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Introduction: This study addresses the lack of methods to quantify driver familiarity with roadways, which poses a higher risk of crashes., Method: We present a new approach to assessing driving route diversity and familiarity using data from the DrivingApp, a smartphone-based research tool that collects trip-level information, including driving exposure and global positioning system (GPS) data, from young novice drivers (15-19 years old) to older drivers (67-78 years old). Using these data, we developed a GPS data-based algorithm to analyze the uniqueness of driving routes. The algorithm creates same route trip (SRT) arrays by comparing each trip of an identified user, employing statistically determined thresholds for GPS coordinate proximity and trip overlap. The optimal thresholds were established using a General Linear Model (GLM) to examine distance, and repeated observations. The Adjusted Breadth-First Search method is applied to the SRT arrays to prevent double counting or trip omission. The resulting list is classified as geographically distinct routes, or unique routes (URs)., Results: Manual comparison of algorithm output with geographical maps yielded an overall precision of 0.93 and accuracy of 0.91. The algorithm produces two main outputs: a measure of driving diversity (number of URs) and a measure of route-based familiarity derived from the Rescorla-Wagner model. To evaluate the utility of these measures, a Gaussian mixture model clustering algorithm was used on the young novice driver dataset, revealing two distinct groups: the low-frequency driving group with lower route familiarity when having higher route diversity, whereas the high-frequency driving group with the opposite pattern. In the older driver group, there was a significant correlation found between the number of URs and Geriatric Depression Score, or walking gait speed., Practical Applications: These findings suggest that route diversity and familiarity could complement existing measures to understand driving safety and how driving behavior is related to physical and psychological outcomes., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

This paper investigates the optimal tracking issue for continuous-time (CT) nonlinear asymmetric constrained zero-sum games (ZSGs) by exploiting the neural critic technique. Initially, an improved algorithm is constructed to tackle the tracking control problem of nonlinear CT multiplayer ZSGs. Also, we give a novel nonquadratic function to settle the asymmetric constraints. One thing worth noting is that the method used in this paper to solve asymmetric constraints eliminates the strict restriction on the control matrix compared to the previous ones. Further, the optimal controls, the worst disturbances, and the tracking Hamilton-Jacobi-Isaacs equation are derived. Next, a single critic neural network is built to estimate the optimal cost function, thus obtaining the approximations of the optimal controls and the worst disturbances. The critic network weight is updated by the normalized steepest descent algorithm. Additionally, based on the Lyapunov method, the stability of the tracking error and the weight estimation error of the critic network is analyzed. In the end, two examples are offered to validate the theoretical results., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Identification of pulmonary embolism (PE) across a cohort currently requires burdensome manual review. Previous approaches to automate capture of PE diagnosis have either been too complex for widespread use or have lacked external validation. We sought to develop and validate the Regular Expression Aided Determination of PE (READ-PE) algorithm, which uses a portable text-matching approach to identify PE in reports from computed tomography with angiography (CTA)., Methods: We identified derivation and validation cohorts of final radiology reports for CTAs obtained on adults (≥ 18 years) at two independent, quaternary academic emergency departments (EDs) in the United States. All reports were in the English language. We manually reviewed CTA reports for PE as a reference standard. In the derivation cohort, we developed the READ-PE algorithm by iteratively combining regular expressions to identify PE. We validated the READ-PE algorithm in an independent cohort, and compared performance against three prior algorithms with sensitivity, specificity, positive-predictive-value (PPV), negative-predictive-value (NPV), and the F1 score., Results: Among 2948 CTAs in the derivation cohort 10.8 % had PE and the READ-PE algorithm reached 93 % sensitivity, 99 % specificity, 94 % PPV, 99 % NPV, and 0.93 F1 score, compared to F1 scores ranging from 0.50 to 0.85 for three prior algorithms. Among 1206 CTAs in the validation cohort 9.2 % had PE and the algorithm had 98 % sensitivity, 98 % specificity, 85 % PPV, 100 % NPV, and 0.91 F1 score., Conclusions: The externally validated READ-PE algorithm identifies PE in English-language reports from CTAs obtained in the ED with high accuracy. This algorithm may be used in the electronic health record to accurately identify PE for research or surveillance. If implemented at other EDs, it should first undergo local validation and may require maintenance over time., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

To enhance the model's generalization ability in unsupervised domain adaptive segmentation tasks, most approaches have primarily focused on pixel-level local features, but neglected the clue in category information. This limitation results in the segmentation network only learning global inter-domain invariant features but ignoring the category-specific inter-domain invariant features, which degenerates the segmentation performance. To address this issue, we present an Unsupervised Domain Adaptive algorithm based on two-level Category Alignment in two different spaces for semantic segmentation tasks, denoted as UDA ca+ . The first level is image-level category alignment based on class activation map (CAM), and the second one is pixel-level category alignment based on pseudo label. By utilizing category information, UDA ca+ can effectively capture domain-invariant yet category-discriminative feature representations to improve segmentation accuracy. In addition, an adversarial learning-based strategy in mixed domain is designed to train the proposed network. Moreover, a confidence calculation method is introduced to mitigate the misleading issues of negative transfer and over-alignment caused by the noise in image-level pseudo labels. UDA ca+ achieves the state-of-the-art (SOTA) performance on two synthetic-to-real adaptative tasks, and verifies its effectiveness for image segmentation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Image content identification systems have many applications in industry and academia. In particular, a hash-based content identification system uses a robust image hashing function that computes a short binary identifier summarizing the perceptual content in a picture and is invariant against a set of expected manipulations while being capable of differentiating between different pictures. A common approach to designing these algorithms is crafting a processing pipeline by hand. Unfortunately, once the context changes, the researcher may need to define a new function to adapt. A deep hashing approach exploits the feature learning capabilities in deep networks to generate a feature vector that summarizes the perceptual content in the image, achieving outstanding performance for the image retrieval task, which requires measuring semantic and perceptual similarity between items. However, its application to robust content identification systems is an open area of opportunity. Also, image hashing functions are valuable tools for image authentication. However, to our knowledge, its application to content-preserving manipulation detection for image forensics tasks is still an open research area. In this work, we propose a deep hashing method exploiting the metric learning capabilities in contrastive self-supervised learning with a new modular loss function for robust image hashing. Moreover, we propose a novel approach for content-preserving manipulation detection for image forensics through a sensitivity component in our loss function. We validate our method through extensive experimentation in different data sets and configurations, validating the generalization properties in our work., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Transformer-based image denoising methods have shown remarkable potential but suffer from high computational cost and large memory footprint due to their linear operations for capturing long-range dependencies. In this work, we aim to develop a more resource-efficient Transformer-based image denoising method that maintains high performance. To this end, we propose an Efficient Wavelet Transformer (EWT), which incorporates