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Economic and social losses due to epidemics of non-communicable diseases have put prevention and control of them on the first line in the field of sustainable development of the United Nations. The tasks of combating NCDs and risk factors within the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals require targeted actions on the part of States in the field of policy and legislation and provision of health systems with appropriate resources. In the Russian Federation, such work is being implemented within the framework of the national project "Healthcare", federal programs to combat oncological and cardiovascular diseases. Each subject takes into account the peculiarities of economic development, staffing, implementation of informatization processes, etc. The rapid pace of transformation of Moscow healthcare, its unique institutional structure allowed to form the basis for the effective development of a system of proactive dispensary monitoring of patients suffering from chronic diseases. The authors describe the process of formation of preventive work and organization of dynamic dispensary observation in Moscow. The paper presents in detail the organizational, administrative and technological resources used to create a unique system of dynamic dispensary observation. In addition, the article illustrates the personalized subsystem of dynamic dispensary observation in EMIAS and the institute of "physician assistant". The introduction of a proactive dispensary monitoring system will reduce premature mortality and disability among residents of the city. Moscow through an individual monitoring program and motivation for the responsible attitude of metropolitan patients to their health.

Violation of the interconnected system of institutions for assessing the qualifications of medical specialists can be associated with two main circumstances. The first circumstance is the emergence of new institutions with duplicate tasks and organizational forms, and the second is the withdrawal from the system of an institution that performs the necessary system function. Two relatively new institutions, namely the independent assessment of qualifications (IAQ) and certification for the title of «Moscow Doctor», are considered from the point of view of these circumstances. The paper reveals that there is a convergence of the rules of the Institute of accreditation with the Institution of IAQ of qualifications, which can result in significant duplication of their activities. Therefore, it is necessary to resolve the issue of its possible unification with the Institution of accreditation while the IAQ is at the experimental stage and has not been put into practice. A certain similarity of the principles of activity can be traced in such institutions as certification for the qualification category and certification for the title of «Moscow doctor». Both of these institutions identify and rank the qualifications of specialists exceeding the basic level. The fundamental innovation of certification for the status of «Moscow Doctor» is that this institution actually introduces a qualification category that is higher than the current highest category. At the same time, this institution shows the importance of the institution of certification for a category whose existence is being questioned.

The paper presents the results of a scientometric analytical research on the study of the publication landscape formed by research institutes and scientific-practical centers subordinate to the Moscow Healthcare Department. The study was conducted using the analytical platform SciVal, the data source for which is the database Scopus, the time period was 5 years - from 2017 to 2021. The results obtained in the course of the study indicate a steady growth and positive dynamics of changes in the selected scientometric indicators, as well as a significant contribution of Moscow research institutes and scientific-practical centers to the publication flow of the Moscow Healthcare Department. For the publishing landscape of Moscow medical science, there is a wide variety of subject areas in which its publications are distributed, a significant part of which belongs to highly relevant topic clusters.

Based on the results of sociological research, the article considers the consequences of the pandemic on the social health of citizens of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) states. A comparative analysis is carried out between groups of labor migrants from the EAEU states in Moscow and Russian citizens of the same age. The paper discusses the measures taken by the EАEU, for the maintenance of social health in terms of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis.

The paper presents the results of a comparative epidemiological study of thermal injury and fatal hypothermia based on the results of consolidated reports of the Bureau of Forensic Medicine of the Moscow Department of Health for 2017-2019. It was analyzed the archival material for three calendar years. It was used a continuous retrospective research method with an assessment of the general aggregate of the death incidence from thermal injury and hypothermia in Moscow in 2017-2019 by means of nonparametric statistical methods. Deaths from thermal injury and hypothermia are the most often accidents. The incidence of this type of death is characterized by ups and downs depending on the season. May, January and December are the most dangerous for burns. A similar pattern, with the exception of May, was noted for hypothermia. It was found that men aged 50-70 and women of 70-90 years old die most often. It was determined that most social characteristics (education, being married, etc.) alter the average age when deaths occur. The results obtained provide statistical justification for further more thorough study of thermal injury and hypothermia.

