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"Using microdata sources available from the U.S. Census Bureau and Statistics Canada, this paper contrasts primary, return and onward migration in the two countries. These classifications are based on information on the region (state or province) of birth and region of residence at the start and end of the census period. To study the propensities to make a primary, return or onward migration, rates are calculated...and compared with previous census periods. Analysis reveals that both countries have experienced similar temporal patterns, and that primary, return and onward migration patterns tend to be similar. Analysis using a nested logit model further reveals that return and onward migration in both countries can be similarly explained." Data are from the Public Use Micro Sample (PUMS) for the United States and the Public Use Micro File (PUMF) for Canada., (excerpt)

"The primary purpose of this paper is to consider and test for various interlinkages between migration flows, and also between migration and employment change. Three types of migration flows are distinguished: domestic in-migration and out-migration, and net international migration. The three migration equations are embedded in a model of regional adjustment that also includes regional employment and wage changes as endogenous variables. The data base utilizes Canadian census statistics for 1971 and 1981 in a cross-section analysis with 183 regions represented by counties, or their equivalents. The empirical performance of the various interlinkages is broadly in line with expectations, but the results raise some important questions about interpretation.", (excerpt)

"This paper examines the amount, spatial pattern, and correlates of migration in Canada at the census division scale. The effects of distance, economic prosperity, social and cultural conditions, community size, and the housing market are investigated.... Poisson regression techniques were used to avoid the estimation problems frequently encountered in log-normal regression.", (excerpt)

Since 2012, the Besrour Centre for Global Family Medicine at the College of Family Physician of Canada has brought together its partners from the Americas annually, to reflect on the evolution of Family Medicine on the continent since Alma-Ata, and to look forward to future challenges. Family doctors are but one element of a strong health system. Family Medicine provides key ingredients to respond to population health needs especially as countries move through the epidemiological transition to face larger burdens of chronic disease and multimorbidity. In this paper, we provide a high-level overview of the state of Family Medicine on the continent. We then analyze trends in the education of family physicians to face this changing landscape, including the emphasis on the leader role of future family physicians. Postgraduate programs in Family Medicine in the Americas are placing increasing emphasis on teaching collaborative care in view of creating truly interdisciplinary health teams for the benefit of patients.

As of the 2006 census, nearly one fifth of Canada's population was foreign-born. With such a sizeable and fast-growing immigrant population, research in immigrant health in Canada is increasingly important, including research on the smoking behaviours of Canada's immigrants. Research has shown that immigrants are significantly less likely to smoke than non-immigrants, yet differences by immigrant origins have yet to be fully explored. This paper explores smoking prevalence and cessation amongst immigrants in Canada disaggregated by country of birth. Additionally, it examines the impact of neighbourhood level effects on smoking cessation to determine if residential location has an impact on the likelihood of quitting. Results reveal important heterogeneities previously unseen in studies employing aggregate data. While immigrants in general were less likely to smoke than non-immigrants, and are also more likely to quit than non-immigrants, considerable variation exists between immigrant groups defined by origin region or country. Asian immigrants were the least likely to smoke but exhibited the greatest variation between countries of origin. Vietnamese men were found to be the most likely immigrant group to smoke and among the least likely to quit. While neighbourhood disadvantage was negatively associated with quitting smoking, it is not as important as individual socioeconomic characteristics in explaining variations in smoking cessation. The research illustrates the need for disaggregated data to account for the diversity of Canada's immigrant population., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Previous research has established a relationship between contraceptive self-efficacy (CSE), as measured by the 18-item CSE scale, and young women's contraceptive behavior. In this paper, the authors continue to explore the scale and its relationship to contraceptive behavior with four diverse samples to establish generalizability and to set guidelines for use of the scale. A series of correlational analyses were conducted with each sample. A pattern of low correlations among CSE items across samples emerged, indicating that use of the total item set separately as the basis for CSE was warranted. Zero-order and partial correlations revealed which CSE items were correlated with contraceptive behavior as well as which items explained unique variance in contraceptive behavior for each sample. Regression analyses showed that CSE was significantly predictive of contraceptive behavior for all samples. These results are discussed in terms of scale properties and use in research and clinical settings. Educational implications are formulated as well.

"This paper describes an emerging field of demographic enquiry focused on the population mobility of indigenous minorities in Australasia and North America. Political, scientific and policy rationales for research on the spatial dynamics of such groups are advanced as a prelude to a review of the Australian literature. This review is structured around four complementary perspectives on mobility: the propensity to move; spatial redistribution; flows and networks; and migration careers. Comparison of the relative strengths of mobility research on the indigenous and non-indigenous populations against these four perspectives assists in identifying outstanding research needs and priorities. Commonalities in the patterns and processes of indigenous mobility in Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the U.S. suggest the value of more detailed cross-national comparisons, and also provide a basis for contemplating an indigenous variant of Zelinsky's hypothesised mobility transition.", (excerpt)

