-1α in post mortem estimation is precious indicators., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd and Faculty of Forensic and Legal Medicine. All rights reserved.)

The aim was to compare the effect of different endodontic surgical treatments on the stress distributions in dentin of a simulated first mandibular molar tooth using the finite element analysis method. Three surgical endodontic procedures (apical resection, root amputation, and hemisection) were simulated in a first mandibular molar. Biodentine or mineral-trioxide-aggregate was used to repair the surgery site in apical resection and root amputation models; the remaining root canal spaces were filled with gutta-percha. Access cavities were restored using resin composite. In hemisection model, root canal was filled with gutta-percha, and coronal restoration was finished with a monolithic zirconia crown. A sound tooth model was created as a control model. An oblique force of 300 N angled at 45° to the occlusal plane was simulated. Maximum von Mises stresses were evaluated in dentin near the surgery regions and the entire tooth. Apical resection/Biodentine and apical resection/mineral-trioxide-aggregate models generated maximum von Mises stresses of 39.001 MPa and 39.106 MPa, respectively. The recorded maximum von Mises stresses in root amputation models were 66.491 MPa for root amputation/Biodentine and 73.063 MPa for root amputation/mineral-trioxide-aggregate models. The highest maximum von Mises stress value among all models was observed in the hemisection model, measuring 138.87 MPa. Hemisection induced the highest von Mises stresses in dentin, followed by root amputation and apical resection. In apical resection, Biodentine and mineral-trioxide-aggregate did not show a significant difference in stress distribution. Biodentine in root amputation may lead to lower stresses compared to mineral-trioxide-aggregate., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The coagulation process has a high potential as a treatment method that can handle pathogenic viruses including emerging enveloped viruses in drinking water treatment process which can lower infection risk through drinking water consumption. In this study, a surrogate enveloped virus, bacteriophage Փ6, and surrogate non-enveloped viruses, including bacteriophage MS-2, T4, ՓX174, were used to evaluate removal efficiencies and mechanisms by the conventional coagulation process with alum, poly‑aluminum chloride, and ferric chloride at pH 5, 7, and 9 in turbid water. Also, treatability of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a recent virus of global concern by coagulation was evaluated as SARS-CoV-2 can presence in drinking water sources. It was observed that an increase in the coagulant dose enhanced the removal efficiency of turbidity and viruses, and the condition that provided the highest removal efficiency of enveloped and non-enveloped viruses was 50 mg/L of coagulants at pH 5. In addition, the coagulation process was more effective for enveloped virus removal than for the non-enveloped viruses, and it demonstrated reduction of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 over 0.83-log with alum. According to culture- and molecular-based assays (qPCR and CDDP-qPCR), the virus removal mechanisms were floc adsorption and coagulant inactivation. Through inactivation with coagulants, coagulants caused capsid destruction, followed by genome damage in non-enveloped viruses; however, damage to a lipid envelope is suggested to contribute to a great extend for enveloped virus inactivation. We demonstrated that conventional coagulation is a promising method for controlling emerging and re-emerging viruses in drinking water., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Aim: To investigate the effect of 38% SDF and its serial dilutions on the Stem cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous teeth (SHED) and its ability to release growth factors from deciduous dentine., Methods: The viability of SHED post-exposure to 38%, 3.8%, 0.38%, 0.038%, and 0.0038% SDF were assessed at 2, 5, and 7 days using the CyQuant assay, and results were validated using the MTT assay. The osteogenic differentiation of the cells was also investigated post-exposure to 0.0038% SDF. The release of the growth factors; TGF-β1, FGF-b, BMP-2, and VEGF from deciduous dentin discs exposed to 38% SDF, 0.0038% SDF, Ca(OH)2, MTA, and 17% EDTA were examined using ELISA. Statistical analysis was performed using means and standard deviations (p < 0.05). Two-way ANOVA compared the means of more than two groups with Tukey's multiple comparison test. The unpaired t-test was also used to compare the differences between the two data sets., Conclusion: 38% SDF released dentinogenic growth factors from dentin discs, potentially explaining its role in reactionary dentinogenesis. Moreover, 0.0038% SDF resulted in a non-cytotoxic concentration that enhanced cellular proliferation and released bioactive molecules from dentin comparable to the 38% concentration. After further investigations, the 0.0038% dilution of SDF could present itself as a clinical concentration.

Purpose: To explore the effect of using iRoot BP plus and MTA apical barrier surgery in young permanent teeth with chronic apical periodontitis., Methods: A total of 122 patients with chronic periapical periodontitis with open root tips of permanent teeth were randomly divided into experimental group (n=61, 61 teeth) and a control group (n=61, 61 teeth). Patients in the experimental group received iRoot BP plus plus apical barrier surgery, while those in the control group received MTA apical barrier surgery. The old periapical index (O-PAI), apical transmission area, efficacy, treatment times, and inflammatory factor levels of the two groups of patients were compared at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after surgery. SPSS 19.0 software package was used for statistical analysis., Results: At 12 months after surgery, the O-PAI ratings of the experimental group and the control group were (1.48±0.36) and (1.71±0.42), respectively, and the apical transmission area was (0.51±0.14) and (1.09±0.31). There was a significant difference in the O-PAI ratings and apical transmission area between the two groups(P＜0.05). At 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after surgery, the O-PAI scores of patients in both groups gradually decreased (P＜0.05). After 12 months of treatment, the success rates of the experimental group and the control group were 98.36% and 88.52%, respectively, with significant difference between the two groups (P＜0.05). The treatment frequency of patients in the experimental group and the control group was (3.64±0.58) times and (4.72±0.61) times, respectively, with a significant difference between the two groups(P＜0.05). After 3 months of treatment, the serum hs-CRP levels in the experimental group and the control group were (6.89±1.13) mg/L and (7.25±1.40) mg/L, respectively, with a significant difference compared to pre-treatment(P＜0.05). After 3 months of treatment, the serum IL-6 levels in the experimental group and the control group were (82.04±19.62) mg/L and (87.52±20.85) mg/L, respectively, with significant differences compared to pre-treatment (P＜0.05). There was no significant difference in serum IL-6 and hs-CRP levels between the two groups before and after treatment(P＞0.05)., Conclusions: iRoot BP plus apical barrier surgery for the treatment of chronic apical periodontitis with open permanent teeth can reduce the O-PAI index, decrease the number of postoperative visits, and have a higher postoperative success rate.