The paper describes the life of A.I. Polunin (1820-1888), the first professor of an independent department of pathological anatomy in Russia, which was founded at Imperial Moscow University in 1849. It analyzes his doctoral dissertation on cholera and also gives the reviews of his key works. It is noted that the activities of A.I. Polunin as a scientist were greatly influenced by the humoral theory of pathology by Karl von Rokitansky (1804-1878), the doctrine of blood «crases», and by the works of representatives of the Viennese School of physicians who upheld the clinical and anatomical approach in medicine. At the same time, Professor A.I. Polunin is noted to be the first to familiarize Russian physicians with the theory of cellular pathology by R. Virchow (1821-1902).

The sociological survey of physicians and patients was carried out in the state and private sector of medical care services with the purpose of comparison of various defects of paper work and quality of provided medical services. The material of study consisted of the results of survey in state and private medical institutions of Moscow. The quality of medical paper work, satisfaction of patients with received discharge epicrisis, quality of paper work for expertise of medical commission, rate of detection of defects and breaches in medical paper work were evaluated. The study object included patients aged 18-94 years received hospital care in 2016-2017 and provided voluntary informed consent to participation in survey. The study results demonstrated that in state and private medical institutions patients in overall were satisfied both with quality of proposed services and informativeness of discharge epicrisis at discharge from hospital. A number of established defects in execution of discharge epicrisis negatively affect overall perception of applied treatment and force to apply additional efforts to visit medical institution iteratively with the purpose of elimination of defects of lexical character and lacking in documentation the results of implemented clinical instrumental analyses and consultations of adjacent specialists.

The paper describes the history of the Department of Pathoanatomy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow Medical University (Sechenov University) from its establishment in 1849 to the present time. It gives the names of all the heads of the Department and the features of its development in different periods of its activity.

The paper presents the results of theoretical and practical studies into parasitology, which were conducted at the E.I.Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases and then used for the training of specialists with higher medical education at the Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitic Diseases, I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University. The need to develop professional skills is related to the increasing learning require- ments due to socioeconomic conditions and the epidemiological situation in the country.

Since the mid-2000s, after a few decades of negative trends and fluctuations, Russia has experienced the longest and most stable period of life expectancy increasing for the entire period of observation which was determined not only by a decrease in mortality at the middle ages, but also at the old ages. This period has been marked by a very fast increase in life expectancy of Muscovites. The paper shows that the mortality at old ages in Moscow systematically deviates from the patterns observed in economically developed countries with reliable mortality statistics. We assume that experience of these countries is applicable to regions of Russia. Based on this assumption the adjusted estimates of life expectancy at old ages in Moscow and Russia were calculated, as well as effect of the underestimation of mortality over age 80 on life expectancy at birth and at the age of retirement.

The paper presents the assessment of tooth decay prevalence in clinically homogenous groups of children receiving long-term preventive program (PP) in school dental facilities. Five-years PP were introduced in clinical practice in 2 Moscow schools. Preventive treatment was performed by dental hygienist. The results show that systematic preventive treatment in school dental offices starting from elementary school allows reducing dental caries incidence 46-53% and stabilize the incidence of caries complications. It should be mentioned though that analysis of individualized outcomes proves heterogeneity of study results despite of equal conditions of PP. Potentially significant hence is early diagnostics and treatment of initial caries forms as demineralization foci, especially in children with intensive tooth decay. Optimization of pediatric dentist and dental hygienist activity in school dental facilities is the main factor of caries prevention efficiency.

The paper gives experience with personal computers used at the Academician A.L. Strukov Department of Pathological Anatomy for more than 20 years. It shows the objective necessity of introducing computer technologies at all stages of acquiring skills in anatomical pathology, including lectures, students' free work, test check, etc.