a Frequency-domain Conversion Pipeline (FCP) to reduce image resolution without losing critical features, and a Multi-level Feature Aggregation Module (MFAM) with a Dual-stream Feature Extraction Block (DFEB) to harness hierarchical features effectively. EWT achieves a faster processing speed by over 80% and reduces GPU memory usage by more than 60% compared to the original Transformer, while still delivering denoising performance on par with state-of-the-art methods. Extensive experiments show that EWT significantly improves the efficiency of Transformer-based image denoising, providing a more balanced approach between performance and resource consumption., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Binary matrix factorization is an important tool for dimension reduction for high-dimensional datasets with binary attributes and has been successfully applied in numerous areas. This paper presents a collaborative neurodynamic optimization approach to binary matrix factorization based on the original combinatorial optimization problem formulation and quadratic unconstrained binary optimization problem reformulations. The proposed approach employs multiple discrete Hopfield networks operating concurrently in search of local optima. In addition, a particle swarm optimization rule is used to reinitialize neuronal states iteratively to escape from local minima toward better ones. Experimental results on eight benchmark datasets are elaborated to demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed approach against six baseline algorithms in terms of factorization error. Additionally, the viability of the proposed approach is demonstrated for pattern discovery on three datasets., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Jun Wang reports administrative support was provided by City University of Hong Kong. Jun Wang reports a relationship with City University of Hong Kong that includes: employment., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Malaria is a significant health concern worldwide, particularly in Africa where its prevalence is still alarmingly high. Using artificial intelligence algorithms to diagnose cells with malaria provides great convenience for clinicians. In this paper, a densely connected convolutional dynamic learning network (DCDLN) is proposed for the diagnosis of malaria disease. Specifically, after data processing and partitioning of the dataset, the densely connected block is trained as a feature extractor. To classify the features extracted by the feature extractor, a classifier based on a dynamic learning network is proposed in this paper. Based on experimental results, the proposed DCDLN method demonstrates a diagnostic accuracy rate of 97.23%, surpassing the diagnostic performance than existing advanced methods on an open malaria cell dataset. This accurate diagnostic effect provides convincing evidence for clinicians to make a correct diagnosis. In addition, to validate the superiority and generalization capability of the DCDLN algorithm, we also applied the algorithm to the skin cancer and garbage classification datasets. DCDLN achieved good results on these datasets as well, demonstrating that the DCDLN algorithm possesses superiority and strong generalization performance., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a significant machine learning subfield that emphasizes learning actions based on environment to obtain optimal behavior policy. RL agents can make decisions at variable time scales in the form of temporal abstractions, also known as options. The issue of discovering options has seen a considerable research effort. Most notably, the Interest Option Critic (IOC) algorithm first extends the initial set to the interest function, providing a method for learning options specialized to certain state space regions. This approach offers a specific attention mechanism for action selection. Unfortunately, this method still suffers from the classic issues of poor data efficiency and lack of flexibility in RL when learning options end-to-end through backpropagation. This paper proposes a new approach called Salience Interest Option Critic (SIOC), which chooses subsets of existing initiation sets for RL. Specifically, these subsets are not learned by backpropagation, which is slow and tends to overfit, but through particle filters. This approach enables the rapid and flexible identification of critical subsets using only reward feedback. We conducted experiments in discrete and continuous domains, and our proposed method demonstrate higher efficiency and flexibility than other methods. The generated options are more valuable within a single task and exhibited greater interpretability and reusability in multi-task learning scenarios., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest We declare that we have no financial and personal relationships with other people or organizations that can inappropriately influence our work, there is no professional or other personal interest of any nature or kind in any product, service and/or company that could be construed as influencing the position presented in, or the review of, the manuscript entitled., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Adversarial attack reveals a potential imperfection in deep models that they are susceptible to being tricked by imperceptible perturbations added to images. Recent deep multi-object trackers combine the functionalities of detection and association, rendering attacks on either the detector or the association component an effective means of deception. Existing attacks focus on increasing the frequency of ID switching, which greatly damages tracking stability, but is not enough to make the tracker completely ineffective. To fully explore the potential of adversarial attacks, we propose Blind-Blur Attack (BBA), a novel attack method based on spatio-temporal motion information to fool multi-object trackers. Specifically, a simple but efficient perturbation generator is trained with the blind-blur loss, simultaneously making the target invisible to the tracker and letting the background be regarded as moving targets. We take TraDeS as our main research tracker, and verify our attack method on other excellent algorithms (i.e., CenterTrack, FairMOT, and ByteTrack) on MOT-Challenge benchmark datasets (i.e., MOT16, MOT17, and MOT20). BBA attack reduced the MOTA of TraDeS and ByteTrack from 69.1 and 80.3 to -238.1 and -357.0, respectively, indicating that it is an efficient method with a high degrees of transferability., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In practical industrial processes, the receding optimization solution of nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) is always a very knotty problem. Based on adaptive dynamic programming, the accelerated value iteration predictive control (AVI-PC) algorithm is developed in this paper. Integrating iteration learning with the receding horizon mechanism of NMPC, a novel receding optimization solution pattern is exploited to resolve the optimal control law in each prediction horizon. Besides, the basic architecture and the specific form of the AVI-PC algorithm are demonstrated, including the relationship among the iterative learning process, the prediction process, and the control process. On this basis, the convergence and admissibility conditions are established, and the relevant properties are comprehensively analyzed when the accelerated factor satisfies the established conditions. Furthermore, the accelerated value iterative function is approximated through the single critic network constructed by utilizing the multiple linear regression method. Finally, the plentiful simulation experiments are conducted from various perspectives to verify the effectiveness and progressiveness of the AVI-PC algorithm., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