The process of neovascularization during cell-based pulp regeneration is difficult to study. Here we developed a tube model that simulates root canal space and allows direct visualization of the vascularization process in vitro. Endothelial-like cells (ECs) derived from guiding human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) into expressing endothelial cell markers CD144, vWF, VEGFR1, and VEGFR2 were used. Human microvascular endothelial cells (hMVECs) were used as a positive control. DPSC-ECs formed tubules on Matrigel similar to hMVECs. Cells were mixed in fibrinogen/thrombin or mouse blood and seeded into wells of 96-well plates or injected into a tapered plastic tube (14 mm in length and 1 or 2 mm diameter of the apex opening) with the larger end sealed with MTA to simulate root canal space. Cells/gels in wells or tubes were incubated for various times in vitro and observed under the microscope for morphological changes. Samples were then fixed and processed for histological analysis to determine vessel formation. Vessel-like networks were observed in culture from 1 to 3 d after cell seeding. Cells/gels in 96-well plates were maintained up to 25 d. Histologically, both hMVECs and DPSC-ECs in 96-well plates or tubes showed intracellular vacuole formation. Some cells showed merged large vacuoles indicating the lumenization. Tubular structures were also observed resembling blood vessels. Cells appeared healthy throughout the tube except some samples (1 mm apical diameter) in the coronal third. Histological analysis also showed pulp-like soft tissue throughout the tube samples with vascular-like structures. hMVECs formed larger vascular lumen size than DPSC-ECs while the latter tended to have more lumen and tubular structure counts. We conclude that DPSC-ECs can form vascular structures and sustained in the 3-dimensional fibrin gel system in vitro. The tube model appears to be a proper and simple system simulating the root canal space for vascular formation and pulp regeneration studies., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Background and Objectives: In teeth with open apices, performing single session apexification is a challenging treatment due to the difficulty in handling mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). Minimally invasive approaches in dentistry have also influenced the cavity designs in endodontics. Until now, different techniques have not been investigated in addition to manual condensation during the process of placing MTA in traditional (TradACs) or conservative (ConsACs) endodontic access cavities. The aim of this in vitro study was to compare and evaluate the obturation quality of MTA apical plugs placed with different techniques in TradACs or ConsACs. Materials and Methods : Sixty upper central teeth were divided into two main groups based on cavity design, and then each main group was further divided into three subgroups according to MTA placement techniques ( n = 10): TradAC-manual, TradAC-manual + indirect ultrasonic activation, TradAC-manual + XP-endo Shaper (XPS), ConsAC-manual, ConsAC-manual + indirect ultrasonic activation, and ConsAC-manual + XPS. Subsequently, the porosity percentages in the MTA apical plug were analyzed using micro-computed tomography. The statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis H test and Mann-Whitney U test. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: There were differences in volume of porosity percentages (%) according to cavity designs and MTA application techniques ( p < 0.05). Except for the XPS group, more porosity was observed in ConsACs compared to TradACs. In TradACs, the significantly lowest open and total porosity was observed in the manual, ultrasonic, and XPS techniques, respectively. In ConsACs, the significantly lowest porosity was observed in the manual, XPS, and ultrasonic techniques, respectively ( p < 0.05). Conclusions: In MTA obturation, cavity designs and application techniques had an impact on the MTA porosity. Creating an apical plug in ConsACs may result in more porosity compared to TradACs, especially when manual or indirect ultrasonic activation is preferred. Opting for the manual technique alone may be considered sufficient for controlling porosity for both TradACs and ConsACs.

Using ferric chloride (FeCl3) to induce experimental superior sagittal sinus (SSS) thrombosis might interfere with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-assisted visualization and evaluation of the thrombus, the brain parenchyma, and the quality of the occlusion. The aim of this study was to investigate whether aluminum chloride (AlCl3)-induced thrombosis of the SSS has comparable properties to those of FeCl3 without causing artifacts in MRI. SSS thrombosis was induced in 14 male Wistar rats by exposure of the SSS and subsequent topical application of a filter paper strip soaked in AlCl3 (n = 7) or FeCl3 (n = 7) over a period of 15 min. The animals with AlCl3-induced SSS thrombosis showed a constant and complete occlusion with in histological analysis large thrombi. Blood flow measurements indicated a significant reduction on the first and seventh postoperative day compared to preoperative measurements. MRI enabled visualization and subsequent evaluation of the thrombus and the surrounding parenchyma. In comparison, FeCl3-induced SSS thrombosis could not be evaluated by MRI due to artifacts caused by the paramagnetic properties and increased susceptibility of FeCl3. The occluded sinus and the surrounding area appeared hypointense. The quality of SSS occlusion by AlCl3 was comparable to that of FeCl3. AlCl3 therefore represents a significant alternative substance in experimental SSS thrombosis ideally suited for studies using MRI., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

This in vitro study compared various obturation techniques with bioceramic sealers for filling C-shaped 3D-printed replicas. A mandibular molar with a C-shaped root canal with a C1 configuration was obtained. After instrumenting with M3 Pro Gold files (United Dental, Shanghai, China) up to size #30/0.04, a CBCT scan of the tooth was taken. Sixty 3D-printed replicas of the tooth were created. The samples were obturated with EndoSeal TCS sealer (E. TCS; Maruchi, Wonju, Korea) or EndoSeal MTA (E. MTA; Maruchi, Wonju, Korea) (n = 30). The samples in each group were obturated with the following techniques (n = 10): (1) single-cone technique (SC), (2) SC with ultrasonic activation (UA), and (3) cold hydraulic compaction (CHC). Following incubation, the replicas' apical, middle, and coronal thirds were inspected under a digital microscope, and the proportion of filling material and void were calculated. Also, the obturation time and sealer extrusion were recorded. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, LSD post-hoc, and the chi-square tests (α = 0.05). The results indicated that in the apical third, E. TCS-SC, E. TCS-UA, and E. MTA-UA had the lowest void percentage among groups (p < 0.05). In the middle thirds, samples obturated with E. TCS-UA showed a significantly lower void percentage among all groups (p < 0.05). However, in the coronal third, E. TCS-CHC showed the least void percentage (p < 0.05), followed by E. TCS-UA and E. MTA-CHC. The E. TCS-SC and E. TCS-UA were the least time-consuming methods (p < 0.05). Sealer extrusion significantly differed among the groups, with E. MTA-UA and E. TCS-UA showing higher incidence (p = 0.019). It was concluded that E. TCS-UA was the most convenient obturation technique. However, care must be taken when obturating the canals with high flow and ultrasonic activation near the vital anatomical landmarks., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

