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Purpose: Olfactory dysfunction is increasingly common among COVID-19 patients, impacting their well-being. Reports have demonstrated decreased levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate and cyclic guanosine monophosphate among patients with chronic olfactory dysfunction. A prospective randomized clinical trial was developed to demonstrate the efficacy of an oral forskolin regimen treatment, an adenylyl cyclase activator that raises intracellular levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate, for the treatment of olfactory dysfunction following COVID-19, compared to placebo regimen., Methods: The study enrolled 285 participants with persistent olfactory dysfunction post COVID-19 infection, randomly assigning them to receive either placebo capsules (n = 120) or oral forskolin capsules (n = 165). Follow-up was conducted to track progress, with 18 participants from the placebo group and 12 from the forskolin group lost during this period. Olfactory function was assessed using the "Sniffin' Sticks" test, measuring threshold, discrimination and identification scores before and after treatment., Results: Subjects administered forskolin capsules demonstrated a significant enhancement in their composite TDI (threshold, discrimination and identification) score, suggesting a notable amelioration in olfactory functionality. Moreover, the discrimination and identification scores notably improved within the forskolin group. Conversely, no significant alterations were observed in the threshold scores., Conclusion: This study suggests that forskolin can contribute potentially to improve chronic olfactory dysfunction post COVID-19., Trial Registration: DFM-IRB00012367-23-10-001., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

In this study, we assess healthcare providers' adherence to therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) guidelines for gentamicin in neonates. Conducted at the Maternity and Children's Hospital in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, from July 2020 to July 2022, it retrospectively analyzed the compliance of healthcare workers in managing neonates treated with gentamicin. Covering 410 neonates, primarily diagnosed with respiratory distress (56%) and sepsis (32%), the study revealed that while a majority of trough and peak levels conformed to guidelines, substantial deviations were noted in cases of respiratory distress. This underlines the necessity for targeted TDM strategies, particularly in managing respiratory distress in neonates, to ensure optimal treatment efficacy and safety. The findings urge stringent compliance with TDM guidelines, emphasizing personalized approaches in neonatal gentamicin therapy for improved healthcare outcomes.

Background: Coagulation disorders are frequently encountered among patients infected with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), especially among admitted patients with more severe symptoms. This study aims to determine the mortality rate and incidence and risk factors for venous thromboembolism (VTE) in hospitalized patients with COVID-19., Methods: This retrospective observational cohort study was conducted from March to July 2020 using a hospital database. All adult patients (>18 years old) with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 were included. Laboratory data and the real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) for SARS-CoV-2 were obtained from medical records. The mortality rate and the incidence of VTE were established as study results. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of thrombotic events., Results: rA total of 1024 confirmed COVID-19 patients were treated, of whom 110 (10.7%) were deceased and 58 patients (5.7%) developed VTE. Death occurred more frequently in patients older than 50 years and those admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU, 95%) and who received mechanical ventilation (62.7%). Multivariate analysis revealed that cancer patients were two times more likely to have VTE (adjusted odds ratio = 2.614; 95% CI = (1.048-6.519); p = 0.039). Other chronic diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease, were not associated with an increased risk of VTE., Conclusions: One-tenth of hospitalized COVID-19 patients were deceased, and VTE was prevalent among patients with chronic conditions, such as cancer, despite anticoagulation therapy. Healthcare professionals should closely monitor individuals with a high risk of developing VTE to prevent unwanted complications.