On-chip learning is an effective method for adjusting artificial neural networks in neuromorphic computing systems by considering hardware intrinsic properties. However, it faces challenges due to hardware nonidealities, such as the nonlinearity of potentiation and depression and limitations on fine weight adjustment. In this study, we propose a threshold learning algorithm for a variation-tolerant ternary neural network in a memristor crossbar array. This algorithm utilizes two tightly separated resistance states in memristive devices to represent weight values. The high-resistance state (HRS) and low-resistance state (LRS) defined as read current of < 0.1 μA and > 1 μA, respectively, were successfully programmed in a 32 × 32 crossbar array, and exhibited half-normal distributions due to the programming method. To validate our approach experimentally, a 64 × 10 single-layer fully connected network were trained in the fabricated crossbar for an 8 × 8 MNIST dataset using the threshold learning algorithm, where the weight value is updated when a gradient determined by backpropagation exceeds a threshold value. Thanks to the large margin between the two states of the memristor, we observed only a 0.42 % drop in classification accuracy compared to the baseline network results. The threshold learning algorithm is expected to alleviate the programming burden and be utilized in variation-tolerant neuromorphic architectures., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Local Interpretability Model-agnostic Explanations (LIME) is a well-known post-hoc technique for explaining black-box models. While very useful, recent research highlights challenges around the explanations generated. In particular, there is a potential lack of stability, where the explanations provided vary over repeated runs of the algorithm, casting doubt on their reliability. This paper investigates the stability of LIME when applied to multivariate time series classification. We demonstrate that the traditional methods for generating neighbours used in LIME carry a high risk of creating 'fake' neighbours, which are out-of-distribution in respect to the trained model and far away from the input to be explained. This risk is particularly pronounced for time series data because of their substantial temporal dependencies. We discuss how these out-of-distribution neighbours contribute to unstable explanations. Furthermore, LIME weights neighbours based on user-defined hyperparameters which are problem-dependent and hard to tune. We show how unsuitable hyperparameters can impact the stability of explanations. We propose a two-fold approach to address these issues. First, a generative model is employed to approximate the distribution of the training data set, from which within-distribution samples and thus meaningful neighbours can be created for LIME. Second, an adaptive weighting method is designed in which the hyperparameters are easier to tune than those of the traditional method. Experiments on real-world data sets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in providing more stable explanations using the LIME framework. In addition, in-depth discussions are provided on the reasons behind these results., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Han Meng reports financial support was provided by China Scholarship Council. Han Meng reports financial support was provided by University of Nottingham. Isaac Triguero reports equipment, drugs, or supplies was provided by NVIDIA Corp., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

As an important branch of network science, community detection has garnered significant attention. Among various community detection methods, nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF)-based community detection approaches have become a popular research topic. However, most NMF-based methods overlook the network's multi-hop information, let alone the community detection results specific to each hop of the network. In this paper, we propose Dual-learning Multi-hop NMF (DL-MHNMF), a method that considers not only the multi-hop connectivity between two nodes but also factors in the shared results across multiple hops and the impact of differences in the specific results at each hop on the shared outcomes. An efficient iterative optimization algorithm with guaranteed theoretical convergence is proposed for solving DL-MHNMF. Methodologically, by iteratively removing the specific results during the optimization process of DL-MHNMF, we achieve enhanced detection accuracy, which is also verified by subsequent experiments. Specifically, we compare fourteen algorithms on eleven publicly available datasets, and experimental results show that our algorithm outperforms most state-of-the-art methods. The source code is availiable at https://github.com/bx20000827/DL-MHNMF.git., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In this article, we introduce a system of non-linear inverse mixed variational inequalities (SNIMVIs). We propose a proximal neurodynamic model (PNDM) for solving SNIMVIs, leveraging proximal mappings. The uniqueness of the continuous solution for the PNDM is proved by assuming Lipschitz continuity. Moreover, we establish the global asymptotic stability of equilibrium points of the PNDM, contingent upon Lipschitz continuity and strong monotonicity. Additionally, an iterative algorithm involving proximal mappings for solving the SNIMVIs is presented. Finally, we provide illustrative examples to support our main findings. Furthermore, we provide an example where the SNIMVIs violate the strong monotonicity condition and exhibit the divergence nature of the trajectories of the corresponding PNDM., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

As a special type of multi-objective combinatorial optimization problems (MOCOPs), the multi-objective traveling salesman problem (MOTSP) plays an important role in practical fields such as transportation and robot control. However, due to the complexity of its solution space and the conflicts between different objectives, it is difficult to obtain satisfactory solutions in a short time. This paper proposes an end-to-end algorithm framework for solving MOTSP based on deep reinforcement learning (DRL). By decomposing strategies, solving MOTSP is transformed into solving multiple single-objective optimization subproblems. Through linear transformation, the features of the MOTSP are combined with the weights of the objective function. Subsequently, a modified graph pointer network (GPN) model is used to solve the decomposed subproblems. Compared with the previous DRL model, the proposed algorithm can solve all the subproblems using only one model without adding weight information as input features. Furthermore, our algorithm can output a corresponding solution for each weight, which increases the diversity of solutions. In order to verify the performance of our proposed algorithm, it is compared with four classical evolutionary algorithms and two DRL algorithms on several MOTSP instances. The comparison shows that our proposed algorithm outperforms the compared algorithms both in terms of training time and the quality of the resulting solutions., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In recent years, distributed stochastic algorithms have become increasingly useful in the field of machine learning. However, similar to traditional stochastic algorithms, they face a challenge where achieving high fitness on the training set does not necessarily result in good performance on the test set. To address this issue, we propose to use of a distributed network topology to improve the generalization ability of the algorithms. We specifically focus on the Sharpness-Aware Minimization (SAM) algorithm, which relies on perturbation weights to find the maximum point with better generalization ability. In this paper, we present the decentralized stochastic sharpness-aware minimization (D-SSAM) algorithm, which incorporates the distributed network topology. We also provide sublinear convergence results for non-convex targets, which is comparable to consequence of Decentralized Stochastic Gradient Descent (DSGD). Finally, we empirically demonstrate the effectiveness of these results in deep networks and discuss their relationship to the generalization behavior of SAM., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Given a graph G, the network collapse problem (NCP) selects a vertex subset S of minimum cardinality from G such that the difference in the values of a given measure function f(G)-f(G∖S) is greater than a predefined collapse threshold. Many graph analytic applications can be formulated as NCPs with different measure functions, which often pose a significant challenge due to their NP-hard nature. As a result, traditional greedy algorithms, which select the vertex with the highest reward at each step, may not effectively find the optimal solution. In addition, existing learning-based algorithms do not have the ability to model the sequence of actions taken during the decision-making process, making it difficult to capture the combinatorial effect of selected vertices on the final solution. This limits the performance of learning-based approaches in non-submodular NCPs. To address these limitations, we propose a unified framework called DT-NC, which adapts the Decision Transformer to the Network Collapse problems. DT-NC takes into account the historical actions taken during the decision-making process and effectively captures the combinatorial effect of selected vertices. The ability of DT-NC to model the dependency among selected vertices allows it to address the difficulties caused by the non-submodular property of measure functions in some NCPs effectively. Through extensive experiments on various NCPs and graphs of different sizes, we demonstrate that DT-NC outperforms the state-of-the-art methods and exhibits excellent transferability and generalizability., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Vision transformers have achieved