In this study, the potential of aluminum nitride (h-AlN), boron nitride (h-BN) and silicon carbide (h-SiC) nanosheets as the drug delivery systems (DDS) of isoniazid (INH) was scrutinized through density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamic (MD) simulations. We performed DFT periodic calculations on the geometry and electronic features of nanosheets adsorbed with INH by the DFT functional (DZP/GGA-PBE) employed in the SIESTA code. In the energetically favorable model, an oxygen atom of the C-O group of the INH molecule interacts with a Si atom of the h-SiC at 2.077 Å with an interaction energy of -1.361 eV. Charge transfer (CT) calculation by employing the Mulliken, Hirshfeld and Voronoi approaches reveals that the monolayers and drug molecules act as donors and acceptors, respectively. The density of states (DOS) calculations indicate that the HOMO-LUMO energy gap (HLG) of the h-SiC nanosheet declines significantly from 2.543 to 1.492 eV upon the adsorption of the INH molecule, which causes an electrical conductivity increase and then produces an electrical signal. The signal is linked to the existence of INH, demonstrating that h-SiC may be an appropriate sensor for INH sensing. The decrease in HLG for the interaction of INH and h-SiC is the uppermost (up to 41%) representing the uppermost sensitivity, whereas the sensitivity trend is σ (h-SiC) > σ (h-AlN) > σ (h-BN). Quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) investigations is employed to scrutinize the nature of the INH/nanosheet interactions. The QTAIM analysis reveals that the interaction of the INH molecule and h-SiC has a partially covalent nature, while INH/h-AlN model electrostatic interaction occurs in the system and noncovalent and electrostatic interaction for the INH/h-BN model. Finally, the state-of-the-art DFT-MD simulations utilized in this study can mimic ambient conditions. The results obtained from the MD simulation show that it takes more time to bond the INH drug and h-SiC, and the INH/h-SiC system becomes stable. The results of the current research demonstrate the potential of h-SiC as a suitable sensor and drug delivery platform for INH drugs to remedy tuberculosis.

Due to the heterogeneity of tumors, strategies to improve the effectiveness of dual-targeting tracers in tumor diagnostics have been intensively practiced. In this study, the radiolabeled [ 18 F]AlF-NOTA-FAPI-RGD (denoted as [ 18 F]AlF-LNC1007), a dual-targeting heterodimer tracer targeting both fibroblast activation protein (FAP) and integrin α v β 3 to enhance specific tumor uptake and retention, was synthesized and evaluated. The tracer was compared with [ 68 Ga]Ga-LNC1007 in preclinical and clinical settings., Methods: The preparation of [ 18 F]AlF- and  68 Ga-labeled FAPI-RGD was carried out with an optimized protocol. The stability was tested in PBS and fetal bovine serum (FBS). Cellular uptake and in vivo distribution of the two products were compared and carried out on the U87MG cell line and its xenograft model. The safety and dosimetry of [ 18 F]AlF-LNC1007 PET/CT scan were evaluated in six patients with malignant tumors., Results: Two radiolabeling protocols of [ 18 F]AlF-/[ 68 Ga]Ga-LNC1007 were developed and optimized to give a high yield of tracers with good stability. In vivo microPET images showed that the two tracers exhibited comparable pharmacokinetic characteristics, with high tumor uptake and prolonged tumor retention. In vivo distribution data showed that the target-to-non-target ratios of [ 18 F]AlF-LNC1007 were similar to[ 68 Ga]Ga-LNC1007. A total of six patients underwent [ 18 F]AlF-LNC1007 PET/CT evaluation while two had head-to-head [ 18 F]FDG PET/CT scans. The total body effective dose was 9.94E-03 mSv/MBq. The biodistribution curve showed optimal normal organ uptake with high tumor uptake and long retention of up to 3h p.i., and notably, the tumor-to-background ratio increased over time., Conclusion: We successfully prepared an [ 18 F]AlF-LNC1007 dual-targeting PET probe with comparable performances as [ 68 Ga]Ga-LNC1007. With prolonged tumor retention and tumor specificity, it produced good imaging quality in preclinical and clinical translational studies, indicating that [ 18 F]AlF-LNC1007 is a promising non-invasive tracer for detecting tumors expressing FAP and/or integrin a v β 3 , with the prospect of clinical implementation., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Purpose: This study evaluated the dentin bonding strength and biomineralization effect of a recently developed premixed calcium aluminate-based endodontic sealer (Dia-Root Bio Sealer) in comparison with existing calcium silicate-based sealers., Methods: The root canals of 80 mandibular premolars were filled with Dia-Root Bio Sealer, Endoseal MTA, EndoSequence BC Sealer, and AH Plus Bioceramic Sealer. Medial and apical specimens were then obtained by sectioning. The push-out bond strength was measured using the medial specimens, and the failure mode was recorded. Intratubular biomineralization in the apical specimens was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance followed by the Tukey test (P < 0.05)., Results: The push-out bond strength of Dia-Root Bio Sealer was significantly higher than that of the other tested materials, and a cohesive failure pattern was observed in all groups. Dia-Root Bio Sealer also exhibited a significantly higher degree of biomineralization than the other groups, and EDS analysis indicated that the biomineralized precipitates were amorphous calcium phosphate., Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that Dia-Root Bio Sealer has the potential to be used as an adequate root canal sealer due to its favorable bonding performance.

This work introduces a systematic approach for the development of Kretschmann configuration-based biosensors designed for non-invasive urine glucose detection. The methodology encompasses the utilization of various semiconductors, including Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge), Gallium Nitride (GaN), Aluminum Nitride (AlN), and Indium Nitride (InN), in combination with a bimetallic layer (comprising Au and Ag films of equal thickness) to enhance the biosensor sensitivity. Additionally, 2D nanomaterials, such as Black Phosphorus and Graphene, are integrated into the semiconductor layers to enhance performance further. These configurations are meticulously optimized through the application of the transfer matrix method (TMM), and the sensing parameters are assessed using the angular modulation method. Among the semiconductors, AlN and GaN exhibit superior results. On these substrates, Graphene and Black phosphorous (BP) layers are applied, resulting in four final structures (thicknesses in nm): BK7/Au(26)/Ag(26)/Si(6)/BP(0.53)/Biosample, BK7/Au(26)/Ag(26)/AlN(14)/BP(0.53)/Biosample, BK7/Au(26)/Ag(26)/GaN(12)/BP(0.53)/Biosample, and BK7/Au(26)/Ag(26)/GaN(12)/Graphene(0.34)/Biosample. These biosensors achieve Sensitivity(° /RIU) and Figure of Merit (FoM) (1/RIU) of 380, 360, 440, 400, and 58.5, 90, 90.65, and 82.4, respectively. Subsequently, these high-performing sensors undergo testing with actual urine glucose samples. Among them, two biosensors, BK7/Au(26)/Ag(26)/AlN(14)/BP (0.53)/Biosample and BK7/Au(26)/Ag(26)/GaN(14)/Graphene(0.34)/Biosample, exhibit outstanding performance, with sensitivities (° /RIU) and FoM (1/RIU) of 394.44 & 294.44, and 112.6 & 92.01 respectively. A comparison is also made with relevant previously published work, revealing improved performance in glucose detection.