Objectives: To assess the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in Saudi Arabia., Methods: We searched electronic databases and the references lists of found publications between 1990 and 2022. Original cross-sectional studies in English were included using PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Saudi Digital Library. A meta-analysis was performed to assess the combined prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control rates of hypertension., Results: Twenty-nine studies with 278873 individuals aged 14-100 were considered. The pooled prevalence of hypertension was 22.66% (95% CI:18.95-26.60), Cochran's Q=6221.98, dff=22, p <0.0001; I 2 =99.65%, Egger's test ( p =0.0033) across 23 studies with 272378 people. The pooled hypertension awareness rate was 42.8% from 6 studies with 36046 participants (95% CI:35.66-50.01), Cochran's Q=781.86, dff=5, p <0.0001; I 2 =99.4% and Egger's test p =0.3772. The pooled proportion of hypertension patients treated in 6 studies involving 46075 samples was 59.4% (95% CI=38.14-79.02), Cochran's Q=9793.79 dff=5, p <0.0001; I 2 =99.95%, Egger's test p =0.8284. The pooled proportion of hypertension-controlled participants across 15 studies comprising 264817 subjects was 34.97% (95% CI: 27.62-42.68), Cochran's Q=11048.28, dff=14, p <0.0001; I 2 =99.87% and Egger's test p =0.9760., Conclusion: The prevalence of hypertension was high, with low awareness, treatment, and control rates among Saudis. Therefore, policymakers and healthcare providers must work harmoniously to promote health and to prevent, detect, and control hypertension early. PROSPERO Reg. No.: CRD42023407978 ., (Copyright: © Saudi Medical Journal.)

Degenerative disc disease and low back pain are common challenges that persist even after a discectomy. However, characterizations and quantifications of these illnesses from the patients' perspective are insufficient. We aimed to perform a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis to determine the frequency of chronic pain after spinal surgery. We searched MEDLINE (PubMed), Google Scholar, and the Saudi Digital Library to retrieve research articles describing the frequency of persistent back pain, reoccurring disc herniation, and undergoing another operation following primary lumbar discectomy. We excluded articles that did not disclose the proportion of patients who experienced ongoing back or leg pain for over six months after the operation. We included 16 studies evaluating 85,643 patients. The pooled prevalence of persistent pain was 14.97% (95% confidence interval: 12.38-17.76). With all advancements in technology and operation techniques, many patients (14.97%) still have failed back surgery syndrome. Appropriate preoperative communication and multidisciplinary and coordinated treatment strategies yielded the best results., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Alshammari et al.)

Gold nanoparticles have gained popularity as an effective drug delivery vehicle due to their unique features. In fact, antibiotics transported via gold nanoparticles have significantly enhanced their potency in the recent past. The present study used an approach to synthesize gold nanoparticles in one step with the help of cefoxitin antibiotic as a reducing and stabilizing agent. Cefoxitin is a second-generation cephalosporin that loses its potential due to modification in the porins ( ompK35 and ompK36 ) of Gram-negative pathogens. Thus, the present study has developed an idea to revive the potential of cefoxitin against clinical Gram-negative pathogens, i.e., Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae , via applying gold nanoparticles as a delivery tool. Prior to antibacterial activity, characterization of cefoxitin-gold nanoparticles was performed via UV-visible spectrophotometry, dynamic light scattering, and electron microscopy. A characteristic UV-visible scan peak for gold nanoparticles was observed at 518 nm, ζ potential was estimated as -23.6 ± 1.6, and TEM estimated the size in the range of 2-12 nm. Moreover, cefoxitin loading efficiency on gold nanoparticles was calculated to be 71.92%. The antibacterial assay revealed that cefoxitin, after loading onto the gold nanoparticles, become potent against cefoxitin-resistant E. coli and K. pneumoniae , and their MIC 50 values were estimated as 1.5 μg/mL and 2.5 μg/mL, respectively. Here, gold nanoparticles effectively deliver cefoxitin to the resistant pathogens, and convert it from unresponsive to a potent antibiotic. However, to obtain some convincing conclusions on the human relevance, their fate and toxicity need to be evaluated.