remarkable success in computer vision tasks by using multi-head self-attention modules to capture long-range dependencies within images. However, the high inference computation cost poses a new challenge. Several methods have been proposed to address this problem, mainly by slimming patches. In the inference stage, these methods classify patches into two classes, one to keep and the other to discard in multiple layers. This approach results in additional computation at every layer where patches are discarded, which hinders inference acceleration. In this study, we tackle the patch slimming problem from a different perspective by proposing a life regression module that determines the lifespan of each image patch in one go. During inference, the patch is discarded once the current layer index exceeds its life. Our proposed method avoids additional computation and parameters in multiple layers to enhance inference speed while maintaining competitive performance. Additionally, our approach 1 requires fewer training epochs than other patch slimming methods., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The first formal definition of randomness, seen as a property of sequences of events or experimental outcomes, dates back to Richard von Mises' work in the foundations of probability and statistics. The randomness notion introduced by von Mises is nowadays widely regarded as being too weak. This is, to a large extent, due to the work of Jean Ville, which is often described as having dealt the death blow to von Mises' approach, and which was integral to the development of algorithmic randomness-the now-standard theory of randomness for elements of a probability space. The main goal of this article is to trace the history and provide an in-depth appraisal of two lesser-known, yet historically and methodologically notable proposals for how to modify von Mises' definition so as to avoid Ville's objection. The first proposal is due to Abraham Wald, while the second one is due to Claus-Peter Schnorr. We show that, once made precise in a natural way using computability theory, Wald's proposal constitutes a much more radical departure from von Mises' framework than intended. Schnorr's proposal, on the other hand, does provide a partial vindication of von Mises' approach: it demonstrates that it is possible to obtain a satisfactory randomness notion-indeed, a canonical algorithmic randomness notion-by characterizing randomness in terms of the invariance of limiting relative frequencies. More generally, we argue that Schnorr's proposal, together with a number of little-known related results, reveals that there is more continuity than typically acknowledged between von Mises' approach and algorithmic randomness. Even though von Mises' exclusive focus on limiting relative frequencies did not survive the passage to the theory of algorithmic randomness, another crucial aspect of his conception of randomness did endure; namely, the idea that randomness amounts to a certain type of stability or invariance under an appropriate class of transformations., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Author. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

In this paper, the leader-follower robust synchronization issue is mainly addressed for reaction-diffusion neural networks (RDNNs) with multiple leaders and external disturbances under directed graphs. Based on the σ modification approach, we propose a novel distributed adaptive controller by adding a term [Formula: see text] to avoid the phenomenon of parameter drift, that is, the adaptive parameters grow to infinity. Meanwhile, different from the adaptive control algorithm proposed in the undirected graph, we introduce a new function χ i (t) to provide additional freedom for the design to achieve robust containment when confronted with external disturbances. Further, the robustness of tracking synchronization with one leader is guaranteed by the proposed adaptive controller when the external disturbances concerning L 2 norm are bounded. Finally, relevant numerical simulation graphics are displayed separately to verify the correctness of the related theoretical results., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Computed tomography (CT), known for its exceptionally high accuracy, is associated with a substantial dose of ionizing radiation. Low-dose protocols have been devised to address this issue; however, a reduction in the radiation dose can lead to a deficiency in the number of photons, resulting in quantum noise. Thus, the aim of this study was to optimize the smoothing parameter (σ-value) of the block matching and 3D filtering (BM3D) algorithm to effectively reduce noise in low-dose chest and abdominal CT images. Acquired images were subsequently analyze using quantitative evaluation metrics, including contrast to noise ratio (CNR), coefficient of variation (CV), and naturalness image quality evaluator (NIQE). Quantitative evaluation results demonstrated that the optimal σ-value for CNR, CV, and NIQE were 0.10, 0.11, and 0.09 in low-dose chest CT images respectively, whereas those in abdominal images were 0.12, 0.11, and 0.09, respectively. The average of the optimal σ-values, which produced the most improved results, was 0.10, considering both visual and quantitative evaluations. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the optimized BM3D algorithm with σ-value is effective for noise reduction in low-dose chest and abdominal CT images indicating its feasibility of in the clinical field., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The complex and diverse practical background drives this paper to explore a new neurodynamic approach (NA) to solve nonsmooth interval-valued optimization problems (IVOPs) constrained by interval partial order and more general sets. On the one hand, to deal with the uncertainty of interval-valued information, the LU-optimality condition of IVOPs is established through a deterministic form. On the other hand, according to the penalty method and adaptive controller, the interval partial order constraint and set constraint are punished by one adaptive parameter, which is a key enabler for the feasibility of states while having a lower solution space dimension and avoiding estimating exact penalty parameters. Through nonsmooth analysis and Lyapunov theory, the proposed adaptive penalty-based neurodynamic approach (APNA) is proven to converge to an LU-solution of the considered IVOPs. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed APNA is illustrated by numerical simulations and an investment decision-making problem., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Tensor-based multi-view spectral clustering algorithms use tensors to model the structure of multi-dimensional data to take advantage of the complementary information and high-order correlations embedded in the graph, thus achieving impressive clustering performance. However, these algorithms use linear models to obtain consensus, which prevents the learned consensus from adequately representing the nonlinear structure of complex data. In order to address this issue, we propose a method called Generalized Latent Multi-View Clustering with Tensorized Bipartite Graph (GLMC-TBG). Specifically, in this paper we introduce neural networks to learn highly nonlinear mappings that encode nonlinear structures in graphs into latent representations. In addition, multiple views share the same latent consensus through nonlinear interactions. In this way, a more comprehensive common representation from multiple views can be achieved. An Augmented Lagrangian Multiplier with Alternating Direction Minimization (ALM-ADM) framework is designed to optimize the model. Experiments on seven real-world data sets verify that the proposed algorithm is superior to state-of-the-art algorithms., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This paper considers a distributed constrained optimization problem over a multi-agent network in the non-Euclidean sense. The gossip protocol is adopted to relieve the communication burden, which also adapts to the constantly changing topology of the network. Based on this idea, a gossip-based distributed stochastic mirror descent (GB-DSMD) algorithm is proposed to handle the problem under consideration. The performances of GB-DSMD algorithms with constant and diminishing step sizes are analyzed, respectively. When the step size is constant, the error bound between the optimal function value and the expected function value corresponding to the average iteration output of the algorithm is derived. While for the case of the diminishing step size, it is proved that the output of the algorithm uniformly approaches to the optimal value with probability 1. Finally, as a numerical example, the distributed logistic regression is reported to demonstrate the effectiveness of the GB-DSMD algorithm., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Multi-view unsupervised feature selection (MUFS) is an efficient approach for dimensional reduction of heterogeneous data. However, existing MUFS approaches mostly assign the samples the same weight, thus the diversity of samples is not utilized efficiently. Additionally, due to the presence of various regularizations, the resulting MUFS problems are often non-convex, making it difficult to find the optimal solutions. To address this issue, a novel MUFS method named Self-paced Regularized Adaptive Multi-view Unsupervised Feature Selection (SPAMUFS) is proposed. Specifically, the proposed approach firstly trains the MUFS model with simple samples, and gradually learns complex samples by using self-paced regularizer. l 2,p -norm (0

