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Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are commonly assessed using clinical examination and magnetic resonance imaging, but these methods have limitations in reproducibility and quantification. Instrumented laxity measurements using devices, like the DYNEELAX®, offer an alternative approach. However, to date, there is no human data on the DYNEELAX® and the reliability of these devices remains a subject of debate, and there is no consensus on appropriate knee tightening levels for testing. We hypothesized that the DYNEELAX®, with standardized knee tightening, would provide reliable measurements of knee laxity in adult volunteers., Methods: This prospective cohort study involved 48 pain-free adult volunteers. Laxity measurements were taken using a robotic-type motorized instrument (DYNEELAX®) on two separate occasions, at least 1 h and no more than 8 h apart, with knee tightening forces of 90 N ± 5 N. Metrics of anterior tibial translation and internal/external tibial axial rotations were recorded., Results: The device displayed excellent intrarater reliability for all the metrics, with intraclass correlation coefficients ranging from 0.91 to 0.96. Anterior translation exhibited the highest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.96), with a minimum detectable change of 0.83 mm., Conclusions: DYNEELAX® is reliable in measuring knee laxity in adult volunteers when using standardized stabilizing knee tightening forces of 90 ± 5 N. The most sensitive measurement parameters (in terms of minimum detectable change as a proportion of the observed range) were anterior translation (in mm) at 150 N and secondary compliance., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article., (Copyright © 2024 Nuno Nascimento et al.)

Objective: To directly compare clinical and MRI outcomes of multiple intra-articular injections of adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) or platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA)., Design: We retrospectively compared 24-month outcomes in (1) 27 patients receiving 3-monthly intra-articular injections with a total of 43.8 million ASCs and (2) 23 patients receiving 3-monthly injections of 3-ml preparation of PRP. All patients had Kellgren-Lawrence grade 1, 2, or 3 knee OA with failed conservative medical therapy. The Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) scores; Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) at baseline, 6, 12, and 24 months after the first injection; and the MRI Osteoarthritis Knee Score (MOAKS) at 12 and 24 months were considered as outcomes., Results: No major complications occurred in any patient. Both groups significantly improved in pain NPRS score and KOOS at 6 months. At 12- and 24-month evaluations, the ASC group significantly decreased scores to a greater degree ( P < 0.001) than the PRP group. MOAKS scores indicated a decrease in disease progression in the ASC group., Conclusion: Both ASCs and PRP were safe and resulted in clinical improvement in patients with knee OA at 6 months; however, at 12 and 24 months, ASCs outperformed leukocyte-poor PRP in clinical and radiological outcomes., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

The Latarjet procedure is a favored approach for managing chronic and recurrent dislocation, especially in the presence of bone loss. Although generally yielding excellent results, the procedure carries a 15 to 30% complication rate. Although recurrent instability is a major concern, various complications such as infection, nerve injuries, and hardware impingement can also necessitate revision after a Latarjet procedure. Strategies for addressing this issue include glenoid bone grafting, using autogenous bone grafts from the iliac crest or distal clavicle, and allografts, with fresh lateral distal tibial allografts offering advantages because of their osteochondral nature. In addition, soft-tissue procedures offer another solution for recurrent instability, suitable for patients lacking substantial bone loss or those experiencing multidirectional instability. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the causes and management strategies for recurrent instability following a failed Latarjet procedure., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.)

