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The paper represents the research achievements and a course of life of the outstanding Russian pathologist, founder of the doctrine on atherosclerosis academician Nikolai Nikolayevich Anichkov.

The article analyses some of illustrations dedicated to the military medical topics on the pages of some Russian magazines and newspapers (magazine "Ogonek" newspaper "Petrograd's paper" and its annexes), its place among the images of the war, formed in the mass consciousness by periodical subjects. It is concluded that with the beginning of the First World War medical illustrations were finally approved as a recognizable symbol of the war. Mass printed media played a significant role in its entrenchment.

This paper is devoted to the analysis of clinical principles of physician humanist F.P. Haas expounded in his book "Ma visite aux Eaux d'Alexandre en 1809 at 1810" by F.P. Haas (M., 1811). The translation of this book into the Russian language gave an idea of the clinical views of the medical profession in this country in the beginning of the XIXth century (before the Patriotic War of 1812) including relationship between doctors and their patients and medical ethics. Haas proposed a well-substantiated therapeutic strategy with the use of mineral waters taking into consideration residual assimilative capacity of the patient's organism.

The article is concerned to the history of formation of sanitary-treatment stations on the North Caucasus, in Chechnya (Goryachevodsky and Mikhailovsky mineral springs) till 1917 year. The basis of the article are archive documents, scientific papers of contemporaries and official documents. Goryachevodsky and Mikhailovsky mineral springs were more than 70 years the one the best recreative base of the Caucasian standing army including the caucasian cossack troop. The sanitary-treatment stations were of great importance during the active military actions with Hill people within the territory of Chechnya and Dagestan, during the Crimean War (1853-1856), The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 and the First World War (1914-1918), when the amount of the wounded and ill soldiers increased.

The paper gives basic facts from the life and work of Sergey Petrovich Botkin, one of the coryphaei of Russian medicine, who played a prominent role in the formation and development of Russian clinical medicine and became the founder of the most well-known therapeutic school in Russia. S.P. Botkin's greatest merit is emphasized to be his neurogenic theory of medicine, which has played a great role in the understanding of physiological and pathological processes in the entire organism.

The paper describes life and works of professor V.F. Voyno-Yaseneckiy (Holy Hierarch Lucas). Surgeon and Archibishop, he was officially glorified by the Patriarchate of Russia. Voyno-Yaseneckiy's early works represent the guidelines for regional anesthesia and his, Notes on Purulent Surgery, published in 1934 lad the foundation for an entire medical specialty.

This paper is devoted to the book "Ma visite aux Eaux d'Alexandre en 1809 et 1810" (M.: 1811) that celebrates the 200th anniversary of its publication. This work is an eloquent testimony that F.P. Gaaz should be by right considered as one of the pioneers of climatology, climatherapy, medical meteorology, and balneotherapy in this country. The available materials concerning the multifaceted activities of F.P Gaaz aimed at exploring and developing the region of Kavkazskie Mineral'nye Vody (Caucasian Mineral Waters) give reason to speak about him as an outstanding organizer of health resort business.

The material about the popularization of hygiene and health education in Russia in the second half of the 19th century to early 20th century through exhibition and museum activities has been collected for the first time and analyzed in the paper. The role of scientists and scientific medical societies in this process is noted. The significance of museum and exhibition activities in this area for the development of medical science is defined.

This paper describes many-sided activity of V.A. Merzheevsky, one of the founders of forensic gynecology in this country. It not only demonstrates an important contribution of V.A. Merzheevsky to forensic gynecology but also characterizes him as an expert in skopchestvo and an outstanding spa therapist. The paper is dedicated to the 130th anniversary of publication of V.A. Merzheevsky's main work entitled "Forensic gynecology. The manual for medical and legal professionals" (1878).

The first in the world large-scale gerontology investigation where 2620 elderly patients were examined was carried out by guidance professor S. P. Botkin in St.-Petersburg. The results were published in 1890 in the special book and consisted of 93 papers, including 102 tables.

The Contribution of D. K. Zabolotnogo to the development of venerology is discussed in the article. Numerous scientific papers of D. K. Zabolotnogo are dedicated to aetiology, pathogenesis, epidemiology and prophylactics of three infections: pestilence, cholera and syphilis.

The famous polemics between I. P. Pavlov and K. S. Lashley in the pages of the "Psychological Review" in the thirties is discussed in this paper. The particular significance of this polemics for development of contemporary neuroscience is underlined, since the essentially novel concept of the brain activity mechanisms has been advanced and intelligence nature has been advanced on the basis of the synthesis of the two opposing theories, the localizationalism and equipotentialism.