"The main themes of the paper are developed in three parts. First, the setting for the study is established by reviewing the foundational theory of multiregional population projections, and by detailing how interregional migration is projected within this approach. Second, we will identify the requirements for making multiregional population projections in Canada and undertake to explain why the conventional approach to projecting interregional migration produces less than satisfactory results. Third, an alternative method for projecting interregional migration is proposed.", (excerpt)

"Have regional disparities in Canada changed over the past thirty years? This paper assesses the robustness of earlier findings of convergence in the levels and growth rates of provincial per capita GDP, and then estimates the extent to which interprovincial and international migration is being influenced by regional differences in incomes and employment.", (excerpt)

"In Canada, the proportion of women among immigrants fluctuates around 50 percent, with a slight increase in recent years. Another important characteristic of immigration...is a radical change in the composition of origin of flows in the past three decades--European-dominated streams have been replaced by those originating mostly in Asia. This paper focuses on female Asian immigrants in Canada.... Major Asian source countries of female immigrants (Hong Kong, Philippines, India, China, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Lebanon and Iran) give evidence to the growing importance of political push factors and sending countries' policies-facilitation factors as crucial determinants of international migration.", (excerpt)

"The present paper reviews Canadian immigration policy and assesses the current situation. An analysis of the 1994 immigration consultation process is presented which led to the new changes in immigration policy. Recent changes in the organizational structure of the Department of Citizenship and Immigration and its policy are evaluated. The implications of the new immigration policy are discussed, particularly as it relates to Asian immigration.", (excerpt)

"This paper examines the effects of changes in Canadian immigration policy on the occupational composition of immigration. We focus on 1967 changes that created a regulatory system, including the point system, that still forms the framework of Canadian immigration policy. We find that the point system provides some control over occupational composition but that its effectiveness in fine tuning is limited by the large number of other characteristics it seeks to control. We also find that entry class and source country composition of inflow have impacts that have swamped the effects of the point system in the last two decades." (SUMMARY IN FRE), (excerpt)

"This paper uses pooled 1971, 1981, and 1986 Canadian census data to evaluate the extent to which (1) the earnings of Canadian immigrants at the time of immigration fall short of the earnings of comparable Canadian-born individuals, and (2) immigrants' earnings grow more rapidly over time than those of the Canadian born. Variations in the labour market assimilation of immigrants according to their gender and country of origin are also analysed. The results suggest that recent immigrant cohorts have had more difficulty being assimilated into the Canadian labour market than earlier ones, an apparent consequence of recent changes in Canadian immigration policy, labour market discrimination against visible minorities, and the prolonged recession of the early 1980s." (SUMMARY IN FRE), (excerpt)

"In this paper, the authors briefly review the findings of an earlier study on the patterns of both regional and metropolitan redistribution of immigrant groups in Canada. Against this backdrop, a hierarchical model of migration for immigrant groups for the period 1981-86 is developed and estimated. The internal redistribution of immigrants through postarrival migration has continued to be focused on metropolitan areas in general and on Toronto, Vancouver, and Montreal in particular. The distribution of previous immigrants plays a significant role over and above that of economic circumstances both in retaining immigrants in a particular city and in attracting members of immigrant groups from other cities.", (excerpt)

"This paper applies a three-level nested logit model to the micro data of the 1981 Canadian census to explain the 1976-81 interprovincial migration choices of the non-natives (those whose province of residence was different from province of birth), aged 20 to 44, by personal factors and provincial attributes. Important personal factors include mother tongue, level of education, family type, and age. Influential provincial attributes include economic variables (income level, employment growth, and unemployment), distance, and cultural similarity. The main finding is that not only onward migrants but also return migrants were sensitive to the interprovincial variation in economic opportunities." (SUMMARY IN FRE), (excerpt)

"Canadian families are pluralistic and varied, with a mix of traditional, modern, and post-modern characteristics. This paper looks at families into the immediate future.... Consideration is given to ethnicity, cohabitation, fertility, childrearing, sexuality, family policy, adolescence, and general family life. The state will continue to influence family life. Non-familial associations will affect family values and activity.", (excerpt)

"This paper will review major theories on ¿rural-urban-turnaround' and the phenomenon of ¿dying villages'. It will then trace the evolution of one small settlement, Wroxeter, Ontario to describe and explain the factors that transformed it from the ¿most ghosted town in Ontario'...into a community experiencing both population growth and diversification in its economy. The Wroxeter experience will be evaluated against evidence from comparative case studies in the literature. Finally, conclusions from these studies will be weighted against those in contemporary studies of rural population turnaround, counterurbanization, rural renaissance, the urban field, and functional change in settlement systems. Idiographic findings at the local level will be compared with the conclusions of aggregate statistical studies and their nomothetic implications.", (excerpt)

The author comments on an article by J. W. P. Veugelers and T. R. Klassen. "Veugelers and Klassen's (1994) paper makes an important contribution by confirming in detail three findings on Canadian immigration policy that have been noted only more casually and less clearly in previous studies. In this commentary on their paper, I seek to clarify the significance of their findings and to set forth some important issues and hypotheses which are not covered in their interpretation.", (excerpt)