Social differences are evident in both developed and developing countries. During adolescence, there are limited differences in morbidity and mortality, but differences do appear in terms of health behaviours. This study aims to examine the relationship(s) between social differences and students' health behaviours. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2020 with a sample of high school students (N = 2741, aged 13-18 years) in Jordan. Besides descriptive statistics, bivariate logistic regression analysis was used to detect the odds risk for each social difference indicator. Females were engaged in more healthy dietary and hygienic behaviours and less engaged in smoking. Males were more physically active. Adolescents with a higher parental education level were more engaged in healthy behaviours; however, they drank carbonated soft drinks and ate fast food more often. Higher SES (socioeconomic status) self-evaluation was positively associated with eating breakfast and fruit and vegetables, being physically active, drinking carbonated soft drinks, eating fast food, and smoking. Our findings suggest that socioeconomic differences are important to understanding Jordanian adolescents' health behaviours. While females tend to engage in more healthy behaviours, the role of parental education and perceived family affluence is not always beneficial in terms of adolescents' dietary habits, hygienic behaviour, or smoking.

Background: School climate is one of several important factors influencing adolescent well-being and life satisfaction. Although a growing number of studies investigate the role of school climate, they often apply a global scale and only a few of them measure any specific elements. Likewise, most studies are focused on well-being and not life satisfaction., Aim: The purpose of this study is to investigate how different elements of school climate (teacher responsiveness, disruptive behavior, positive mutual bonds, classroom atmosphere, growth) are related to life satisfaction among a sample of Jordanian high school students., Methods: Using a self-administered and online questionnaire, the sample consists of adolescents from public schools located in northern Jordan (N = 2141, aged 13-18 years)., Results: Jordanian high school students' levels of life satisfaction were higher for girls [ t (2139) = -8.2, p < .001]. Disruptive behavior correlated negatively with classroom atmosphere ( r = -0.50; p < .001 among girls and r = -0.45; p < .001 for boys); teacher responsiveness was positively correlated with growth ( r = 0.49; p < .001 for girls and r = 0.61; p < .001 for boys). However, the role of disruptive behavior was different for girls (negative) compared to boys (positive), although these correlations were weak. In multiple regression analyses, teacher responsiveness ( β = 0.22; p < .001) and positive mutual bonds ( β = 0.19; p < .001) were largest contributors to life satisfaction beyond self-assessed socioeconomic status ( β = 0.27; p < .001). Age ( β = -0.08; p < .01) and growth ( β = 0.27; p < .001) were significant only for boys., Conclusions: These results demonstrate the importance of examining different elements of school climate in an effort to better understand adolescents' life satisfaction. Certain gender differences may highlight differences in social needs across different classroom settings which require further investigation., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2021 The Author(s).)

Background A recent outbreak of COVID-19 which was initially reported in Wuhan City, China, has become a worldwide pandemic. This global public health threat drew the attention of the medical and scientific community to make the necessary research efforts to combat the spread of the virus. Predictors of preventive behaviors could be of considerable importance relevant to identifying high-risk groups to manage their behavior. We aimed to investigate the association between people's perception of COVID-19 adherence to preventive measures, susceptibility, seriousness, benefits, motivators, barriers, confidence, and information sources. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, enrolling 1,568 participants from WhatsApp groups, aged 16 years and above from March to April 2020 in Saudi Arabia. We prepared an online Arabic self-administered questionnaire, which consisted of (1) sociodemographic characteristics; (2) compliance to preventive measures, including the perception of susceptibility, seriousness, benefits, motivation, barriers to preventive measures, self-confidence; and (3) sources of COVID-19 information. Results Of the 1,568 participants, 60% (n = 1,004) were women, 54.1% (n = 459) were unmarried, and 80.2% (n = 1,258) had earned university degrees. Regarding compliance and perception toward preventive measures, 64% of participants washed hands with soap and water; 50% followed the cough etiquette; 17.5% avoided touching their eyes, nose, and mouth; and 34.6% never shook hands with others. Approximately 52.2%-69.7% avoided going to crowded places and wore facial masks as needed. In addition, 24.3% of people observed social distancing. However, 52.4% did not receive the annual flu vaccine. Approximately 83% used banknotes, 69.8% made online payments, and 51.8% avoided ATM/credit card use. The perception of susceptibility and the seriousness of COVID-19 infection accounted for 8.5% and 50% of participants, respectively. Perceived benefits and motivation reached more than 90%. Barriers for not being able to practice preventive measures were the fear of nasal swabs, forgetfulness, and negligence, which rated 39% and 66%, respectively. Confidence in practicing the preventive measures and distinguishing the symptoms of COVID-19 accounted for 80% and 60% of the participants, respectively. The most used sources to retrieve information were the Ministry of Health (MOH) news and reports and social media, representing 53.5% and 24.6%, respectively. Conclusions During the early phase of the pandemic, people's perception of susceptibility was low, which resulted in a lack of awareness of some citizens to take the COVID-19 infection seriously. Thus, the benefits of preventive measures did not fully translate into practice. The current successful decline of COVID-19 cases should be accompanied by continuing health promotion and disease prevention programs utilizing all avenues and opportunities to remind people of scientific, religious, and cultural practices of handwashing, coughing etiquette. The persistent use of personal protective equipment (PPE), such as facial masks, gloves, and, for frontline workers, shields and protective garments is necessary. Family physicians and teams should play a vital role in this battle., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2021, Alshammari et al.)