Objective: To compare the publication activity of 6 psychiatric institutes based on the data from the Russian Citation Index (RCI)., Material and Methods: Weighted average data of the last five years was selected for analysis: number of publications and citations per author, number of citations per publication, impact factor of journals published the papers. The analysis of the dynamics of publication activity and citations for the period of 2006-2013 for 6 institutes has been performed., Results: The analysis shows that the Research Center of Mental Health of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences (RAMS) is the leader among in publication activity in the field of "psychiatry and addiction medicine". In second place the Moscow Research Institute of Psychiatry and the National Research Center of Addictology. Then, by a large margin, are the Bechterev St.Peterburg Research Psycho-Neurological Institute, the Serbsky National Research Center of Social and Forensic Psychiatry and the Siberian Research Mental Health Institute of RAMS., Conclusion: RCI data is an important source of information regarding scientific activity of research institutes although the data should be interpreted with caution.

The paper describes a case of acute opisthorchiasis in a 31-year-old female patient after ingestion of dried fish of the family Cyprinidae caught in the Oka River basin on the border of the Moscow and Ryazan Regions. This case could convince of that there was a risk of human Opisthorchis infection despite the zoonotic pattern of circulation of the pathogen in European Russia. The dietary intake of unsterilized fish of the family Cyprinidae caught in the Moscow and neighboring regions may give rise to Opisthorchis invasion and, it a large infectious dose, to acute opisthorchiasis.

This paper highlights the complex of organizational and socio-economic measures designed to modify the healthcare system in the city of Moscow, improve the quality of medical aid, and ensure its availability for the urban population. The proposed methods were developed based on the results of analysis of the data obtained in the course of checking the work of the otorhinolaryngological services of the city, analysis of effectiveness of using the hospital stock in the therapeutic and prophylactic facilities of Moscow.

Aim: To study the clinical features of pertussis in adults., Subjects and Methods: The clinical manifestations of pertussis in adults were analyzed in 62 patients treated in the Core Unit and Obstetric Unit, Clinical Infectious Diseases Hospital One, Moscow Healthcare Department, in 2011-2013., Results: Investigations conducted in the familial foci of pertussis showed that its incidence rate was 23.7 and 10% in adults and in pediatric institutions, respectively. The source of infant infection was adults in almost one third of cases, mothers in 72% and fathers in 27.7%. Assessment of the symptom complex of pertussis in the sick mothers in the observed period ascertained that 94±3% had experienced the typical form of whooping cough: 72.0±5.7 and 22.0±5.3% had its mild and moderate forms, respectively. The disease had run a latent course in 6±3% of the patients. The paper describes cases of pertussis in 5 pregnant women admitted to the obstetric unit for complaints of persistent cough. The diagnosis of whooping cough in all the cases was based on clinical and epidemiological findings and serological tests showing specific IgA and IgG antibodies. Three and two patients experienced moderate and mild pertussis, respectively., Conclusion: Pertussis now remains one of the infectious diseases relevant not only to a pediatric population, but also to an adult one. Adult pertussis maintains the main clinical features typical for this infection with a predominance of its mild forms, which makes its diagnosis difficult. A serological test (enzyme immunoassay) is of high diagnostic value for verifying whooping cough in adults under the present conditions.

Based on data collected from urban residents by questionnaire, the basic parameters of the genetic-demographic structure of populations of the three megalopolises, i.e., Moscow, Kharkov, and Minsk, have been calculated, including the migration coefficients and their dynamics in generations, the radius of the cities migration attraction, the parameters of marriage structure (the proportion ofinterethnic marriages, the level of intraethnic assortative mating, the marital distances), and the gene flow between the ethnic groups. It is shown that the representatives of the most numerous ethnic groups in each megalopolis have considerable amount of admixture. For Russians of Moscow, Ukrainians of Kharkov, and Belarusians of Minsk, the proportion of individuals whose ancestors were all born in the given city for at least three generations and belonged to the same nationality turned out to be very low (4.75% in Moscow, 1.83% in Kharkov, and 3.13% in Minsk). This finding questions the formation of a reference population in the megalopolis as a sampling of aboriginals of certain ethnic origins. In the paper, we justify principles of creating genetic databases for the population of the megalopolis taking into account the complexity and dynamism of its population structure.