"This paper rejects Veugelers and Klassen's initial suggestion that greater concern with demographic considerations might provide a useful explanation for their empirical finding of a post-1989 change in the unemployment-immigration linkage [in Canada] and offers alternative explanations consistent with economic and, especially, sociological-political theories. It shows how elements of Hawkins's (1988) ¿bureaucratic control' and Simmons and Keohane's (1991) ¿political legitimacy' theories can be combined to explain both continuity and change in Canada's postwar immigration policy.", (excerpt)

"This paper studies the partial effect of various socio-economic characteristics on the rate of outmigration of the foreign-born from the Canadian population. The data sets used are based on the microdata of the 1971 and 1981 censuses of population. It is found that migrants with high school education have the highest propensity to outmigrate, while those with less than high school education have the lowest. The propensity to outmigrate is positively related to the age of the migrant. Males tend to have a higher propensity to outmigrate, while having a command of official languages reduces the propensity to outmigrate." (SUMMARY IN FRE), (excerpt)

"This study examines the extent to which internal migration among recent immigrants to Canada is affected and constrained by characteristics related to admission. By examining measures of information and personal ties, it may be possible to establish that migration behavior is rational regardless of economic incentives." It is suggested that "internal migration in the first year after arrival is strongly affected by characteristics such as admission status, destination at arrival, reason for immigration, and area of origin. With increasing length of residence in Canada, though, the effect of these admission factors on internal migration behavior diminishes." This is a revised version of a paper originally presented at the 1992 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America., (excerpt)

"This paper analyzes the choice of dominant destination language spoken by immigrants in a multi-lingual destination. The empirical analysis is performed for Canada.", (excerpt)

"Our paper investigates the effect of land shortage in the Saguenay region [of Quebec, Canada,] upon the household structures, more precisely on the frequency of a) complex structures, b) celibacy, c) cohabitation with strangers (non-relatives). The data come from 28 parish censuses of the period 1881-1931. For each of these three indicators, findings show that the saturation of arable land did not entail significant changes." (SUMMARY IN ENG), (excerpt)

"This paper proposes to introduce the migration component into the stable population model and examine the stability of the age distribution. The analysis [is restricted] to one sex as [has been] done by others." The model is applied to Canadian data., (excerpt)

"This paper is devoted to the spatial distribution of Quebec's international immigrants, and to the main territorial stakes related to this type of migration. After analysing international immigration as a flow (distribution of the cohorts of immigrants who entered Quebec during a given period) as well as a stock (distribution of all immigrants surviving in Quebec and their redistribution through internal migration), a critical analysis of the territorial stakes as defined by various agents (active at different levels) is proposed." (SUMMARY IN ENG), (excerpt)

"This paper investigates immigrant earnings differentials for males in Canada and how these earnings have changed over time leading up to 1972 with workers' year of birth. The paper uses the 1973 Job Mobility Survey, which contains a direct measure of work experience reported independent of age. Thus, using age as a birth-year index, it is found that cross-sectional earnings differentials of immigrant men have widened since the later 1960s relative to those of native-born workers." (SUMMARY IN FRE), (excerpt)

This paper describes intentions in the matters of fertility expressed by 900 first-year students surveyed at the University of Sherbrooke in Canada. The study seeks to ascertain links between certain attitudes, perceptions, or personal situations and the desired number of children. The desired number of children is shown to be strongly influenced by attitudes regarding marriage and by the importance placed on family life. Other variables which also have a significant impact on projected lifetime fertility, albeit to a lesser degree, include: the perception of the role of housewives, the importance granted to the stability of family income, and the number of siblings among members of the surveyed group. However, one surprising result is that the average desired number of children is 2.45. Given the high level of education of the sample, this appears to be quite a high figure.

"The changing composition and magnitude of internal migration flows are of critical importance in determining the potential economic growth of a region. Yet, there can be little doubt that the business cycle has a significant influence on migration flows and propensities. This paper explores the effects of macroeconomic events on migration [within Canada] through an examination of the extent of the influence of the national and regional business cycle on the in-, out- and net-migration rates." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND GER), (excerpt)

"The present paper shows that in the case of temporary migration the optimal investment into country specific human capital should be lower than in the case of permanent migration. Investments may not be sufficient to allow migrants' earnings to catch up with those of native workers." Earnings profiles of temporary migrants in West Germany are analyzed and compared with those of permanent migrants in Australia, Canada, and the United States. Data concern the 1980s., (excerpt)

"This paper examines the earnings of foreign-born and native-born men [in Canada] in an attempt to evaluate whether the decline in the quality [based on earnings] of Canadian immigrants is related to changes in the country-of-origin mix and the class (type) mix of immigrants....The analysis consists of two parts. The first part is based on individual data on earnings and socio-economic characteristics collected in the 1971 and 1986 Canadian Censuses.... In the second part of the analysis, additional regression equations are estimated, pertaining to the period 1968 to 1985, that relate these Census-based measures of immigrant quality to the country-of-origin and class mix of immigrants." The impact of changes brought about by the 1967 restructuring of the Canadian immigration system is analyzed., (excerpt)