Objective: The Football World Cup is among the biggest sporting events in the world, but data to inform the requirements of medical care for such tournaments are limited. This study describes the athlete and team medical services at the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 ., Methods: Three different medical service entities were identified through a needs analysis based on expert advice, team physician interviews and questionnaires prior to the event: 'Team Services' to provide any workforce or equipment needs of the teams, a 'Polyclinic' to manage any acute medical demands, and a 'recovery centre' to improve game readiness throughout the tournament. All services had been set up prior to the tournament and thoroughly tested., Results: Of a total of 832 athletes, ~1300 team delegation and ~130 match officials, 167 individuals including 129 (77%) athletes and 38 (23%) non-athletes were assessed in the polyclinic. For the 129 athletes (median 4 players per team), medical imaging was the most requested service, which peaked during the group phase of the tournament. Most requests were received during normal working hours despite many games finishing late at night. 30 of the 32 participating teams solicited medical services for their players at least once. Three teams made use of the recovery facilities, and 17 teams requested additional medical equipment or clinical assistance., Conclusion: Central imaging services was the most used medical resource at the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022, and over half of teams required additional medical equipment or personnel. These data may inform planning of medical services for similar events in the future., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Epidemiological studies on fractures in European professional football (soccer) are in abundance. However, such data are lacking in Middle Eastern professional footballers and information on fracture treatment is scarce. The aim of this study is to describe the epidemiology of fractures across seven seasons in Qatar Stars League (QSL) footballers. A prospective study of fractures in professional male footballers over 7 consecutive seasons (2013 to 2020), involving 3255 players and 106 team' seasons. Time loss and injuries and illnesses were recorded using standardised digital tools in accordance with international consensus procedures. Fractures were recorded according to onset mechanism, location, diagnoses, treatment and return to play. A total of 108 players sustained fractures during 638,247 hours of player exposure (88.9% training and 11.1% matches), representing 2.7% of all time-loss injuries. The incidence was 0.17 fractures per 1000 h of exposure (match and training incidence of 0.9 and 0.07 fractures / 1000 h, respectively), equivalent to an average of one fracture per team per season. Fractures mostly occurred in the feet (28.2%), hands (21.1%), shoulders (11.3%) and head (i.e., face) (9.9%). Mean (median) absence was 71 (47 days), with 4.6% refractures. Only 34.3% of the fractures required surgery and nearly all players (98.1%) returned to play at the professional level. Almost all professional football players with fractures return to play at the same competitive level after an average of 10 weeks of absence (mean absence was 71 ± 81 (median: 47, Inter Quartile Range [14-93]) days). One in ten continue to play with symptoms and one in twenty may refracture. Long-term effects of fractures are still unknown., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © Biology of Sport 2023.)

Objectives: To compare injury incidence, burden and characteristics between the pre- and post-COVID-19 lockdown periods in Qatari professional football., Design: Prospective cohort study., Methods: Injury and exposure data for two post-COVID-19 lockdown periods [early post-lockdown period: short-term ~2 months (54 matches) and late post-lockdown period: long-term 8-months (183 matches)] were compared to the benchmark of the same periods from the three previous seasons (2017/18-2019/20)., Results: We observed no difference in overall, training or match incidence between early post-lockdown period and the benchmark reference. However, this short-term period resulted in lower burden for overall- (RR 0.80, P < 0.0001), training- (RR 0.73, P < 0.0001) and match-injuries (RR 0.40, P < 0.0001) compared to the benchmark. During late post-lockdown period match injury incidence (RR 0.72, P = 0.0010) and match injury burden (RR 0.69, P < 0.001) were lower than the benchmark. In contrast, both overall- (RR 1.30, P < 0.001) and training-injury burden (RR 1.65, P < 0.001) were higher. A significant increase in adductor strains in both post-lockdown periods was observed., Conclusions: Immediately after the COVID-19 lockdown (short-term effect), there was no difference in injury incidence but a lower injury burden compared to benchmark. Moreover, the rapid return to competition for the successive season (long-term effect) was associated with a higher overall- and training-injury burden, but a lower match-injury burden compared to the benchmark., Competing Interests: Declaration of Interest Statement The authors—Karim Chamari, Yorck Olaf Schumacher, Mokhtar Chaabane, Raouf Nader Rekik1, Souhail Chebbi, Ramadan Daoud, Lena Kristin Bache-Mathiesen, Khalid Alkhelaifi, Roald Bahr, Montassar Tabben—declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright © 2023 Sports Medicine Australia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Research focusing on reducing the risk of injuries has increased over the last two decades showing that prevention implementation in real life is challenging., Objective: To explore the experience and opinions of professional football stakeholders regarding injuries, their prevention and the implementation of preventive measures., Design: Qualitative study., Setting: Technical and medical staff from Qatar's premier football league., Participants: 22 professionals from 6 teams., Main Outcome: Semistructured interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using the thematic analysis method., Results: All the participants acknowledged the importance of injury prevention. They mentioned teamwork, trust and communication as critical factors for a successful injury prevention implementation. Teams' doctors see themselves mainly involved in the treatment and recovery process, and to a lesser degree, in the prevention process. Physiotherapists defined their primary responsibilities as screening for injury risk and providing individual exercises to players. The participants declared that the fitness coach is responsible for injury prevention implementation. All stakeholders reported that the fitness coach plays a vital role in communication by bridging the head coach and the medical staff. Stakeholders reported that the Qatari football league has a very particular context around the player, such as socioecological factors influencing injury prevention implementation., Conclusions: The fitness coach plays a vital role in the injury prevention implementation system, as one of the key actors for the process, as well as the bridge between the medical team and the head coach, resulting from their better communication with the head coaches. The findings support considering and understanding the contextual factors during the development of preventive strategies in football., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