The paper describes the history of meningioma surgery at Burdenko Neurosurgical Institute, analyses of accumulated series of patients and assesses effectiveness of different techniques for meningioma diagnosis and treatment of. We analyzed 15413 patients with meningiomas operated in Burdenko Neurosurgical Institute from 1932 to 2011. Mathematical analysis was performed using Statistica 6.0 program. Mortality rate during World War II reached a disastrous level of 45,8%, in 21st century it is below 1%. Temporary and permanent morbidity has also decreased. While in 1961 Karnofsky performance score was 71, in 2011 it became 83. The probability of postoperative tumour recurrence also diminished, from 40% in 1960-s to 29% in 1996 and presumably to 25% nowadays. Independent factors that influence the risk of recurrence are primary gross total resection, grade of anaplasia and radiation therapy. However, unreasonably aggressive surgery leads to significant increase of morbidity. Further improvement of surgical results in patients with meningiomas depends on implementation of new technologies for neurovisualization, abandoning extensive surgical approaches whenever possible, finding the "balance" between radical removal and expected functional outcome, wider application of radiosurgery and three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy.

Six leading Moscow therapeutic schools in the 1920s to the 1940s are first identified and given in this paper; their personal composition, distinctive characteristics, and role in the history of Russian internal medicine are shown.

The paper is devoted to the topical problem of maintaining somatic and psychic health of the women of reproductive age by rational pregnancy planning and prevention of abortions by modern methods of contraception including combined oral hormonal contraception. Unfortunately, this approach is rarely employed in this country (5-6%). Results of retrospective analysis of medical documentation, clinical efficacy and safety of modern combined oral hormonal contraception are presented.

The paper considers the characteristics of domestic hot water consumption by Moscow dwellers. It gives the results of questionnaire surveys in 100 respondents aged 20-80 years about the modes and intensity of hot water use, by indicating the time and frequency of contact with hot water complaints about hot water supply. According to the authors'studies, the daily consumption of hot water per capita was 1.1-2 times greater than that of cold water; at the same time the total water use remained to be 1.3-3 times less than the Moscow standard levels. Top stationary point measurements of water temperature showed the noncompliance with its hygienic requirements: 95 of 98 hot water samples had a temperature of 5-22 degrees C less than the standard temperature (60 degrees C). A decrease in hot water temperature in the centralized hot water supply systems creates conditions for Legionella pneumophila propagation and ensures no hot water safety with regards to the possible development of Legionella pneumonia.

The paper presents the results of investigating the phenotypic polymorphism of a number of biochemical and immunological parameters (the values of oxidative stress, the activity of catalase and glutathione-S-transferase in red blood cells, the serum levels of catecholamines, tumor-necrosis factor-?, and IgG antibody subclasses) in the authors' hygienic studies of genotypic and nongenotypic population samples.

The paper gives data on the sorption of influenza virus pandemic strain A/IIV-Moscow/01/2009 (H1N1)swl, avian influenza viruses with A/H5 and A/H7 hemagglutinin, poliomyelitis virus, and T4-D bacteriophage on polyaniline sorbents, carbon nanotubes, and their based nanocomposites. The sorption of viruses occurred in different solutions at 4-37 degrees C during 15 min or more. The rate of viral sorption depended on the structure of sorbents.

