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Gonadotropin inhibitory hormone (GnIH) is essential for regulating the reproduction of mammals and inhibiting testicular activities in mice. This study aimed to explore the mechanism of GnIH on spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis by acting through the hypothalamus-pituitary-testis axis of mice. Mice were subcutaneously injected with different doses of GnIH (1 μg/150 μL, 3 μg/150 μL, 6 μg/150 μL, 150 μL saline, twice daily) for 11 days. Subsequently, luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone (T), and inhibin B (INH B) levels of peripheral blood were determined, and the expression of GnRH synthesis-related genes (GnRH-1, Kiss-1, NPY) and gonadotropin synthesis-related genes (FSH β, LH β, GnRH receptor) in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland were respectively detected. Additionally, the expression of steroidogenesis-related genes/proteins (P450scc, StAR and 3β-HSD) and spermatogenesis-related proteins/genes including LH receptor (LHR), androgen receptor (AR), heat shock factor-2 (HSF-2) and INH B were analyzed using western blot and q-PCR. Results showed that GnIH treatment significantly reduced the concentration of LH in the peripheral blood. Further analysis revealed that GnIH treatment markedly reduced the expression of GnRHImRNA and Kiss-1 mRNA in the hypothalamus, and mRNA levels of FSH β, LH β, and GnRHR genes in the pituitary. We also observed that GnIH treatment significantly decreased T levels and expression of the P450scc, StAR, and 3β-HSD proteins in the testis. Furthermore, GnIH treatment down-regulated LHR, AR proteins, and HSF-2 gene in the testis. Importantly, the INH B concentration of and INH βb mRNA levels significantly declined following GnIH treatment. Additionally, GnIH treatment may induce germ cell apoptosis in the testis of mice. In conclusion, GnIH may suppress spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis by acting through the hypothalamus-pituitary-testis axis in mice., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Purpose: The use of open-source automated insulin delivery systems (OS-AIDs), for the management of type 1 diabetes (T1D), has increased over recent years in all age groups. Real-life data has demonstrated the safety and efficacy of these systems, however, studies in the pediatric population remain limited. In this study, we aimed to examine the effect of transition to an OS-AIDs on glycemic parameters, and on several aspects related to quality of life. In addition, we aimed to characterize the socioeconomic position of families who chose this treatment modality, assess their motivations to do so, and evaluate treatment satisfaction., Methods: In this multi-center observational real-life study from the AWeSoMe Group, we compared glycemic parameters of 52 individuals with T1D (56% males, mean diabetes duration 4.2 ± 3.9 years), from the last clinic visit prior to OS-AIDs initiation to the most recent clinic visit while using the system. Socioeconomic position (SEP) index was retrieved from the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Caregivers completed questionnaires assessing reasons for system initiation and treatment satisfaction., Results: Mean age at OS-AIDs initiation was 11.2 ± 4 years, range 3.3-20.7 years with a median usage duration of 11.1 months (range 3-45.7). Mean SEP Index was 1.033 ± 0.956 (value range: -2.797 to 2.590). Time in range (TIR) of 70 to 180 mg/dl increased from 69.0 ± 11.9 to 75.5 ± 11.7%, (P < 0.001), and HbA1c decreased from 6.9 ± 0.7 to 6.4 ± 0.6%, (P < 0.001). Time in tight range (TITR) of 70 to 140 mg/dl increased from 49.7 ± 12.9 to 58.8 ± 10.8% (P < 0.001). No episodes of severe hypoglycemia or DKA were reported. Reduction in diabetes burden and sleep quality improvement were the main reasons for OS-AID initiation., Conclusions: In our cohort of youth with T1D, the transition to an OS-AID resulted in greater TIR and less severe hypoglycemia regardless of age, diabetes duration or SEP, which was found to be above average. The overall improvement in glycemic parameters in our study population with excellent baseline glycemic control, provides additional evidence of beneficence and efficacy of OS-AIDs in the pediatric population., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Purpose: Flash glucose monitoring (FGM) in patients with type 1 diabetes (DM1) provides glucometric data that allow assessing glycemic control beyond HbA1c. The objective of this study was to evaluate metabolic control and use of FGM in a cohort of the pediatric and adult population with DM1., Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study of patients with DM1 and FGM. Data on the use of the system and metabolic control were evaluated, carrying out a comparative study between different age ranges, ≤12 years; 13-19 years, 20-25 years, and ≥26 years., Results: One hundred and ninety-five patients have included: 35.9% children and adolescents (≤19 years), 42.6% female, 26.2% in treatment with an insulin pump. Mean age was 28.5 ± 15.9 years, mean duration of diabetes 13.7 ± 11.0 years, and mean HbA1c 7.1 ± 0.9% (54 ± 6 mmol/l). Average daily FGM scans were 11.1 ± 6.7. Mean glucose was 162 ± 35 mg/dl, mean standard deviation (SD) 66.1 ± 20.4 mg/dl, mean coefficient of variation 41.4 ± 7.9%, mean time in range (TIR) 58.8 ± 17.0%, mean time above range 33.7 ± 17.6% and mean time below range 7.5 ± 5.8%. The pediatric group showed higher TIR, lower HbA1c, lower glycemic variability, lower mean glucose, and higher use of the device than the adult population. In the entire cohort, the device scans showed a negative quadratic correlation with HbA1c, mean glucose, SD, and age and a positive quadratic correlation with TIR., Conclusions: Children under 12 years showed the best metabolic control and the most frequent use of the device. Metabolic control deteriorates with age. The greater number of device scans was in correlation with better metabolic control in all age groups.