In this paper, an adjustable Q-learning scheme is developed to solve the discrete-time nonlinear zero-sum game problem, which can accelerate the convergence rate of the iterative Q-function sequence. First, the monotonicity and convergence of the iterative Q-function sequence are analyzed under some conditions. Moreover, by employing neural networks, the model-free tracking control problem can be overcome for zero-sum games. Second, two practical algorithms are designed to guarantee the convergence with accelerated learning. In one algorithm, an adjustable acceleration phase is added to the iteration process of Q-learning, which can be adaptively terminated with convergence guarantee. In another algorithm, a novel acceleration function is developed, which can adjust the relaxation factor to ensure the convergence. Finally, through a simulation example with the practical physical background, the fantastic performance of the developed algorithm is demonstrated with neural networks., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This work focuses on the issue of observer-based resilient dissipativity control of discrete-time memristor-based neural networks (DTMBNNs) with unbounded or bounded time-varying delays. Firstly, the Luenberger observer is designed, and additionally based on the observed states, the observer-based resilient controller is proposed. An augmented system is presented by considering both the error system and the DTMBNNs with the controller. Secondly, a novel sufficient extended exponential dissipativity condition is obtained for the augmented system with unbounded time-varying delays by proposing a system solutions-based estimation approach. This method is based on system solutions and without constructing any Lyapunov-Krasovskii functionals (LKF), thereby reducing the complexity of theoretical derivation and computational workload. In addition, an algorithm is proposed to solve the nonlinear inequalities in the sufficient condition. Thirdly, the sufficient extended exponential dissipativity condition for the augmented system with bounded time-varying delays is also obtained. Finally, the effectiveness of the theoretical results is illustrated through two simulation examples., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Tensor network (TN) has demonstrated remarkable efficacy in the compact representation of high-order data. In contrast to the TN methods with pre-determined structures, the recently introduced tensor network structure search (TNSS) methods automatically learn a compact TN structure from the data, gaining increasing attention. Nonetheless, TNSS requires time-consuming manual adjustments of the penalty parameters that control the model complexity to achieve better performance, especially in the presence of missing or noisy data. To provide an effective solution to this problem, in this paper, we propose a parameters tuning-free TNSS algorithm based on Bayesian modeling, aiming at conducting TNSS in a fully data-driven manner. Specifically, the uncertainty in the data corruption is well-incorporated in the prior setting of the probabilistic model. For TN structure determination, we reframe it as a rank learning problem of the fully-connected tensor network (FCTN), integrating the generalized inverse Gaussian (GIG) distribution for low-rank promotion. To eliminate the need for hyperparameter tuning, we adopt a fully Bayesian approach and propose an efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm for posterior distribution sampling. Compared with the previous TNSS method, experiment results demonstrate the proposed algorithm can effectively and efficiently find the latent TN structures of the data under various missing and noise conditions and achieves the best recovery results. Furthermore, our method exhibits superior performance in tensor completion with real-world data compared to other state-of-the-art tensor-decomposition-based completion methods., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This paper addresses the predefined-time distributed optimization of nonlinear multi-agent system using a hierarchical control approach. Considering unknown nonlinear functions and external disturbances, we propose a two-layer hierarchical control framework. At the first layer, a predefined-time distributed estimator is employed to produce optimal consensus trajectories. At the second layer, a neural-network-based predefined-time disturbance observer is introduced to estimate the disturbance, with neural networks used to approximate the unknown nonlinear functions. A neural-network-based anti-disturbance sliding mode control mechanism is presented to ensure that the system trajectories can track the optimal trajectories within a predefined time. The feasibility of this hierarchical control framework is verified by utilizing the Lyapunov method. Numerical simulations are conducted separately using models of robotic arms and mobile robots to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Answering complex First-Order Logic (FOL) query plays a vital role in multi-hop knowledge graph (KG) reasoning. Geometric methods have emerged as a promising category of approaches in this context. However, existing best-performing geometric query embedding (QE) model is still up against three-fold potential problems: (i) underutilization of embedding space, (ii) overreliance on angle information, (iii) uncaptured hierarchy structure. To bridge the gap, we propose a lollipop-like bi-centered query embedding method named LollipopE. To fully utilize embedding space, LollipopE employs learnable centroid positions to represent multiple entities distributed along the same axis. To address the potential overreliance on angular metrics, we design an angular-based and centroid-based metric. This involves calculating both an angular distance and a centroid-based geodesic distance, which empowers the model to make more informed selections of relevant answers from a wider perspective. To effectively capture the hierarchical relationships among entities within the KG, we incorporate dynamic moduli, which allows for the representation of the hierarchical structure among entities. Extensive experiments demonstrate that LollipopE surpasses the state-of-the-art geometric methods. Especially, on more hierarchical datasets, LollipopE achieves the most significant improvement., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Channel Pruning is one of the most widespread techniques used to compress deep neural networks while maintaining their performances. Currently, a typical pruning algorithm leverages neural architecture search to directly find networks with a configurable width, the key step of which is to identify representative subnet for various pruning ratios by training a supernet. However, current methods mainly follow a serial training strategy to optimize supernet, which is very time-consuming. In this work, we introduce PSE-Net, a novel parallel-subnets estimator for efficient channel pruning. Specifically, we propose a parallel-subnets training algorithm that simulate the forward-backward pass of multiple subnets by droping extraneous features on batch dimension, thus various subnets could be trained in one round. Our proposed algorithm facilitates the efficiency of supernet training and equips the network with the ability to interpolate the accuracy of unsampled subnets, enabling PSE-Net to effectively evaluate and rank the subnets. Over the trained supernet, we develop a prior-distributed-based sampling algorithm to boost the performance of classical evolutionary search. Such algorithm utilizes the prior information of supernet training phase to assist in the search of optimal subnets while tackling the challenge of discovering samples that satisfy resource constraints due to the long-tail distribution of network configuration. Extensive experiments demonstrate PSE-Net outperforms previous state-of-the-art channel pruning methods on the ImageNet dataset while retaining superior supernet training efficiency. For example, under 300M FLOPs constraint, our pruned MobileNetV2 achieves 75.2% Top-1 accuracy on ImageNet dataset, exceeding the original MobileNetV2 by 2.6 units while only cost 30%/16% times than