This study aimed to assess the calcium (Ca 2+ ) and hydroxyl (OH - ) ion-releasing ability, namely the biointeractivity of eggshell-derived hydroxyapatite (ESDHA) in comparison with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and calcium hydroxide (CH). ESDHA, MTA and CH samples (n = 10; 8 × 1.6 mm) were immersed in 10 mL of deionised water (37°C, pH 6.8). Ca 2+ and OH - ion releases were detected in 1, 7 and 21 days. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses were also conducted. IBM SPSS 20.0 was used for statistical analyses. The cumulative Ca 2+ ions (56.22 ± 11.28 ppm) were detected as most significant in ESDHA (day 21; p < 0.05). The OH - ion values of the ESDHA group were statistically higher than MTA and CH (days 1 and 7; p < 0.05). ESDHA and CH showed a similar pattern with sharp peaks in Ca 2+ , oxygen and carbon elements. ESDHA being a sustainable material with a high ion-releasing ability may be a preferable alternative to the commercial vital pulp therapy agents., (© 2023 Australian Society of Endodontology Inc.)

This study aimed to analyse the effect of root-end resection on the sealing ability of orthograde apical plugs of three root-end filling materials (MTA Repair HP, Biodentine, MTA Plus) using the bacterial leakage method and compare it with the retrograde root-end filling technique. Eighty-four extracted mandibular premolar teeth with single root and single straight canals were selected and randomly divided into two main experimental groups (n = 36) depending on the apical plug placement technique and a control: Group I: orthograde technique, followed by root-end resection; Group II: retrograde root-end filling technique; one control Group III (n = 12): obturation with gutta-percha, followed by root-end resection. Experimental groups were further subdivided into three subgroups A, B, and C (n = 12) depending on the three different root-end filling materials used. An apical plug of 3 mm thickness was obtained in both the experimental groups. The apical sealing ability was evaluated with the dual-chamber bacterial leakage method. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis test. By the end of 30 days, the occurrence of turbidity indicating bacterial leakage was 75% in MTA Repair HP, 83.3% in Biodentine, and 91.7% in MTA Plus samples. This trend of turbidity was similar in both orthograde and retrograde technique. The control group showed turbidity in all the samples (100%). More MTA Repair HP samples (25%) survived the 30 days observation period with no bacterial leakage compared to Biodentine (16.7%) and MTA Plus (8.3%). The sealing ability of already set root-end filling materials placed through the orthograde technique did not deteriorate after root-end resection. Also among three root-end filling materials, MTA Repair HP presented the lowest bacterial microleakage followed by Biodentine and MTA Plus, respectively., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to The Society of The Nippon Dental University.)

In this study, we propose a low-cost piezoelectric flexible pressure sensor fabricated on Kapton ® ( Kapton ™ Dupont ) substrate by using aluminum nitride (AlN) thin film, designed for the monitoring of the respiration rate for a fast detection of respiratory anomalies. The device was characterized in the range of 15-30 breaths per minute (bpm), to simulate moderate difficult breathing, borderline normal breathing, and normal spontaneous breathing. These three breathing typologies were artificially reproduced by setting the expiratory to inspiratory ratios (E:I) at 1:1, 2:1, 3:1. The prototype was able to accurately recognize the breath states with a low response time (~35 ms), excellent linearity (R 2 = 0.997) and low hysteresis. The piezoelectric device was also characterized by placing it in an activated carbon filter mask to evaluate the pressure generated by exhaled air through breathing acts. The results indicate suitability also for the monitoring of very weak breath, exhibiting good linearity, accuracy, and reproducibility, in very low breath pressures, ranging from 0.09 to 0.16 kPa. These preliminary results are very promising for the future development of smart wearable devices able to monitor different patients breathing patterns, also related to breathing diseases, providing a suitable real-time diagnosis in a non-invasive and fast way.

To evaluate the success of pulpotomy in treating immature permanent teeth with irreversible pulpitis. This case series included patients with irreversible pulpitis admitted to the Department of Oral Medicine at the author's Hospital between 2015 and 2020. The pulpotomies were carried out by clinicians with > 5 years of working experience. The follow-up findings and radiographic images were reviewed by two attending dentists. This study included 49 teeth from 48 children (25 boys and 23 girls). The follow-up was 23.3 ± 6.8 months (from 12 to 40 months). The success rate of pulpotomy was 85.7% (42/49). Pulpotomy failed in seven teeth (14.3%). The treatment success rate for traumatic crown fracture was lower than for dental caries and dens evaginatus (P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the success rate of the pulp-capping agent, tooth root developmental phase, and pulpotomy method (all P > 0.05). Pulpotomy might be successfully used to treat immature permanent teeth with irreversible pulpitis in young patients mainly caused by caries and a fractured tubercle of dens evaginatus., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

In vitro models of the dental pulp microenvironment have been proposed for the assessment of biomaterials, to minimise animal use in operative dentistry. In this study, a scaffold/3-D dental pulp cell culture interface was created in a microchip, under simulated dental pulp pressure, to evaluate the cell-homing potential of a chitosan (CH) scaffold functionalised with calcium aluminate (the 'CHAlCa scaffold'). This microphysiological platform was cultured at a pressure of 15 cm H 2 O for up to 14 days; cell viability, migration and odontoblastic differentiation were then assessed. The CHAlCa scaffold exhibited intense chemotactic potential, causing cells to migrate from the 3-D culture to its surface, followed by infiltration into the macroporous structure of the scaffold. By contrast, the cells in the presence of the non-functionalised chitosan scaffold showed low cell migration and no cell infiltration. CHAlCa scaffold bioactivity was confirmed in dentin sialophosphoprotein-positive migrating cells, and odontoblastic markers were upregulated in 3-D culture. Finally, in situ mineralised matrix deposition by the cells was confirmed in an Alizarin Red-based assay, in which the CHAlCa and CH scaffolds were adapted to fit within dentin discs. More intense deposition of matrix was observed with the CHAlCa scaffold, as compared to the CH scaffold. In summary, we present an in vitro platform that provides a simple and reproducible model for selecting and developing innovative biomaterials through the assessment of their cell-homing potential. By using this platform, it was shown that the combination of calcium aluminate and chitosan has potential as an inductive biomaterial that can mediate dentin tissue regeneration during cell-homing therapies., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Dredged soil and phosphogypsum (PG) are waste materials that must be treated to reduce their negative environmental effects. Guided by the concept of waste treatment, this study proposed the use of PG as a supplementary cementitious material to stabilize waste-dredged soil, and calcium aluminate cement (CAC) was selected to further improve the strength of the cement-treated dredged soil. Several laboratory tests were conducted to investigate the pH, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and failure strain of the cement-treated soils in different proportions. Microstructural and mineralogical tests were performed to reveal the mechanisms underlying the strength improvement of PG and CAC. The results showed that both PG and CAC enhanced the strength of cement-treated dredged soil. PG provided SO2- 4 to promote the formation of ettringite (aluminum ferrite trisulfate (AFt)), whereas CAC neutralized the acidity of PG and provided reactants to the reaction system, leading to an increase in the pH and strength with an increase in the relative CAC content. Meanwhile, an exponential relationship was obtained between pH and q u . Mineralogical changes demonstrated that the major hydration products of cementitious materials, such as calcium silicate (aluminate) hydrate (C-(A)-S-H), AFt, and calcium aluminate hydrate (C-A-H), enhanced the strength by filling pores between particles and bridging soil particles. However, excess CAC content may not be favorable for the later strength formation, the relative CAC content is recommended to be in the range of 40%-60%. Compared to using sand, the construction of a square kilometer of reclamation consumed 3.5 million tons of PG, and saved 1.54 billion USD by using dredged soil as raw material. Hence, the use of PG to treat dredged soils will have great environmental sustainability, economic benefits, and engineering value., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest We declare that we have no financial and personal relationships with other people or organization that can inappropriately influence our work, there is no professional or other personal interest of any nature or kind in any product, service and/or company that could be construed as influencing the position presented in, or the review of the manuscript entitled “Effect of recycled phosphogypsum and calcium aluminate cement on the strength behavior optimization of cement-treated dredged soil: a co-utilization of solid wastes”., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