To determine the current perceptions and practices of top-level karate athletes concerning risk factors and injury prevention programme (IPP) implementation in training and competition. Out of 90 eligible countries (933 athletes) participating in the karate World Senior Championships (WSC) in Madrid 2018, 50 countries (55.6%) represented by 137 athletes (14.7%; 52 females and 85 males) responded to a structured questionnaire. Of the athletes responding, 45% reported that their national team did not conduct any measures to reduce injury risk (43% among females and 47% among males; p = 0.68). Kumite athletes (51%) were more likely to practise injury prevention compared to kata athletes (25%; p = 0.016). Of the respondents, 69%, 60%, 60% and 34% reported having no team doctor, fitness coach, massage therapist and physiotherapist, respectively. A greater proportion of athletes who had access to a fitness coach (part-time or full-time) engaged in injury prevention strategies (67% and 51%, respectively) than those who did not (35%; p = 0.031). Athletes who had received previous advice about injury prevention were more likely to practise injury prevention (58%) compared to the rest (21%; p < 0.001). The current study revealed that: i) almost half of the karatekas already benefited from an injury prevention programme, ii) injury prevention programmes were practised more frequently when there was a fitness coach among their coaching staff, iii) karatekas who had received education about injury prevention were more likely to practise injury prevention programmes., Competing Interests: MT and JC declare that they have no potential conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this study. DA is the Chair of the Para-Karate Commission of the World Karate Federation and a member of the Technical Commission of the European Karate Federation and RA is the Chair of the Medical Commission of the World Karate Federation; however, neither DA nor RA received any remuneration from the European Karate Union or the World Karate Federation to conduct this study, and neither the European Karate Union nor the World Karate Federation has had any influence on this work., (Copyright © Biology of Sport 2023.)

Purpose: To analyze the MRI features, in particular bone bruises pattern, of Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injured footballers, and to correlate them with the characteristics of injury mechanism and situation obtained from direct video footage., Methods: Nineteen professional football (soccer) players that sustained ACL injury while playing during an official match of First League Championship were included in the study. The video of injury was obtained from the Television broadcast. Knee Magnetic Resonance (MRI) was obtained within 7 days from the injury. BB and meniscal lesions were analyzed on MRI, while a video-analysis of mechanisms of ACL injury and injury dynamic were assessed from the videos., Results: The most commonly involved Bone Bruise areas in the knee were the Posterior Lateral Tibial Plateau (LTp) in 16 cases (84%) and the Central Lateral Femoral Condyle (LFc) in 11 cases (58%). Three patients (16%) had bone bruise in the Posterior Medial Tibial Plateau (MTp) while none (0%) had bone bruise in the Medial Femoral Condyle. Based on the bone bruise pattern, 11 (58%) had simultaneous LFc and LTp and were defined "Typical" while 8 (42%) had other locations or no bone bruise and were defined "Atypical". 9 out of 11 injuries (82%) of athletes with "Typical" pattern occurred with a "Pivoting" action", in contrast to only 1 case (12%) in those with "Atypical" bone bruise pattern (p = 0.0055). The most common situational mechanism pattern on video analysis was "pressing" (n = 7) accounting for the 47% of the "indirect" ACL injuries. In terms of movement pattern, ten injuries (52%) occurred during a "Pivoting" movement (7 pressing, 1 dribbling, 1 tackled, 1 goalkeeping), whereas the remaining were classified as "Planting" in four cases, "Direct Blow" in four cases and "Landing"., Conclusion: A well-defined and consistent bone bruise pattern involving the posterior tibial plateau and central femoral condyle of lateral compartment is present in footballers that sustained non-contact and indirect ACL injuries during pivoting with sudden change of direction/deceleration, while heterogeneous patterns were present in those with direct contact or injury mechanisms involving high horizontal velocity., Level of Evidence: Level IV., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Background: Elbow arthroscopic surgery has been popularized and has made significant progress during the past 3 decades. The elbow joint is relatively small and is in close proximity to many neurovascular structures. These factors make elbow arthroscopic surgery technically demanding and liable to complications., Purpose: To evaluate the rate of complications after elbow arthroscopic surgery., Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4., Methods: The PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines were followed to perform this systematic review and meta-analysis. PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase were searched up to July 2021. All clinical studies that reported complications after elbow arthroscopic surgery were included; a total of 1208 articles were initially found. Case reports, reviews, abstracts, imaging studies, technique studies, nonclinical studies, and those not reporting postoperative complications were excluded. Complication rates were pooled across studies and reported as percentages. Complications were expressed as weighted proportions with 95% CIs., Results: A total of 95 studies (14,289 elbows) were included in the meta-analysis. The overall weighted complication rate was 11.0% (95% CI, 8.8%-13.5%), with postoperative stiffness being the most commonly encountered complication (4.5% [95% CI, 2.1%-7.6%]; 158/8818 procedures). The second most encountered complication was the need for subsequent surgery with a weighted proportion of 4.1% (95% CI, 2.9%-5.6%; 177/8853 procedures) followed by nerve injury with a weighted proportion of 3.4% (95% CI, 2.6%-4.3%; 267/13,725 procedures). The ulnar nerve was the most commonly injured nerve (2.6% [95% CI, 1.9%-3.4%]; 123/6290 procedures)., Conclusion: The results of this study showed that elbow arthroscopic surgery is a relatively safe procedure with low complication rates., Competing Interests: The authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest in the authorship and publication of this contribution. AOSSM checks author disclosures against the Open Payments Database (OPD). AOSSM has not conducted an independent investigation on the OPD and disclaims any liability or responsibility relating thereto., (© The Author(s) 2022.)