The paper presents the results of a sociological survey of 1093 Moscow 6th-11th form schoolchildren. Their awareness and real behavior are analyzed in the context of smoking and health. The adolescents have been found to have superficial knowledge of the negative effect of smoking on health. Among the schoolchildren, the prevalence of varying intensity smoking is 45.6%. Susceptibility to smoking increases by 3 and 5 times in the middle and senior classes, respectively. The number of smoking adolescents peaks (41.1%) in the 10th-11th classes. This group of adolescents shows no gender differences: the smoking boys and girls are 42.1 and 40.0%, respectively. Despite the fact that the adolescents have a firm grasp of health protection, the reality shows a substantial difference between the acceptable values and real behavior.

The paper describes risk factors for environment-induced diseases in road-patrol (RP) officers under the existing working conditions: noise and chemical ambient air pollution from motor vehicles. There is evidence for a significant increase in the incidence of diseases of the cardiovascular and nervous system, sense organs, digestive and endocrine metabolic systems in the State Road Safety Inspectorate officers who are directly engaged in traffic management. Potential and real risks from motor transport to the health of RP roads have been estimated. Recommendations on optimizing the working conditions are given.

The V. N. Vinogradov Faculty Therapy Clinic of the Imperial Moscow University (IMU) (then Moscow State University--I. M. Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy) was opened under this name in 1846 simultaneously with the Surgery Clinic on Rozhdestvenka Street. The paper shows the continuity of the idea for bedside clinical teaching, whose need was clearly realized just by S. G. Zybelin and which was first done in practice by his follower and the first Director of the Clinical Institute, IMU, F. G. Politkovsky, as well as that of specific forms of implementing of this idea. It is shown that just early internal medicine teaching provided the principles that were stated by M. Ya. Mudrov and that subsequently formed the basis of a course taught at the Department of Faculty Clinic. The original teaching of a theoretical course without a clinic one at the Department of Particular Pathology and Therapy, which was stipulated by the 1835 Charter, gradually lost its importance as clinical teaching was formed. The succession of the Clinical Institute and the Faculty Clinic was also shown in the staff the director of the newly-opened Clinic and Therapy Department Professor was A. I. Over, M. Ya. Mudrov's favorite disciple and the last Director of the Clinical Institute; the adjuvant teacher at the Therapeutic Department of the Clinical Institute was K. Ya. Mlodzeyevsky. This all permits the V. N. Vinogradov Faculty Therapy Clinic to be regarded a competent descendant of the first clinical institutes. In conclusion, there is a clinical analysis of division of an internal medicine course into faculty and hospital courses at the present stage and prospects for teaching therapy are discussed.

The paper provides the results of the examination and treatment of 1500 patients with cerebro-vascular pathology on the basis of an urban polyclinic. The use of the complex therapy (medicaments, physiotherapy, massage, acupuncture, therapeutic physical training) under conditions of the day hospital allows achieving the proper clinical effect.

The paper points out that the requirements given in the guidelines to SanPiN 2.2.1/2.1.1.1200- 03 for locating garages and parking places of different types and capacities in Moscow define uniform approaches to solving the problems of arranging garage car parks of different types and capacities. The accumulated experience in exercising control over the location of garage car parks, by applying the requirements laid down in the Guidelines, has been kept in mind when developing SanPinN 2.2.1/2.1.1.1200-03 (new wording) approved by the 25 September, 2007 Resolution No. 74 by the Principal State Sanitary Inspector.

The paper deals with the structure of Moscow population's radiation safety ensuring. By touching upon the problems in ensuring nuclear safety, the author points to the fact that there are fundamental differences of nuclear and radiation safety. The basic terms used in radiation hygiene are given. The structure of the bodies and institutions, which ensure radiation safety, is presented; their tasks and duties are briefly outlined. These institutions are classified according to their basic function. Main problems in ensuring radiation safety are stated.