GSK-3 inhibitors, such as Tideglusib (TG) and CHIR-99021 (CHIR), show promise in stimulating reparative dentin formation. The aim of this study was to assess the discoloration potential of TG and CHIR in an established in vitro model. Enamel-dentin specimens made from bovine incisors were randomly allocated to five groups (n=15 each): group bovine blood (BB), group dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), group TG, group CHIR, and group mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). Each specimen had a central cavity in which the respective material was applied and sealed with resin-based luting material. Color determination was conducted using a dental spectrophotometer at t0 (before filling), t1 (immediately after filling), t2 (after one week), t3 (after one month), t4 (after three months), t5 (after six months), and t6 (after one year). Statistical analysis involved descriptive statistics, Kruskal-Wallis tests, and analysis of variance (α=0.05). Group BB and group CHIR exhibited the most significant decrease in lightness (ΔL*) after one year (ΔL*-4.7 and ΔL* -5.7, respectively), whereas groups DMSO, TG, and MTA showed minimal changes (DMSO ΔL*: -0.3; TG ΔL*: 1.4; MTA ΔL*: -0.5). Group BB and CHIR exhibited the highest ΔE values (6.4Å}0.6 and 6.5Å}0.8, respectively). Unlike CHIR, TG did not result in discoloration exceeding the threshold of visual perception, defined by a ΔE value of 5.5, during the one-year observation period. This laboratory study therefore suggests that TG could be utilized for indirect or direct pulp capping without major discoloration concerns. However, additional research is required to corroborate these findings.

The aim of this two-center randomized controlled trial was to assess the outcomes and relative factors associated with pulpotomies performed using a premixed injectable calcium silicate cement, as compared to mineral trioxide aggregate in mature permanent premolar and molar teeth with reversible pulpitis. Included teeth were randomly divided into two groups according to pulpotomy material (ProRoot MTA [PMTA] group, Endocem MTA Premixed [EPM] group). After pulp exposure, the superficial pulp was either removed to a depth of 2 mm (partial pulpotomy) or completely amputated to the level of the root canal orifice (full pulpotomy). A 3-mm layer of either material was randomly placed over the pulp wound, followed by the application of a thin layer of a light-cured glass ionomer composite liner. The restoration procedure was then carried out during the same visit. After one year of treatment, the pulpotomy success rate was 94.4% (67/71), with no significant difference between the PMTA and EPM groups. The success rate was 93.9% in the PMTA group and 97.1% in the EPM group. There were no significant factors related to the procedures. EPM is a viable alternative to PMTA for single-visit pulpotomies of permanent premolars and molars., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Chrysomya albiceps (Calliphoridae) is among the earliest successional fauna on human and animal cadavers. Some immature Calliphoridae can be useful for determination of post-mortem interval. Toxins, particularly pesticides, can affect the rate of insect growth. Aluminum phosphide (AlP) is an affordable insecticide that has not been adequately entomotoxicologically evaluated. So, the impact of AlP on the developmental rate of different stages of C. albiceps was investigated. Larvae of C. albiceps were reared on the rabbit carcasses containing AlP as a treated group, and distilled water as a control group. The substances were administered by a gastric tube. The duration needed for development of C. albiceps stages was documented. Body length, width and weight of larvae were measured after 24, 48, 72 and 96 h from egg hatching. The duration of development increased significantly in the treated group compared to the control group. Larvae body measurements were significantly smaller in the treated group than in the control group. Therefore, it was demonstrated that AlP significantly influences the size of C. albiceps larvae and extends their development. During forensic application, interpretation of C. albiceps data should be used with caution when aluminum phosphide may be the cause of death.

Purpose: This study is focused on monitoring process parameters and quality attributes of aluminum phosphate (AlPO 4 ) using multiple in-line probes incorporated into an industrial-scale adjuvant suspension manufacturing unit., Methods: The manufacturing of aluminum adjuvant suspension was monitored at manufacturing scale using conductivity, turbidity, infrared, and particle sizing and count probes to follow the continuous evolution of particle formation and size distribution, and the reaction kinetics during the synthesis of AlPO 4 ., Results: The data showed that AlPO 4 forms large particles at the early stages of mixing, followed by a decrease in size and then stabilization towards the later stages of mixing and pH adjustment. The results provided a complementary view of process events and assisted in optimizing several parameters, e.g., flow rate of reactants AlCl 3 and Na 3 PO 4 solutions, mixing rate, pH, and conductivity of AlPO 4 , as well as adjuvant quality attribute such as particle size, thus streamlining and shortening the process development stage., Conclusion: The results of this study showed the usefulness of the in-line probes to automate continuous assessment of AlPO 4 batch-to-batch consistency during in-house adjuvant production at the industrial scale., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Dental bases require low thermal conductivity and good mechanical properties, such as bonding with composite resins. This study aims to elucidate the physicochemical properties of premixed mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) for its suitability as a dental base and to explore the optimal adhesive strategy with composite resin. The thermal conductivity and compressive strength of this premixed MTA are 0.12 W/(m•K) and 93.76 MPa, respectively, Which are deemed adequate for its application as dental base. When bonded to composite resin, the use of 37% phosphoric acid etching before applying the Clearfil SE bond significantly reduced the bonding strength between composite resin and premixed MTA. This was because the compressive strength and Vickers hardness of premixed MTA decreased, and tricalcium silicate was dissolved from the surface during acid etching. Therefore, it is recommended to avoid using 37% phosphoric acid etching when bonding premixed MTA and composite resin as a dental base.

Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) exhibit excellent mechanical properties and are used to reinforce various composites. The effects of incorporating CNFs into commercial mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) cements (NEX MTA (NEX) and ProRoot ® MTA (PR)) on the underwater setting properties, compressive strength, and flowability were estimated in this study. NEX mixed without CNFs disintegrated after water immersion. NEX mixed with CNF-suspended solutions showed good setting properties under water immersion and a similar compressive strength, which was kept in air (100% relative humidity). PR did not degrade after water immersion, regardless of the presence of CNFs, and no significant difference in the compressive strength caused by CNFs incorporation was detected. The relative flowability of the NEX mixture decreased with increasing CNFs content up to 1.0 w/v%. The application of CNF-incorporated MTA in various dental cases is promising because CNFs prevent the water-immersion-dependent collapse of some MTA cements immediately after mixing.