BCNet/AutoAlim., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Structured pruning is a representative model compression technology for convolutional neural networks (CNNs), aiming to prune some less important filters or channels of CNNs. Most recent structured pruning methods have established some criteria to measure the importance of filters, which are mainly based on the magnitude of weights or other parameters in CNNs. However, these judgment criteria lack explainability, and it is insufficient to simply rely on the numerical values of the network parameters to assess the relationship between the channel and the model performance. Moreover, directly utilizing these pruning criteria for global pruning may lead to suboptimal solutions, therefore, it is necessary to complement search algorithms to determine the pruning ratio for each layer. To address these issues, we propose ARPruning (Attention-map-based Ranking Pruning), which reconstructs a new pruning criterion as the importance of the intra-layer channels and further develops a new local neighborhood search algorithm for determining the optimal inter-layer pruning ratio. To measure the relationship between the channel to be pruned and the model performance, we construct an intra-layer channel importance criterion by considering the attention map for each layer. Then, we propose an automatic pruning strategy searching method that can search for the optimal solution effectively and efficiently. By integrating the well-designed pruning criteria and search strategy, our ARPruning can not only maintain a high compression rate but also achieve outstanding accuracy. In our work, it is also experimentally concluded that compared with state-of-the-art pruning methods, our ARPruning method is capable of achieving better compression results. The code can be obtained at https://github.com/dozingLee/ARPruning., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Recently, second-order distributed optimization algorithms have been becoming a research hot in distributed learning, due to their faster convergence rate than the first-order algorithms. However, second-order algorithms always suffer from serious communication bottleneck. To conquer such challenge, we propose communication-efficient second-order distributed optimization algorithms in the parameter-server framework, by incorporating cubic Newton methods with compressed lazy Hessian. Specifically, our algorithms require each worker communicate compressed Hessians with the server only at some particular iterations, which can save both communication bits and communication rounds. For non-convex problems, we theoretically prove that our algorithms can reduce the communication cost comparing to the state-of-the-art second-order algorithms, while maintaining the same iteration complexity order O(ϵ -3/2 ) as the centralized cubic Newton methods. By further using gradient regularization technique, our algorithms can achieve global convergence for convex problems. Moreover, for strongly convex problems, our algorithms can achieve local superlinear convergence rate without any requirement on initial conditions. Finally, numerical experiments are conducted to show the high efficiency of the proposed algorithms., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have demonstrated great potential in achieving outstanding performance in various graph-related tasks, e.g., graph classification and link prediction. However, most of them suffer from the following issue: shallow networks capture very limited knowledge. Prior works design deep GNNs with more layers to solve the issue, which however introduces a new challenge, i.e., the infamous over-smoothness. Graph representation over emphasizes node features but only considers the static graph structure with a uniform weight are the key reasons for the over-smoothness issue. To alleviate the issue, this paper proposes a Dynamic Weighting Strategy (DWS) for addressing over-smoothness. We first employ Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) to cluster all nodes into several groups and get each node's fuzzy assignment, based on which a novel metric function is devised for dynamically adjusting the aggregation weights. This dynamic weighting strategy not only enables the intra-cluster interactions, but also inter-cluster aggregations, which well addresses undifferentiated aggregation caused by uniform weights. Based on DWS, we further design a Structure Augmentation (SA) step for addressing the issue of underutilizing the graph structure, where some potentially meaningful connections (i.e., edges) are added to the original graph structure via a parallelable KNN algorithm. In general, the optimized Dynamic Weighting Strategy with Structure Augmentation (DWSSA) alleviates over-smoothness by reducing noisy aggregations and utilizing topological knowledge. Extensive experiments on eleven homophilous or heterophilous graph benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method DWSSA in alleviating over-smoothness and enhancing deep GNNs performance., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In this paper, we propose a novel neurodynamic approach with predefined-time stability that offers a solution to address mixed variational inequality problems. Our approach introduces an adjustable time parameter, thereby enhancing flexibility and applicability compared to conventional fixed-time stability methods. By satisfying certain conditions, the proposed approach is capable of converging to a unique solution within a predefined-time, which sets it apart from fixed-time stability and finite-time stability approaches. Furthermore, our approach can be extended to address a wide range of mathematical optimization problems, including variational inequalities, nonlinear complementarity problems, sparse signal recovery problems, and nash equilibria seeking problems in noncooperative games. We provide numerical simulations to validate the theoretical derivation and showcase the effectiveness and feasibility of our proposed method., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In network systems, control using minimum nodes or pinning control can be effectively used for stabilization problems to cut down the cost of control. In this paper, we investigate the set stabilization problem of logical control networks. In particular, we study the set stabilization problem of probabilistic Boolean networks (PBNs) and probabilistic Boolean control networks (PBCNs) via controlling minimal nodes. Firstly, an algorithm is given to search for the minimum index set of pinning nodes. Then, based on the analysis of its high computational complexity, we present optimized algorithms with lower computational complexity to ascertain the network control using minimum node sets. Moreover, some sufficient and necessary conditions are proposed to ensure the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed algorithms. Furthermore, a theorem is presented for PBCNs to devise all state-feedback controllers corresponding to the set of pinning nodes. Finally, two models of gene regulatory networks are considered to show the efficacy of obtained results., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Yang Liu reports financial support was provided by National Natural Science Foundation of China., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Although 3D human pose estimation has recently made strides, it is still difficult to precisely recreate a 3D human posture from a single image without the aid of 3D annotation for the following reasons. Firstly, the process of reconstruction inherently suffers from ambiguity, as multiple 3D poses can be projected onto the same 2D pose. Secondly, accurately measuring camera rotation without laborious camera calibration is a difficult task. While some approaches attempt to address these issues using traditional computer vision algorithms, they are not differentiable and cannot be optimized through training. This paper introduces two modules that explicitly leverage geometry to overcome these challenges, without requiring any 3D ground-truth or camera parameters. The first module, known as the relative depth estimation module, effectively mitigates depth ambiguity by narrowing down the possible depths for each joint to only two candidates. The second module, referred to as the differentiable pose alignment module, calculates camera rotation by aligning poses from different views. The use of these geometrically interpretable modules reduces the complexity of training and yields superior performance. By adopting our proposed method, we achieve state-of-the-art results on standard benchmark datasets, surpassing other self-supervised methods and even outperforming several fully-supervised approaches that heavily rely on 3D annotations., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Object pose estimation and camera localization are critical in various applications. However, achieving algorithm universality, which