The paper presents the results of the first isolation of the new influenza virus in Moscow and the Russian Federation, which was similar to the swine A/IIV-Moscow/01/2009(H1N1)swl strain isolated on May 24, 2009 from a Russian arrived in Moscow from the USA on May 19, 2009. The antigenic, biological, and molecular genetic properties of this virus were studied. The virus was isolated on MDCK and chick embryos, the hemagglutination titers being 1:8-1:16 AE; the infectious titers being 6.51g of the tissue cytopathogenic infective dose (TCID50) and 7.01g of the common infective dose (CID50). The virus was sensitive to arbidol, ribavirin, oseltamivir, and resistant to rimantadine. The complete virus genome was sequenced; the data were accepted to the Gen Bank on May 28, 2009 under GQ219584-GQ219590 and GQ202724. The significant gene substitution of neuraminidase Asp for Gly in position 451, which has been undetectable in any other strain published in the Gen Bank by the present time is unique only to A/IIV-Moscow/01/2009 (H1N1)swl. The virus has been deposited in the State Collection of Viruses, D. I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, under No. 2452 dated May 24, 2009.

The paper analyzes morbidity among Moscow schoolchildren in the past 50 years on the basis of the results of in-depth studies of pupils by the researchers of the Research Institute for the Hygiene and Health Care of Children and Adolescents. There is a significant reduction in the number of absolutely healthy children, the proportion of which is 2-4%. There is a considerable increase in the prevalence of dysfunctions and chronic diseases among schoolchildren. Particularly high increment rates of morbidity were observed in the 1990s. The morbidity structure has changed in the past 50 years. Both biomedical and psychosocial factors are responsible for changes in the morbidity levels and structure of children and adolescents.

The paper presents the results of studying the regularities and distribution pattern of natural radionuclides (potassium-40, thorium-232), as well as the representatives of the uranium family (radium-226, polonium-210) and the technogenic isotope cesium-137 in different objects of the water ecosystem in the North-Western District of Moscow (bottom sediment, hydrobiota). Some radiation parameters of these objects (the total alpha- and beta-activities of the radionuclides, their specific effective activity are given. On the basis of the experimental findings, the authors have made an assessment of the radioecological situation in the water pool of the district examined.

The paper gives development quotients in 5-6-year-old children from the North-Western Administrative District of Moscow, which were obtained from the survey made in 2005. Only 41.9% of the boys and 30.7% of the girls were ascertained to have no physical developmental deviations. The major problem of childhood development is the underdevelopment of the functional parameters of the locomotor apparatus and respiratory system. The physical development is significantly worse in the girls than that in the boys in the majority of integral indices.

The paper analyzes the efficiency of vaccination and tuberculin diagnosis in the megapolis on the basis of official reporting forms Nos. 8 and 33 approved by the 11 November, 2005 Resolution of the Russian Statistics Agency and the Moscow tuberculosis monitoring system. It is concluded that refusals to undergo vaccination and tuberculin diagnosis may result in the system crisis of antituberculous care to the pediatric population. For the optimum solution of reducing the rate of refusals to take the drugs prescribed by a physician, the authors propose to use in pediatric antituberculous care the marketing methods that level off the responsibility of the parties in taking a decision whether a medical service is expedient. Under the marketing conditions of medical services, combating the foci of tuberculous infection should be a main line to reduce the prevalence of tuberculosis. Prevention of tuberculosis is most effective with the active interaction of medical services (pediatric phthisiological and primary pediatric care services) and society and with the needs being molded in it (as a market medical service) in the population.

The paper describes some experience in organizing and delivering specialized emergency health care to children who have suffered during traffic accidents in the Moscow Region, by attracting the forces and means of a disaster medicine service. In May 2004 to October 2008, examinations were made among 615 children, 552 of whom were evacuated to Moscow by intensive care cars (n = 469) and medical helicopters (n = 83). The paper shows that the two-stage medical victim medical evacuation provision system is effective and provides evidence for prospects for putting the developed model into practice of rendering a medical aid to traffic accident victims on out-of-town highways.