Cortisol hormone imbalances can be detected through non-invasive sweat monitoring using field-effect transistor (FET) biosensors, which provide rapid and sensitive detection. However, challenges like skin compatibility and integration with sweat collection have hindered FET biosensors as wearable sensing platforms. In this study, we present an integrated wearable sticker for real-time cortisol detection based on an extended-gate AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) combined with a soft bottom substrate and flexible channel for sweat collection. The developed devices exhibit excellent linearity ( R 2 = 0.990) and a high sensitivity of 1.245 μA dec -1 for cortisol sensing from 1 nM to 100 μM in high-ionic-strength solution, with successful cortisol detection demonstrated using authentic human sweat samples. Additionally, the chip's microminiature design effectively reduces bending impact during the wearable process of traditional soft binding sweat sensors. The extendedgate structure design of the HEMT chip enhances both width-to-length ratio and active sensing area, resulting in an exceptionally low detection limit of 100 fM. Futhermore, due to GaN material's inherent stability, this device exhibits long-term stability with sustained performance within a certain attenuation range even after 60 days. These stickers possess small, lightweight, and portable features that enable real-time cortisol detection within 5 minutes through direct sweat collection. The application of this technology holds great potential in the field of personal health management, facilitating users to conveniently monitor their mental and physical conditions.

Background: The aim of the present study was to investigate the micro-shear bond strength (µSBS) of various restorative materials applied on two different fast-setting calcium silicate-based materials and to evaluate the effect of restoration time on µSBS., Methods: A total of 180 acrylic blocks with a cavity in the center were randomly divided into 2 main groups according to the capping material to be used (Biodentine or RetroMTA). The specimens were also randomly divided into 3 groups according to the restoration time (3 min, 12 min, 24 h). After the specified waiting periods, glass hybrid material (EQUIA Forte HT), resin composite (Filtek Z550) and light-cured calcium silicate material (Theracal LC) were placed on the specimens with tygon tubes. The specimens were kept for 24 h and then subjected to µSBS test. Statistical analysis was performed by 3-way ANOVA followed by Tukey test for pairwise comparisons (α = 0.05)., Results: There is a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between the µSBS values obtained by applying resin composite on RetroMTA after different setting times (24 h > 12 min > 3 min). The µSBS obtained for the Biodentine-resin composite at the end of the 3 min setting time is significantly lower (p < 0.05) than the µSBS values at 12 min and 24 h. For both calcium silicate cements, at the end of all time periods, the µSBS obtained when resin composite was applied at the end was higher than the other materials (p < 0.05)., Conclusions: For Biodentine-resin composite bonding, the manufacturer's recommendation of 12 min can be considered an appropriate time, whereas for RetroMTA-resin composite bonding, the µSBS increased as the waiting time increased. Regardless of the waiting time, it is recommended to prefer direct composite resin restoration over Biodentine and RetroMTA., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: As calcium silicate-based cements (CSCs) have found success in various vital pulp therapy applications, several new CSC products have emerged. This study aimed to assess the genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and bioactivity of four CSCs by comparing the newly introduced materials Bio MTA+ and MTA Cem with previously studied materials, Biodentine and NeoMTA., Methods: Genotoxicity was evaluated using the micronucleus (MN) assay in human peripheral blood lymphocyte cells, measuring MN frequency and nuclear division index (NDI). Cytotoxicity was assessed in human dental pulp stem cells through the Water-Soluble Tetrazolium Salt-1 (WST-1) colorimetric assay. Bioactivity was determined by ELISA, measuring the levels of angiogenic and odontogenic markers (BMP-2, FGF-2, VEGF, and ALP). Statistical analyses included ANOVA, Dunnet and Sidak tests, and Wald chi-square test. (p < .05)., Results: The MN frequency in the groups was significantly lower than that in the positive control group (tetraconazole) (p < .05). NDI values decreased with increasing concentration (p < .05). Bio MTA+ and NeoMTA showed decreased cell viability at all concentrations in 7-day cultures (p < .01). All materials increased BMP-2, FGF-2, and VEGF levels, with Biodentine and NeoMTA showing the highest levels of BMP-2 and FGF-2 on day 7. Biodentine displayed the highest VEGF levels on day 7. Biodentine and NeoMTA groups exhibited significantly higher ALP activity than the Bio MTA+ and MTA Cem groups by day 7., Conclusion: Bio MTA+ and MTA Cem demonstrated no genotoxic or cytotoxic effects. Moreover, this study revealed bioactive potentials of Bio MTA+ and MTA Cem by enhancing the expression of angiogenic and osteogenic growth factors., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Ceramics are the oxides of metals and nonmetals with excellent compressive strength. Ceramics usually exhibit inert behavior at high temperatures. Magnesium aluminate (MgAl2O4), a member of the ceramic family, possesses a high working temperature up to 2000°C, low thermal conductivity, high strength even at elevated temperatures, and good corrosion resistance. Moreover, Magnesium Aluminate Nanoparticles (MANPs) can be used in the making of refractory crucible applications. This study focuses on the thermal behavior of Magnesium Aluminate Nanoparticles (MANPs) and their application in the making of refractory crucibles. The molten salt method is used to obtain MANPs. The presence of MANPs is seen by XRD peaks ranging from 66° to 67°. The determination of the smallest crystallite size of the sample is achieved by utilizing the Scherrer formula and is found to be 15.3 nm. The SEM micrographs provided further information, indicating an average particle size of 91.2 nm. At 600°C, DSC curves show that only 0.05 W/g heat flows into the material, and the TGA curve shows only 3% weight loss, which is prominent for thermal insulation applications. To investigate the thermal properties, crucibles of pure MANPs and the different compositions of MANPs and pure alumina are prepared. During the sintering, cracks appear on the crucible of pure magnesium aluminate. To explore the reason for crack development, tablets of MgAl2O4 are made and sintered at 1150°C. Ceramography shows the crack-free surfaces of all the tablets. Results confirm the thermal stability of MANPs at high temperatures and their suitability for melting crucible applications., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Khan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Introduction : Aluminum phosphide is a pesticide that is used in developing countries. Aluminum phosphide poisoning has a high mortality rate and there is no known antidote. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of insulin-euglycemia therapy in the management of patients with acute aluminum phosphide poisoning. Methods : This trial was prospectively registered in the Pan African Clinical Trials Registry (PACTR202008534546951). A total of 108 patients were randomly allocated to two groups. The intervention group received insulin-euglycemia therapy in addition to standard treatment (norepinephrine and supportive care); the control group received standard treatment plus placebo. The main outcome measures were survival, blood pressure, and laboratory investigations. Results : The two groups had similar baseline parameters. Insulin-euglycemia therapy was associated with a significant reduction in mortality compared with that in the control group (64.8 percent and 96.3 percent, respectively; P value <0.001). Patients randomized to insulin-euglycemia also required lower doses of vasopressors (median was 7 mg versus 26 mg in control group; P value 0.006) and fewer patients needed intubation (61.1 percent versus 81.5 percent in the control group; P value 0.019). Insulin-euglycemia therapy significantly improved blood pressure (systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure) (median at 6h post-admission was 80 mmHg, 55 mmHg and 65 mmHg compared with 20 mmHg, 10 mmHg and 13 mmHg in the control group respectively; P value <0.001) and bicarbonate and lactate concentrations. Conclusion : Insulin-euglycemia therapy appears to be a safe and effective treatment option for patients with aluminum phosphide poisoning. Vasopressor only therapy was associated with very poor outcomes in acute aluminum phosphide poisoning.