The specialized plague control facilities which began being founded as a system of institutions in Russia in 1897 have made a great contribution to epidemiological well-being against quarantine and particularly menacing diseases. The developmental stages of plague control service in different periods of the country's social life and its place in the general governmental preventive and antiepidemic measures are shown. The paper emphasizes that it is expedient to maintain the antiepidemic readiness of plaque control facilities due the fact that the epidemic situation is due menacing and zoonosis is expected to aggravate in the late 20th to the early 21st centuries.

The paper is dedicated to the 150th anniversary of academician I.P. Pavlov's birthday. Pavlov's points of view on vivisection are analyzed and are compared with the modern conception of ethics of carrying out experiments on animals. It is discovered that Pavlov's points of view are in accordance with the key positions of modern requirements to ethics of experimenting on animals which are adopted in the world practice.

The paper presents the results of international complex molecular genetic expert identification of skeletal remains of 9 subjects buried near the Koptiaki road in Ekaterinburg region, presumably belonging to the Romanov Royal Family and persons in their attendance. The armory of methods based on analysis of the least permissible amounts of DNA by the polymerase chain reaction and direct fluorescent sequencing of amplified DNA fragments included the latest scientific technologies. In addition, new methods were developed and used, which have no analogs in the world expert practice. The strategy included identification of biological gender of skeletons, of familial group among exhumed individuals, and of ties of relationship of this family with two independent maternal branches of the Romanov genealogical tree using tracing kindred markers based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The study was carried out in two stages: in 1992-1993 at Aldermaston Criminology Center of Home Office of the UK with participation of British specialists and in 1995 at Military Medical Institute of Ministry of Defence of the USA in Washington with participation of American specialists. In 1993 five skeletons were identified as Emperor Nicholas II, Empress Alexandra Fedorovna, and their three daughters with 99.6% certainty. From modern criminological viewpoint, the result could not be considered as sufficiently certain for such an extraordinary case, and therefore in 1995 molecular genetic studies of presumable remains of Nicholas II and his brother Prince Georgiĭ Romanov were carried out again. The results showed absolute positional identity of mtDNA genetic code of these two men due to an extremely rare genetic abnormality (heteroplasmia), and thus the problem of appurtenance of the remains to the Romanov royal family was solved.

The paper presents the previously unknown facts of Pavlov's scientific life, which covers his work at the Institute of Experimental Medicine. It also reviews the studies made at Pavlov's laboratory whose results were combined by I. P. Pavlov in his book "Lectures on the Work of Major Digestive Glands" in 1887. It also contains the data obtained before 1904 when I. P. Pavlov was awarded the first Russia's Nobel prize for his studies of digestive physiology.

Erroneous citing of N. V. Eck's paper "The Ligature of the Portal Vein" in R. H. Mead's book "A History of Thoracic Surgery", 1961, was found. Misspelt title of the journal and wrong year of publication in bibliographic description made it impossible to find this paper which became actually the foundation for present-day cardiovascular surgery. We have found the original of this remarkable paper at the Central Scientific Medical Library in Moscow: it was published in Voenno-Meditsinskiĭ Zhurnal, 1877, vol. 130, No 11, pp. 1-2. We should also like to offer some recommendations on improving the medical journals impact factor in this country and abroad.

The paper addresses the issues related to the restructuring of health services at the present stage of society development, improvement of forms and methods of management. A historical background of new reforms is given. It is shown that not always the restructuring of the existing public health management system leads to positive results.

The paper reports the initial stages of the formation of ecological parasitology in the Leningrad University in thirties. A special attention is paid to the activities of A. A. Philipchenko (1884-1940) whose role has been little known up to now.

The paper is devoted to the well-known Russian pathologist M. N. Nikiforov (1858-1915), the chief of the chair of pathology in the Moscow University (1857-1915). M. N. Nikiforov was a scientist who created a school of pathologists; he was the author of the first fundamental textbook of pathology in Russian, the founder of the Moscow scientific society of pathologists.

The paper defines the discovery made by I. M. Sechenov in 1863, of inhibition of spinal reflexes in a frog produced by stimulation of the thalami optici with a crystal of NaCl -- first finding revealing inhibition in the central nervous system. The question is discussed, what parts of the nervous system participate in this inhibition and, in particular, along what pathways the excitation is transmitted from thalami optici to the spinal cord. According to I. M. Sechenov this pathway is the sympathetic nervous system, which is confirmed by numerous studies. P. G. Kostyuk (1969) describes this inhibition as presynaptic. However there are reasons to assume the participation of the sympathetic nervous system in the presynaptic inhibition as well.

The paper deals with the results of scientific activity of A. I. Silakova (1908-1980) The main data are presented obtained by A. I. Silakova concerning the physiological role and transformation ways of glutamine in the muscular tissue. Her achievements are marked in development of some techniques, the isolation of pure fraction of muscular nuclei in particular, which create the necessary prerequisites for extending the research of biochemical processes in muscular nuclei and their membranes.