The paper gives the results of using ozeltamivir in patients with influenza during the epidemic upsurge of morbidity in Russia in the 2006-2007 season. Comparative analysis of nucteotide sequences of viral strains isolated from the patients taking ozeltamivir revealed no marker mutations determining the resistance to this chemical.

The present paper gives data on prediction of the number of Muscovites and homeless individuals who suffered from scab in 1998-2005. As of 2005, the difference in the expected and actual number of scab patients among the Muscovites and the homeless was 4.3 and 13% less than the expected values, respectively. At the same time the authors show that over 6 years (2005-2010) the incidence of scab will be able to reduce by 43.5 and 48.7% among the Muscovites and the homeless, respectively. Due to the extensive use of the inexpensive, safe, and most effective drugs medifox and medifox-super to treat scab and disinfect its foci, the efficiency of the treatment and prevention of scab has considerably increased. The above and other measures implemented by a dermatovenereological service and the concerned organizations improved the rating of Moscow: if it occupied the tenth place in the incidence of scab in 1999, then in 2003 it ranked third among the subjects of the Russian Federation.

The paper describes the epizootic situation associated with parasitic diseases in dogs and cats in the megapolis of Moscow. The situation becomes particular dangerous in the dogs kept in the flats of the city's dwellers wherein 30 (28%) out of the 107 dogs examined have been found to be infested with T. canis, T. leonine, T. vulpis, Taenia sp., D. caninum, and two protozoan species: Cystoisospora canis and C. ohioenensis. Out of the 80 cats examined, there are 22 (27.5%) infested cats. T. mystax, T. leonine, Taenia sp., and Cystoisospora felis are detectable in this group of the animals. This situation constitutes a serious hazard in the infection of the city's population with zoonoses.

The paper presents some indices that characterize morbidity in the Moscow population, which suggest positive trends in the health status in all population groups. These include stabilization of overall morbidity rates; a down-increase in the incidence of respiratory diseases and bronchial asthma; a reduction in overall morbidity in infants of the first year of life, including a reduction in the incidence of life-threatening diseases (perinatal pathology and congenital malformations; a decrease in the incidence of alimentary diseases associated with social factors. The found positive changes reflect the efficiency of introduction of the sociohygienic monitoring (AHM) system. One of the mechanisms of introduction of AHM results is to submit data to the Moscow Government in the annual reports "On the Moscow population's health status" which cover demography, morbidity, female health, and the regional features of the population's health in relation to environmental factors. Based on information, managerial decisions and measures to improve the sanitary-and-epidemiological situation in Moscow are taken and implemented.

Implementation of system of credits and score-rating of students' knowledge at the medical faculty of Peoples' Friendship University of Russia is considered. Estimation of maximum possible rating for each discipline is conventionally based on mode of "one credit--36 study hours of student--36 scores". System of numerical score elaborated at Course of history of medicine considers attendance of lectures and studies, activity of student during study hours and self-instruction (term papers included), contribution of student into chair research, interim testing and test passing. Total score of discipline determines rating of student for study class, university year and faculty. Tables of score estimation, its relationship with conventional system of scores are discussed. Examples of evaluation of student's knowledge using score-rating system are presented.

The paper presents the results of a study of the impact of large-scale solid waste storage on ascariasis morbidity in the population. The use of sewage sediments as an organic soil fertilizer to grow strawberries and table greens is shown to substantially increase the risk of Ascaris infection in the population. Storage of solid domestic garbage on specialized dumping grounds does not lead to mass environmental pollution with geohelminthic eggs.