Background: Aluminum phosphide toxicity is a serious problem in many countries. Unfortunately, there is no specific antidote. N-acetylcysteine has been used in some studies as adjuvant therapy depending on to its antioxidant properties. We hypothesized that IV N-acetylcysteine is effective in reducing mortality rate compared to supportive treatment alone., Methods: We searched in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases. We only included randomized controlled trials that assessed the efficacy of IV N-acetylcysteine and supportive treatment versus supportive treatment alone in acute aluminum phosphide poisoning. Four investigators independently screened the studies' results and designed the data extraction sheet. The primary and secondary outcomes were mortality and the need for mechanical ventilation rates. Random effects estimators with weights were used to result in the pooled risk ratios., Results: We included four randomized controlled trials with 177 patients. 91 patients were distributed in N-acetylcysteine group and 86 patients in the control group. Mortality rates in N-acetylcysteine group and in the control group were 43.95% 66.27% respectively. There was a statistically significant reduction in mortality rate after leave out test (pooled risk ratio, 0.5; 95% confidence interval, 0.32-0.77). Regarding the need for mechanical ventilation, it was measured only in three RCTs. It was assessed in 67 patients in N-acetylcysteine group and 60 patients in the control group. 24 patients were ventilated in N-acetylcysteine group (35.8%) and 29 patients in the control group (48.3%). But it was statistically nonsignificant (pooled risk ratio, 0.71; 95% confidence interval, 0.48-1.04)., Conclusion: Our meta-analysis revealed that IV N-acetylcysteine may be effective in reducing mortality of severe aluminum phosphide poisoning cases., Trial Registration: Registration number in Prospero CRD42022375344 on 25 NOVEMBER 2022, retrospectively registered., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Worldwide, dental schools employ varying approaches to teaching vital pulp therapy (VPT) for primary teeth. However, little is known about the VPT techniques taught in dental schools in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the approaches of VPT for primary teeth taught in undergraduate dental schools in Saudi Arabia. A nationwide cross-sectional study was conducted between January and June 2022, using an online questionnaire distributed to pediatric dentistry faculty members at all dental schools in Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire collected information on socio-demographic characteristics, educational background, work setting, and VPT teaching approaches. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression models assessed the association between participants' characteristics and the VPT techniques taught. Seventy-seven faculty members from 17 out of 27 dental colleges in Saudi Arabia participated in the study. Most respondents reported teaching indirect pulp capping (95%), with glass ionomer cement and calcium hydroxide being the most popular materials. Only 11 participants (14%) taught direct pulp capping, with mineral trioxide aggregate and calcium hydroxide being the most commonly used materials. Pulpotomy procedures were taught in all dental schools, with formocresol being the most commonly used medicament (84%). No significant associations were found between faculty member characteristics and the likelihood of teaching indirect pulp capping. However, older age categories had a significantly higher chance of teaching direct pulp capping (trend odds ratio: 2.27, p = 0.02). In conclusion, most faculty members (95%) reported teaching indirect pulp capping using glass ionomer cement and calcium hydroxide for primary teeth. Only 14% of the respondents taught direct pulp capping, and the use of mineral trioxide aggregate for direct pulp capping appears to be increasing. Formocresol was the most commonly used pulpotomy medicament. Further research is needed to investigate factors that influence the teaching of VPT for primary teeth in Saudi Arabia., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (©2023 The Author(s). Published by MRE Press.)

Objective: The primary objective of this randomised clinical trial was to evaluate the efficacy of Calcium Enriched Mixture (CEM) cement compared to Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) and Calcium Hydroxide (CH) in maintaining pulp vitality when used for direct pulp capping (DPC) of deep carious lesions with reversible pulpitis and secondary objective was to assess the overall success of DPC in carious exposures., Methods: One hundred and fifty patients diagnosed with reversible pulpitis with deep carious lesions were included in this study. Patients were randomly allocated into three groups (n=50), Group C: CEM group, Group M: MTA group, and Group D: CH (Dycal) group. After caries removal by mechanical excavation except for one carious spot, the removal of which resulted in the exposure of the pulp, the final carious spot was removed with a sterile no.2 round carbide bur. After haemostasis, the pulpal wound was dressed by a capping agent, followed immediately by permanent restoration. Patients were assessed for successful outcomes based on positive vitality tests, absence of clinical signs and symptoms, and PAI scores after 1, 3, 6, 12, and 18-month follow-up periods. The ANOVA test was employed to analyse quantitative variables, and the Pearson Chi-square test was used for qualitative variables. A Bonferroni Test was employed as the post hoc test for intergroup comparison. The significance level was set at p≤0.05 within all tests., Results: The percentage of success in Group C was 86.7%, Group M was 77.3%, and Group D was 57.9%. This study's overall success rate after direct pulp capping of deep carious lesions was 74.8%. A statistically significant difference in PAI score was found between Groups C and D. Pain on percussion and response to vitality tests also showed significant differences among the three groups at the one-month follow-up., Conclusion: CEM cement had comparable efficacy to MTA and was superior to CH in maintaining pulpal vitality following DPC in teeth with reversible pulpitis. An overall success rate of 74.8% indicated that DPC in deep carious lesions with reversible pulpitis could yield favourable clinical outcomes. (EEJ-2022-11-134).

This study aimed to evaluate the removal of 2-hydroxyisocaproic acid (HICA) from the root canal system and its effect on the bond strength of the mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). 126 single-rooted teeth were divided into 3 experimental groups (n = 36) that were treated with double antibiotic paste (DAP), HICA and calcium hydroxide (CH) and one control group (n = 18). In the first part, 18 teeth from each experimental group (n = 54) were examined to remove HICA from the root canal. In the second part, 72 teeth (3 experimental groups (n = 54) and one control group (n = 18)) were used for the evaluation of the push-out bond strength of MTA. There was no statistically significant difference between HICA, DAP and CH residues (p > 0.05). HICA group showed significantly less push-out bond strength (p < 0.05). DAP, HICA and CH could not be removed entirely from the root canal. HICA significantly reduced the bond strength of the MTA., (© 2022 Australian Society of Endodontology Inc.)