refers to category-level pose estimation and scene-independent camera localization, presents challenges for both techniques. Although the two tasks keep close relationships due to spatial geometry constraints, different tasks require distinct feature extractions. This paper pays attention to a unified RGB-D based framework that simultaneously performs category-level object pose estimation and scene-independent camera localization. The framework consists of a pose estimation branch called SLO-ObjNet, a localization branch called SLO-LocNet, a pose confidence calculation process and object-level optimization. At the start, we obtain the initial camera and object results from SLO-LocNet and SLO-ObjNet. In these two networks, we design there-level feature fusion modules as well as the loss function to achieve feature sharing between two tasks. Then the proposed approach involves a confidence calculation process to determine the accuracy of object poses obtained. Additionally, an object-level Bundle Adjustment (BA) optimization algorithm is further used to improve the precision of these techniques. The BA algorithm establishes relationships among feature points, objects, and cameras with the usage of camera-point, camera-object, and object-point metrics. To evaluate the performance of this approach, experiments are conducted on localization and pose estimation datasets including REAL275, CAMERA25, LineMOD, YCB-Video, 7 Scenes, ScanNet and TUM RGB-D. The results show that this approach outperforms existing methods in terms of both estimation and localization accuracy. Additionally, SLO-LocNet and SLO-ObjNet are trained on ScanNet data and tested on 7 Scenes and TUM RGB-D datasets to demonstrate its universality performance. Finally, we also highlight the positive effects of fusion modules, loss function, confidence process and BA for improving overall performance., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have gained immense popularity in recent years, finding their utility in diverse fields such as image recognition, natural language processing, and bio-informatics. Despite the remarkable progress made in deep learning theory, most studies on CNNs, especially in regression tasks, tend to heavily rely on the least squares loss function. However, there are situations where such learning algorithms may not suffice, particularly in the presence of heavy-tailed noises or outliers. This predicament emphasizes the necessity of exploring alternative loss functions that can handle such scenarios more effectively, thereby unleashing the true potential of CNNs. In this paper, we investigate the generalization error of deep CNNs with the rectified linear unit (ReLU) activation function for robust regression problems within an information-theoretic learning framework. Our study demonstrates that when the regression function exhibits an additive ridge structure and the noise possesses a finite pth moment, the empirical risk minimization scheme, generated by the maximum correntropy criterion and deep CNNs, achieves fast convergence rates. Notably, these rates align with the mini-max optimal convergence rates attained by fully connected neural network model with the Huber loss function up to a logarithmic factor. Additionally, we further establish the convergence rates of deep CNNs under the maximum correntropy criterion when the regression function resides in a Sobolev space on the sphere., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Most of the existing municipal waste management (MWM) systems focus on the optimization of the waste disposal center locations and waste collection paths, which can be modeled based on the location-routing problem (LRP). This study models a green MWM system by a three-objective location-routing problem to achieve equilibrium among the total cost, carbon emission, and residential satisfaction. The amount of waste demand for each customer is considered as an independent discrete random variable following a normal distribution. The multi-objectives and non-deterministic characteristics make this problem more intractable than the traditional LRP. A multi-objective optimization algorithm based on decision tree classifier is proposed for solving this problem. The decision tree classifier learns from previous searching experience, and then guides the following evolution process to avoid blind searching. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has high competitiveness compared with other state-of-art methods. A case study is also conducted for a real waste collection problem in a certain area of Beijing. The proposed method adopts efficient location-routing strategies to balance the total cost, carbon emissions, and distance between residential areas and waste disposal centers., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Snakebite poses a significant health threat in numerous tropical and subtropical nations, with around 5.4 million cases reported annually, which results in 1.8-2.7 million instances of envenomation, underscoring its critical impact on public health. The 'BIG FOUR' group comprises the primary committers responsible for most snake bites in India. Effective management of snakebite victims is essential for prognosis, emphasizing the need for preventive measures to limit snakebite-related deaths. The proposed initiative seeks to develop a transfer learning-based image classification algorithm using DenseNet to identify venomous and non-venomous snakes automatically. The study comprehensively evaluates the image classification results, employing accuracy, F1-score, Recall, and Precision metrics. DenseNet emerges as a potent tool for multiclass snake image classification, achieving a notable accuracy rate of 86%. The proposed algorithm intends to be incorporated into an AI-based snake-trapping device with artificial prey made with tungsten wire and vibration motors to mimic heat and vibration signatures, enhancing its appeal to snakes. The proposed algorithm in this research holds promise as a primary tool for preventing snake bites globally, offering a path toward automated snake capture without human intervention. These findings are significant in preventing snake bites and advancing snakebite mitigation strategies., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Accurate short-term load forecasting (STLF) is crucial for maintaining reliable and efficient operations within power systems. With the continuous increase in volume and variety of energy data provided by renewables, electric vehicles and other sources, long short-term memory (LSTM) has emerged as an attractive approach for STLF due to its superiorities in extracting the dynamic temporal information. However, traditional LSTM training methods rely on stochastic gradient methods that have several limitations. This paper presents an innovative LSTM optimization framework via the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) for STLF, dubbed ADMM-LSTM. Explicitly, we train the LSTM network distributedly by the ADMM algorithm. More specifically, we introduce a novel approach to update the parameters in the ADMM-LSTM framework, using a backward-forward order, significantly reducing computational time. Additionally, within the proposed framework, the solution to each subproblem is achieved by utilizing either the proximal point algorithm or local linear approximation, preventing the need for supplementary numerical solvers. This approach confers several advantages, including avoiding issues associated with exploding or vanishing gradients, thanks to the inherent gradient-free characteristics of ADMM-LSTM. Furthermore, we offer a comprehensive theoretical analysis that elucidates the convergence properties inherent to the ADMM-LSTM framework. This analysis provides a deeper understanding of the algorithm's convergence behavior. Lastly, the efficacy of our method is substantiated through a series of experiments conducted on two publicly available datasets. The experimental results demonstrate the superior performance of our approach when compared to existing methods., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Spiking Neural Networks (SNN) are recognised as well-suited for processing spatiotemporal information with ultra-low energy consumption. However, proposals based on SNN for classification tasks are more common than for forecasting problems. In this sense, this paper presents a new general training methodology for univariate time-series forecasting based on SNN. The methodology is focused on one-step ahead forecasting problems and combines a PulseWidth Modulation based encoding-decoding algorithm with a Surrogate Gradient method as supervised training algorithm. In order to validate the generality of the presented methodology sine-wave, 3 UCI and 1 available real-world datasets are used. The results show very satisfactory forecasting results (MAE∈[0.0094,0.2891]) regardless of the characteristics of the dataset or the application field. In addition, weights can be initialised just once to achieve robust results, boosting the advantages of computational and energy cost of SNN., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Deep Learning algorithms have achieved state-of-the-art performance in various important tasks. However, recent studies have found that an elaborate perturbation may cause a network to misclassify, which is known as an adversarial attack. Based on current research, it is suggested that adversarial examples cannot be eliminated completely. Consequently, it is always possible to determine an attack that is effective against a defense model. We render existing adversarial examples invalid by altering the classification boundaries. Meanwhile, for valid adversarial examples generated against the defense model, the adversarial perturbations are increased so that they can be distinguished by the human eye. This paper proposes a method for implementing the abovementioned concepts through color space transformation. Experiments on CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, and Mini-ImageNet demonstrate the effectiveness and versatility of our defense method. