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Cavernous malformations (CM) are rare intracerebral vascular lesions occurring in the brain, or less commonly in the spine, with an annual bleeding risk of up to 1.1%. These lesions can be occult or present to signs and symptoms based on location or, more frequently, are a result of hemorrhagic events. The most challenging aspect of managing these cases is weighing the risks and benefits of surgical treatment and intervening before the onset of a devastating hemorrhagic event. Here, we present the second case of CM haemorrhage following the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion procedure with a literature review of theories explaining this phenomenon. We present a 37-year-old female who has a known case of brainstem cavernoma and underwent left sub-temporal resection with stable residual since 2011, then was managed conservatively due to patient preference till she had a deterioration in December 2021 manifested as confusion, diplopia, dysarthria, and significant left sided weakness leaving her wheelchair bound. CT showed supratentorial hydrocephalus with extensive periventricular transependymal edema and no clear haemorrhage. A ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt was inserted, with no intraoperative complications. A few hours post-VP shunt insertion, she experienced a worsening in her mental status, hemiparesis, and dysarthria. Subsequent imaging found evidence of acute haemorrhage in the location of the previously noted residual. She was managed by supportive care. Causative factors of CM haemorrhage are poorly understood, and current data only suggest that prior haemorrhage and CM location could increase bleeding risk. Only one case of CM bleeding post-shunt insertion was reported; however, studies on other types of intracranial vascular lesions suggest that alterations in transmural pressure (including cerebrospinal fluid diversion procedures) can increase the risk of haemorrhage by changing the hemodynamic flow in these abnormally formed and weak vascular structures., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Salem et al.)

Background: Hydrocephalus is one of the most common brain disorders and numerous articles were published to address the clinical aspect and its management. This study aims to highlight the most influential work on hydrocephalus on bibliometric basis., Methods: A thorough search of Scopus database was performed using the word "hydrocephalus." The 100 most cited articles were retrieved, and variables of importance were collected including the article's title, 1 st author affiliation, country of origin, year and journal of publication, article's category, and citation count according to Scopus and Google scholar databases., Results: The 100 most cited articles were thoroughly analyzed. Publication dates ranged from 1946 to 2014, with most articles (45) published between 1998 and 2007. The mean number of citations per publication was 201 with total of 20,177 citations. The United States of America contributed half of the articles. The leading institution was the Canadian hospital for Sick Children University of Toronto having published 5 articles. Hydrocephalus in general and normal pressure hydrocephalus was the two major categories addressed with most studies fall under the topic of surgical management. Neurosurgery was the specialty with the greatest contribution (47%). The articles were published in 46 different journals led by the Journal of Neurosurgery with total of 17 articles., Conclusion: This bibliometric analysis delineates the landmark publications in hydrocephalus. The listed articles depict the myriad of studied aspects historically which helps in understanding hydrocephalus overall in evidence-based module for neurosurgeons and non-neurosurgeons., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2022 Surgical Neurology International.)

Background: Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) and normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) are disorders of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow dynamics. Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA) is a rare low-grade astrocytoma (World Health Organization grade II) representing <1% of astrocytomas. Combination of IIH and NPH with PXA is unheard of, with few published cases discussing the association of CNS tumors with either IIH or NPH, but never combined. We present a case of a 51-year-old woman with such a rare combination. Case Presentation . A fifty-one-year-old obese female presented with a progressive visual loss, abducens nerve palsy, and headache for three months. Further investigations revealed a right frontal tumor and ventriculomegaly on magnetic resonance imaging. Her symptoms improved remarkably after total surgical excision of the tumor with a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt., Conclusion: The pathophysiology behind NPH and IIH is still not fully understood, yet their management is mostly dependent on CSF diversion. The concomitant development of two different CSF dynamic diseases with a PXA has not been reported in the literature. We hypothesize that PXA may have sparked an abnormal CSF circulation pattern and ventriculomegaly., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Modhi Alhussinan et al.)

Background: Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide following ischemic heart disease, and the fifth in the United States. The video-sharing database, YouTube, is the second most popular visited website with more than 2 billion users, thus it's increasingly being used as a medium for delivering health information., Aim: We aimed to evaluate the quality, reliability and audience engagement of stroke-related YouTube videos., Methods: In October 2019 we conducted a search on YouTube using 5 keywords: stroke, brain attack, hemorrhagic stroke, ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack. We selected the first 30 videos from each search query for further analysis. The validated DISCERN instrument was used (a score of 0-5 per question) to assess the videos by four independent raters. We then recorded qualitative data and quantitative data for each video., Results: After sorting through 150 stroke videos, a total of 101 unique YouTube videos met our inclusion criteria. We found that the mean overall quality of YouTube videos according to DISCERN is of fair quality. Most videos (65.3%) were uploaded by hospitals, mentioned the symptoms of stroke (66.3%), had a doctor speaking (60.4%) and contained diagrams (20.8%)., Conclusion: YouTube is a useful source of gathering information about treatment choices for patients and their families as the quality of YouTube videos is fair. The audience engagement suggestions in our paper may help content creators improve the appeal of YouTube videos., (Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Early treatment of ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is essential to improve survival of these patients. However, not all patients present early enough to receive optimal treatment especially in third world countries. Social factors affecting early vs. late treatment have not been studied, particularly in the Middle East. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the social factors associated with delayed presentation of STEMI patients., Methods: All patients with STEMI presenting to King Abdulaziz Cardiac Center (KACC) between October 2013 and July 2014 were approached. After obtaining consent, patients were interviewed regarding their psychosocial circumstances using a standardized questionnaire. Their medical charts were also reviewed for further clinical data. Patients were divided according to their symptom-to-door time into early ( ≤ 6h) and late (>6h) presentation and group comparisons were conducted., Results: A total of 79 patients were enrolled, of which 24 patients (30%) presented late. Patients with increased symptom-to-door time had higher prevalence of diabetes (40% vs. 79.2%, p = 0.001), hypertension (43.6% vs. 70.8%, p = 0.023), and dyslipidemia (23.6% vs. 54.2%, p = 0.009). Most of the late presenters did not undergo primary coronary intervention (72.7% vs. 47.8%, P = 0.034) and had less prior information about myocardial infarction (43.6% vs. 25%, P = 0.023). Late presenters were more often illiterates and lived most often far away from the hospital. Using multivariate logistic regression; dyslipidemia was the only independent predictor for the late hospital presentation for STEMI patients., Conclusion: One third of patients with STEMI present more than six hours after symptom onset; these patients have a higher prevalence of coronary risk factors and less information about STEMI. Programs should be designed to educate patients and the general public about the symptoms of STEMI and the necessary action to be taken if a heart attack is suspected.