Background: The aim of this study was to compare the radiopacity of calcium silicate cements using a digital imaging method., Methods: Four calcium silicate cements, NeoMTA 2, OrthoMTA, ProRoot MTA, and Biodentine, were used in this study. Disk-shaped samples were prepared from each material and placed on a plexiglass plate. An aluminum step-wedge was placed alongside the samples on a digital sensor and exposed to 70 kVp and 8 mA from 30 cm away for 0.32 s. The greyness values ​​of the tested materials were measured digitally with the system software and compared with those of the step-wedge to determine the equivalent aluminum thickness., Results: The radiopacity values, expressed in equivalent millimetres of aluminum, of the studied materials ProRoot MTA, OrthoMTA, NeoMTA 2, and Biodentine were 4.32 ± 0.17 mm Al, 3.92 ± 0.09 mm Al, 3.83 ± 0.07 mm Al, and 2.29 ± 0.21 mm Al, respectively. Statistically significant differences were found between the mean radiographic density values of the tested materials (p < 0.05)., Conclusion: ProRoot MTA was the most radiopaque root canal filling material among the tested materials. All materials, except Biodentine, were found to be compliant with the minimum radiopacity requirements of ISO 6876 and ADA 57 standards., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Bone defect and nonunion are complex diseases which are difficult to treat due to insufficient bone regeneration. Electrical stimulation has attracted attention as a promising strategy to induce and enhance bone regeneration. Self-powered and biocompatible materials have been widely explored and used in biomedical devices, owing to their ability to produce electrical stimulation without an external power source. We aimed to prepare a piezoelectric polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)/aluminum nitride (AlN) film with excellent biocompatibility and osteoconductive ability for the growth of murine calvarial preosteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells. By applying vibration to stimulate body movement, the PDMS/AlN film demonstrated a current density of 2-6 μA cm -2 , and the generated continuous alternating current (AC) effectively promoted MC3T3-E1 cell growth, viability, and osteoblastic related gene expression (genes runt-related transcription factor 2 [ RUNX2 ], osteocalcin [ OCN ], alkaline phosphatase [ ALP ]) and exhibited higher mineralization. Compared to blank plates and nonvibrated PDMS/AlN films, the vibrated PDMS/AlN film showed rapid and superior osteogenic differentiation. The design of the biocompatible and flexible piezoelectric PDMS/AlN film overcame the poor processability, brittleness, and instability of electrical stimulation of traditional electroactive materials, demonstrating great potential in the application of electrical stimulation for bone tissue engineering.

Objective: To compare the sealing ability and marginal adaptation of three calcium silicate-based cement (Biodentine, Pro root MTA, MTA Angelus) using a bacterial leakage model and scanning electron microscope (SEM)., Methods: Recently extracted lower first premolars were randomly categorized into three experimental groups (n = 15 samples), positive control (n = 5 samples), and negative control group (n = 5 sample). Samples from the experimental groups and positive control group were subject to cavity Class I occlusal preparation followed by modified coronal pulpotomy. Different types of bioceramic dressing material were placed in 3 mm thickness accordingly, group 1 (Biodentine), group 2 (MTA Angelus), and group 3 (ProRoot MTA). No dressing material was placed in the positive control group (group 4). All samples were placed in the incubator for 24 h at 37℃, 100% humidity, for the materials to be completely set. The final restoration was placed using the Z350 resin composite. A double layer of nail varnish was applied over all the sample surfaces except the occlusal site. Whereas the samples' surfaces in the negative control, were completely covered. A 3 mm length was measured from the root apex of the samples from each group, before proceeding with the resection. The bacterial leakage test was performed using Enterococcus faecalis TCC 23,125, and a sample from each experimental group was randomly chosen for SEM. Data analysis was conducted under the One-way ANOVA test, completed by Tukey's post hoc test., Results: There is a significant difference in sealing ability and marginal adaptation between the groups. (p < 0.05). The study showed that Pro Root MTA had the superior sealing ability and marginal adaptation compared to Biodentine and MTA Angelus., Conclusion: The ProRoot MTA as a coronal pulpotomy pulp dressing material, was found to have a better marginal adaptation and sealing ability compared to three other bioceramics materials. The material would be the better choice during clinical settings and procedures., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

We herein report the synthesis of monoclinic calcium aluminate (CaAl 2 O 4 ) nanoparticles via a facile auto-combustion method followed by calcination. We performed the auto-combustion method using aluminium nitrate and calcium nitrate as oxidants and different fuels as reductants such as urea, glycine, and a mixture of urea and glycine, with various fuel-to-oxidant equivalence ratios ( Φ c ) . Then, the combusted samples were calcined at different temperatures; 600 and 800 °C. The products were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermo-gravimetric analysis, field-emission scanning electron microscope, and high-resolution transmission electron microscope. CaAl 2 O 4 nanoparticles with an average crystallite size of 40.4, 38.8, and 33.7 nm were obtained after calcination at 800 °C using the aforementioned fuels, respectively. TEM images revealed that CaAl 2 O 4 nanoparticles tend to form partially sintered aggregates owing to the high thermal treatment temperature, so they have non-uniform shapes. The produced CaAl 2 O 4 nanoparticles exhibited good absorptivity toward Ni(II) and As(III) ions form aqueous media. The maximum sorption capacities (q m ) of CaAl 2 O 4 for the removal of Ni(II) and As(III) were found to be 58.73 and 43.9 mg.g -1 , at pH 7 and 5, respectively. The equilibrium isotherms and adsorption kinetics studies revealed that the adsorption data fitted well Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order models, respectively. Besides, the adsorption of Ni(II) and As(III) ions on CaAl 2 O 4 nanoparticles is physisorption. Overall, the obtained results indicated that calcium aluminate nano-adsorbent is a good candidate for the removal of Ni(II) and As(III) ions from wastewater, due to its high efficiency, stability, and re-usability.

The AlGaN-based deep ultraviolet light-emitting diode (DUV LED) has advantages of environmentally friendly materials, tunable emission wavelength, and easy miniaturization. However, the light extraction efficiency (LEE) of an AlGaN-based DUV LED is low, which hinders its applications. Here, we design a graphene/Al nanoparticles/graphene (Gra/Al NPs/Gra) hybrid plasmonic structure, where the strong resonant coupling of local surface plasmons (LSPs) induces a 2.9-times enhancement for the LEE of the DUV LED according to the photoluminescence (PL). The dewetting of Al NPs on a graphene layer by annealing is optimized, resulting in better formation and uniform distribution. The near-field coupling of Gra/Al NPs/Gra is enhanced via charge transfer among graphene and Al NPs. In addition, the skin depth increment results in more excitons being coupled out of multiple quantum wells (MQWs). An enhanced mechanism is proposed, revealing that the Gra/metal NPs/Gra offers a reliable strategy for improving the optoelectronic device performance, which might trigger the advances of LEDs and lasers with high brightness and power density.