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first defense model based on the amplification of adversarial perturbations., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Chunhua Wu reports financial support was provided by Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunicatons School of Cyberspace Security. Kangfeng Zheng reports financial support and writng assistance were provided by Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunicatons School of Cyberspace Security., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Example-dependent cost classification problems are those where the decision costs depend not only on the true and the attributed classes but also on the sample features. Discriminative algorithms that carry out such classification tasks must take this dependence into account. In some applications, the decision costs are known for the training set but not in production, which complicates the problem. In this paper, we introduce a new one-step Bayesian formulation to train Neural Networks and solve the above limitation for binary cases with one-step Learning Machines, avoiding the drawbacks that unknown analytical forms of the example-dependent costs create. The formulation is based on defining an artificial likelihood ratio by using the available training classification costs in its definition, and proposes a test that does not require the values of the costs for unseen samples. Furthermore, it also includes Bayesian rebalancing mechanisms to combat the negative effects of class imbalance. Experimental results support the consistency and effectiveness of the corresponding algorithms., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Owing to its ability to handle negative data and promising clustering performance, concept factorization (CF), an improved version of non-negative matrix factorization, has been incorporated into multi-view clustering recently. Nevertheless, existing CF-based multi-view clustering methods still have the following issues: (1) they directly conduct factorization in the original data space, which means its efficiency is sensitive to the feature dimension; (2) they ignore the high degree of factorization freedom of standard CF, which may lead to non-uniqueness factorization thereby causing reduced effectiveness; (3) traditional robust norms they used are unable to handle complex noises, significantly challenging their robustness. To address these issues, we establish a fast multi-view clustering via correntropy-based orthogonal concept factorization (FMVCCF). Specifically, FMVCCF executes factorization on a learned consensus anchor graph rather than directly decomposing the original data, lessening the dimensionality sensitivity. Then, a lightweight graph regularization term is incorporated to refine the factorization process with a low computational burden. Moreover, an improved multi-view correntropy-based orthogonal CF model is developed, which can enhance the effectiveness and robustness under the orthogonal constraint and correntropy criterion, respectively. Extensive experiments demonstrate that FMVCCF can achieve promising effectiveness and robustness on various real-world datasets with high efficiency., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Single image dehazing is a challenging computer vision task for other high-level applications, e.g., object detection, navigation, and positioning systems. Recently, most existing dehazing methods have followed a "black box" recovery paradigm that obtains the haze-free image from its corresponding hazy input by network learning. Unfortunately, these algorithms ignore the effective utilization of relevant image priors and non-uniform haze distribution problems, causing insufficient or excessive dehazing performance. In addition, they pay little attention to image detail preservation during the dehazing process, thus inevitably producing blurry results. To address the above problems, we propose a novel priors-assisted dehazing network (called PADNet), which fully explores relevant image priors from two new perspectives: attention supervision and detail preservation. For one thing, we leverage the dark channel prior to constrain the attention map generation that denotes the haze pixel position information, thereby better extracting non-uniform feature distributions from hazy images. For another, we find that the residual channel prior of the hazy images contains rich structural information, so it is natural to incorporate it into our dehazing architecture to preserve more structural detail information. Furthermore, since the attention map and dehazed image are simultaneously predicted during the convergence of our model, a self-paced semi-curriculum learning strategy is utilized to alleviate the learning ambiguity. Extensive quantitative and qualitative experiments on several benchmark datasets demonstrate that our PADNet can perform favorably against existing state-of-the-art methods. The code will be available at https://github.com/leandepk/PADNet., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This study introduces a novel approach to adaptive traffic signal control (ATSC) by leveraging multi-objective deep reinforcement learning (DRL) techniques. The proposed scheme aims to optimize control strategies at intersections while concurrently addressing the objectives of safety, efficiency, and decarbonization. Traditional ATSC schemes primarily emphasize traffic efficiency and often lack the ability to adapt to real-time dynamic traffic conditions. To overcome these limitations, the study proposes a DRL-based ATSC algorithm that integrates the Dueling Double Deep Q Network (D3QN) framework. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated through a simulated intersection in Changsha, China. Specifically, the proposed ATSC algorithm outperforms both traditional ATSC and ATSC with efficiency optimization only algorithms by achieving more than a 16% reduction in traffic conflicts and a 4% reduction in carbon emissions. In terms of traffic efficiency, waiting time reduces by 18% compared to traditional ATSC, but slightly increases (0.64%) compared to DRL-based ATSC algorithm that integrates D3QN framework. This small increase indicates a trade-off between efficiency and other objectives such as safety and decarbonization. Moreover, the proposed scheme demonstrates superior performance specifically in highly traffic-demand scenarios in terms of all three objectives. The findings of this study contribute to the advancement of traffic control systems by providing a practical and effective solution for optimizing signal control strategies in real-world traffic scenarios., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

This paper addresses the influence of time-varying delay and nonlinear activation functions with sector restrictions on the stability of discrete-time neural networks. Compared to previous works that mainly focuses on the influence of delay information, this paper devotes to activation nonlinear functions information to help compensate the analysis technique based on Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional (LKF). A class of delay-dependent Lurie-Postnikov type integral terms involving sector constraints of nonlinear activation function is proposed to complement the LKF construction. The less conservative criteria for the stability analysis of discrete-time delayed networks is given by using improved LKF. Numerical examples show that conservatism can be reduced by the delay-dependent integral terms involving nonlinear activation functions., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Sangmoon Lee reports financial support was provided by National Research Foundation of Korea., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)