The prevalence of isolated meniscal injuries in children and adolescents is low; however, we see an increase mainly due to intensified sports-related activities at an early age. A meniscal repair should be attempted whenever possible as children present with increased meniscal healing potential. The diagnosis and management of meniscal tears involve both patient factors and tear characteristics: size, anatomical location and associated injuries. Special attention should be given to the feature of discoid menisci and related tears as they require a specific management plan. This state-of-the-art review highlights the most recent studies on clinical evaluation, surgical techniques, tips and tricks, pitfalls, outcomes, return-to-sports, geographical differences and future perspectives related to meniscal injuries in children and adolescents., Competing Interests: Competing interests None declared., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Effect of ultrasound guided injections of autologous ASCs in chronic recalcitrant patellar tendinopathy., Methods: Fourteen patients (16 knees, 12/2 males/females) with chronic, recalcitrant (unsuccessfully treated with nonoperative treatments) insertional PT underwent clinical evaluation and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before intervention. Stromal vascular fraction cells (SVF) were expanded by in-vitro culture and characterized by flow cytometry. Players were injected with three bi-weekly injections of ASCs followed by physiotherapy. They underwent serial clinical evaluations during a 12-month period with repeated MRI at 6-month post-injection., Results: Victorian Institute of sports assessment-patellar tendon questionnaire (VISA-P) scores improved from 43.8 ± 4.9 at baseline to 58.1 ± 7.1, 70.3 ± 7.9 and 78.7 ± 7.5 at 3, 6, and12months follow-up, respectively. (p = 0.0004 comparing each variable with the previous one). Mean Visual analogue pain in sports (VAS-sport) score during practice significantly decreased from 7.4 ± 0.5 at baseline to 5.2 ± 1.5 9 (p = 0.0005), 3.3 ± 1.1 (p = 0.0004) and 1.5 ± 0.7 (P = 0.0004) at 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. Mean Tegner-scores for patients were 8.0 ± 0.8 before injury and 2.3 ± 0.9 before treatment, thereafter, improving to 4.8 ± 0.8 and 7.2 ± 0.7 at 6- and 12- months, respectively (p = 0.0001). MRI assessed tendon width' did not change over the first 6 months post-intervention. Significant changes were observed for: tendon thickness (12.8 ± 1.1 to 10.9 ± 0.7, P = 0.0001); tear length (9.3 ± 1.3 to 2.3 ± 0.7, P = 0.0001), tear width (6.3 ± 0.8 to 3.4 ± 0.4, P = 0.0001), and tear thickness (4.6 ± 0.4 to 2.6 ± 0., P = 0.0001) at baseline and 6 months, respectively., Conclusion: Patients with recalcitrant insertional PT showed significant clinical improvement and structural repair at the patellar insertional tendinopathy after injections of autologous ASCs. Results of this study are promising and open a new biological therapeutic modality to treat PT.

