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Background: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and etiology of kidney failure (KF) among children below 15 years of age receiving chronic dialysis in Saudi Arabia and describe their dialysis modalities., Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 8 August 2022, encompassing all 23 pediatric dialysis centers in Saudi Arabia. Data gathered comprised patient demographics, causes of KF, and the dialysis methods employed. Collected data underwent analysis to determine prevalence of children undergoing chronic dialysis, discern underlying causes of KF, and evaluate distribution of patients across different dialysis modalities., Results: The prevalence of children on chronic dialysis is 77.6 per million children living in Saudi Arabia, equating to 419 children. The predominant underlying cause of KF was congenital anomalies of the kidneys and urinary tract (CAKUT), representing a substantial 41% of cases. Following this, others or unknown etiologies accounted for a noteworthy 25% of cases, with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) comprising 13%, glomerulonephritis at 11%, and congenital nephrotic syndrome contributing 10% to etiological distribution. Regarding dialysis modalities employed, 67% of patients were on peritoneal dialysis (PD), while the remaining 33% were on hemodialysis (HD)., Conclusions: This first nationwide study of pediatric chronic dialysis in Saudi Arabia sheds light on the prevalence of children undergoing chronic dialysis and underlying causes of their KF, thereby contributing to our understanding of clinical management considerations. This research serves as a stepping stone for the development of national registries., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to International Pediatric Nephrology Association.)

Aim: To assess incidence and characteristics of post-laparoendoscopic single-site donor nephrectomy (LESS DN) testicular pain., Materials and Methods: A prospective comparative study of all male donors post-left LESS DN (group A) vs. postopen nephrectomies (group B) was performed at our center. Patients' demographics, perioperative data, and postoperative consultation reports were reviewed. Testicular pain, swelling, numbness, urinary symptoms, and sexual dysfunction were evaluated. Patients with a history of scrotal pathology or surgical procedure were excluded. Pain and tenderness were scored on a standard 10-point scale., Results: From September 2017 to December 2020, 85 and 35 male patients of groups A and B met the evaluation criteria. Ipsilateral testicular pain developed in 11 patients (15.3%) and 2 patients (9.5%) in groups A and B, respectively. In most instances, the pain was mild to moderate in severity, started after 6 ± 2.1 and 4 ± 1.1 days postoperatively in groups A and B, respectively. Six patients in group A were evaluated with transscrotal ultrasonography that showed no abnormalities. All patients in both groups responded well to medical treatment., Conclusions: Post-LESS DN ipsilateral testicular pain is usually mild and self-limited. Preoperative patient education and discussion of the possibility of development of testicular pain and its management should be an integral component of laparoscopic donor nephrectomy informed consent., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Hany M. El Hennawy et al.)

Background: There is limited evidence on the safety and efficacy of denosumab for the management of immobilization-related hypercalcemia in hemodialysis patients. We report a case of successful treatment of immobilization-related hypercalcemia with a high dose of denosumab (120 mg)., Case Presentation: A 55-year-old, bed-ridden woman was admitted to the intensive care unit with suspected catheter-related bacteremia and septic shock. 13 days following admission, the patient's corrected serum calcium levels rose from 2.52 mmol/L at baseline to 3.39 mmol/L. Cinacalcet, subcutaneous calcitonin, intravenous zoledronic acid, and subcutaneous 60-mg dose of denosumab were administered but resulted in an inadequate response. Consequently, subcutaneous 120-mg dose of denosumab was administered and resulted in a gradual decline of corrected serum calcium levels from 4.18 mmol/L to 2.45 mmol/L within 3 weeks; corrected serum calcium levels were maintained above 2.10 mmol/L and less than 2.80 mmol/L for 3 months after high-dose denosumab administration., Conclusion: High-dose denosumab could be a viable treatment option for end-stage renal disease patients developing immobilization-related hypercalcemia.

Renal transplantation remains the therapy of choice for children and adolescents with ESRD. Differences in graft survival are observed in kidney transplant recipients of different race and ethnicities. Data in pediatric populations are limited and confounded by disparities in access to health care. We performed a retrospective single Canadian centre database review to determine the short- and long-term outcomes of kidney transplantation in Aboriginal children compared to non-Aboriginals. A total of 159 primary renal transplant recipients at BCCH between 1985 and 2005 were examined (15% Aboriginal). Aboriginal children had different etiologies of ESRD, and a higher percentage of females, but were similar in age at transplantation, cold ischemia time and living donation rate. Early graft outcomes such as delayed graft function, episodes of acute rejection in the first year post-transplant and estimated glomerular function rate at one yr were similar in both groups. Long-term graft survival, however, was significantly worse in the Aboriginal group, with a significantly increased rate of late rejections: 50% compared with 26.7% among non-Aboriginals (p = 0.03). In a province with uniform access to health care, significant differences in long-term graft outcome exist among Aboriginal children compared with non-Aboriginals.