The fabrication of highly functional materials for practical devices requires a deep understanding of the association between morphological and structural properties and applications. A controlled hydrothermal method to produce single crystal ZnO hexagonal nanodisks, nanorings, and nanoroses using a mixed solution of zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) and hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) without the need of catalysts, substrates, or templates at low temperature (75 °C) is introduced. Metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) ultraviolet (UV) detectors were fabricated based on individual and multiple single-crystal zinc oxide (ZnO) hexagonal nanodisks. High quality single crystal individual nanodisk devices were fabricated with inkjet-printed silver electrodes. The detectors fabricated show record photoresponsivity (3300 A/W) and external quantum efficiency (1.2 × 10(4)), which we attribute to the absence of grain boundaries in the single crystal ZnO nanodisk and the polarity of its exposed surface.

Solution processed core-shell nano-structures of metal oxide-reduced graphene oxide (RGO) are used as improved electron transport layers (ETL), leading to an enhancement in photocurrent charge transport in PCDTBT:PC70 BM for both single cell and module photovoltaic devices. As a result, the power conversion efficiency for the devices with RGO-metal oxides for ETL increases 8% in single cells and 20% in module devices., (© 2014 The Authors. Published by WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

ZnO nanostructures with different morphologies (nanowires, nanodisks, and nanostars) were synthesized hydrothermally. Gas sensing properties of the as-grown nanostructures were investigated under thermal and UV activation. The performance of the ZnO nanodisk gas sensor was found to be superior to that of other nanostructures ( S ∼ 3700% to 300 ppm ethanol and response time and recovery time of 8 and 13 s). The enhancement in sensitivity is attributed to the surface polarities of the different structures on the nanoscale. Furthermore, the selectivity of the gas sensors can be achieved by controlling the UV intensity used to activate these sensors. The highest sensitivity value for ethanol, isopropanol, acetone, and toluene are recorded at the optimal UV intensity of 1.6, 2.4, 3.2, and 4 mW/cm g ∼ 3700% to 300 ppm ethanol and response time and recovery time of 8 and 13 s). The enhancement in sensitivity is attributed to the surface polarities of the different structures on the nanoscale. Furthermore, the selectivity of the gas sensors can be achieved by controlling the UV intensity used to activate these sensors. The highest sensitivity value for ethanol, isopropanol, acetone, and toluene are recorded at the optimal UV intensity of 1.6, 2.4, 3.2, and 4 mW/cm 2 , respectively. Finally, the UV activation mechanism for metal oxide gas sensors is compared with the thermal activation process. The UV activation of analytes based on solution processed ZnO structures pave the way for better quality gas sensors.