Objectives: This study compares the mechanical performance of 2.7- and 3.5-mm plating constructs for the treatment of midshaft clavicle fractures., Methods: Twenty-four synthetic clavicles were randomly divided into four treatment groups-Synthes 2.7-mm cold-worked calcaneal reconstruction plate with 6 (CRP6) or 8 bicortical screws (CRP8); Synthes 3.5-mm LCP reconstruction plate (RP; and Synthes 3.5-mm LCP precontoured superior-anterior clavicle plate (PCRP). All clavicles were plated, a wedge-shaped inferior cortical defect was created, and testing was performed using a cantilever bending model to determine bending stiffness and yield point for each construct., Results: Bending stiffness for the 3.5-mm PCRP construct was markedly higher when compared with the other three constructs, whereas the 3.5-mm RP construct was markedly stiffer than both of the 2.7-mm CR constructs. The yield point for the 3.5-mm PCRP construct was greater than the other three constructs; however, the yield point for the 2.7-mm CRP with six screws and with eight screws was higher than the 3.5-mm RP construct. The amount of displacement required to reach the yield point was highest for the 2.7-mm CRP with six screws. and this was markedly higher than the values for the other three constructs., Discussion: The 3.5-mm plates demonstrated increased bending stiffness compared with the 2.7-mm plates. Despite the lower resistance to bending forces, the cold-worked 2.7-mm plate exhibited a markedly higher yield point and required markedly more superior to inferior displacement to initiate plastic deformation when compared with the 3.5-mm LCP RP., Level of Evidence: Level IV., (Copyright © 2020 by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.)

Objectives: To evaluate time to return to play following surgical stabilisation of isolated unstable syndesmosis injuries in a cohort of professional male football players., Methods: All professional football players undergoing surgery for isolated unstable syndesmosis injury (West Point grade ≥IIB) at a specialised Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital were followed up until return to play (minimum ≥6 months). Players with a stable syndesmosis, injuries older than 6 weeks, concomitant medial or lateral malleolar fracture or previous ankle surgery were excluded. During rehabilitation, time required to return to sports-specific rehabilitation, team training and first match play, were recorded., Results: Between January 2012 and December 2017, a total of 110 male professional football players were included. The mean time required to begin on field rehabilitation was 37±12 days, while the mean time to return to team training was 72±28 days. The first official match was played on average 103±28 days postoperatively. Multivariable analysis revealed that the severity of injury, the concomitant presence of talar cartilage injury and the age of the player were significantly associated (p<0.00001) with time to return to on field rehabilitation, team training and match play., Conclusion: In this cohort of professional football players, surgical stabilisation of isolated unstable syndesmosis injuries (West Point grade ≥IIB) allowed for relatively quick return to play. High grade injury (West Point grade III), concomitant cartilage injury and greater age were associated with longer return to play times., Level of Evidence: Longitudinal observational cohort study (level II)., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Background: Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) using plate osteosynthesis for midshaft clavicle fractures is often complicated by the prominence of the implant due to the subcutaneous position of the clavicle. Reoperation rates for symptomatic clavicle plate removal have been reported to be as high as 53%. We sought to determine to which degree do clinical outcomes (all cause reoperation rate and rate of fracture union) differ between types of clavicle plates., Materials and Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed using our hospital database for patients treated with ORIF for mid-shaft clavicle fractures (OTA/AO type 15-B). Implants included in this review were 2.7 mm reconstruction plates, 3.5 mm reconstruction plates, 3.5 mm precontoured clavicle plates and 3.5 mm locking compression plates. The primary outcome measure was the all cause reoperation rate. Secondary outcomes compared the rate fracture union, documented infection, hardware failures and clinical symptoms at the surgical site among the various plate types. Data was collected and descriptive statistics were analyzed. p values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant., Results: A total of 102 midshaft clavicle fractures treated with ORIF were included in this study. The majority of patients were ≤ 50 years old (83.3%) and male (72.5%). The overall union rate for all plating constructs was 97.1%. We found that age, sex and smoking were not associated with the rate of re-operation. In addition, the fracture classification, type of implant used and number of screws used didn't increase the risk of revision surgery. In addition, more than 50% of patients complaining of pain at 6 weeks post-operatively required a second surgery for removal of hardware. Moreover, there was no association between age, sex, smoking, fracture classification or plate type and the rate of union. Interestingly, clavicle fractures fixed with 3.5 mm reconstruction plates were more likely to have hardware failure due to plastic deformation, whereas 2.7 mm plates were more likely to fail by plate breakage., Conclusion: Although different types of implants have different biomechanical properties, no difference in reoperation, union and plate removal rates were found between the various plate types. Future studies with a larger sample size are required to further examine these outcomes., Level of Evidence: Level III.