The article is dedicated to the topical problem of allergic diseases in various population groups of a large industrial region of Moscow suburb, and presents a brief review of present-day epidemiological data on allergic pathology prevalence as well as authors' own data on the morbidity of bronchial asthma, allergic dermatoses, and allergic rhinitis. The paper also contains the results of an analysis of allergic pathology dynamics within 5 to 10 years, and a retrospective analysis of allergic pathology structure in adolescents. The researchers undertook a multifactor analysis of population habitat in the town Mitishchy, based upon ecological and hygienic data concerning atmospheric air and water composition. The study points to the role played by industrial environment in the appearance of allergic skin diseases. Complex measures on allergic disease prevention are considered, and an effective pathogenically grounded method of ozonotherapy is suggested as one of prospective non-drug means of treatment.

The paper presents the results of study of zinc hair content in 43 Moscow schoolchildren, aged 9-11 years of both sex (May 2003 to December 2003). Significant drop of zinc hair content was established in 67% of schoolchildren. It was shown that the organic form of zinc enchanted zinc hair content. The findings will be used to implement preventive and health-promoting measures among schoolchildren.

Fluoroquinolones still belong to the drugs of choice in the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea. At the same time, there have been more data on the spreading N. gonorrhoeae strains resistant to fluoroquinolones. A variety of mechanisms, like modification of the target of antibiotic's action (point mutations in genes gyrA and parC), a decreasing permeability of the bacterial cell membrane (amino-acid changes Por protein) and a growing efflux of antibiotic (mutations in the promoter or in the coding region of mtrR) mediate in the shaping resistance of the drugs. The MIC values for four fluoroquinolone-series antibiotics were determined and the gyrA, parC, por and mtrR genes were examined for resistance-responsible mutations in 32 studied clinical strains of N. gonorrhoeae. Strains with high resistance to fluoroquinolones were detected; 3 of them had no common changes in GyrA or ParC, however, amino acid changes and mutations were detected in Por protein and promoter or gene mtrR encoding region, respectively. The paper contains priority data on the detection (in Russia) of N. gonorrhoeae strains with high resistance to fluoroquinolones. Involvement of different mechanisms in the process of resistance shaping is discussed. The results are of practical importance for planning the antibacterial therapy of gonorrhoeae; they point out the need in regional testing of resistance in the N. gonorrhoeae population encountered in Russia.

The paper contains the results of an analytical study held, 2001-2003, at prevention and patient-care facilities of Moscow and dedicated to classification of their X-ray diagnostic equipment (XDE) by models. On the basis of an analysis of typical XDE failures the methodological recommendations for the XDE technical expertise are defined that enable the possibility to evaluate objectively the serviceability of equipment after appropriate repair and to extend its exploitation time over several years without any noticeable worsening in X-ray diagnostics or radiation safety.

The paper compares the data on schoolchildren's physical development, by using three different rating tables (centile Russian and foreign tables) and calculating the Z score. It also gives data of comparison of the anthropometric indices obtained with these tables, as well as a correlation between the results obtained by applying these methods. In addition, anthropometric indices (body weight, height, physical development harmonicity) were studied in 1st- and 5th-form pupils from Moscow general educational schools. The basic trends of the schoolchildren's physical development in the past 10 years are analyzed. The findings indicate the positive changes in Moscow schoolchildren's physical development, which are characterized by an increase in the number of children with a normal body weight, by a relative decrease in that of children with low body weight, and by a rise in the proportion of tall children.

Medical equipment displayed at the "Healthcare-2003" exhibition, that was most representative in the recent years, is surveyed in the paper including the most novel medical devices and apparatuses as well as X-Ray, radiological, intensive-care and neonatal equipment. Besides, outfit for diagnostics, ophthalmology and dentistry, laboratory medical equipment, medical instruments, technological medical equipment and portable medical devices were demonstrated at the exhibition. Therefore, considering the diversity of medical equipment displayed, any medical facility in Russia would be able to choose the devices it needs.

The structure and main annual indices of the waking-up anesthesiology ward, Anesthesiology Department, Burdenko's Research Institute of Neurosurgery, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, are addressed in the paper. Outfit, personal structure and the spectrum of the prevailing neurosurgery pathology related with the above ward functioning as well as the reasons due to which the patients are transferred to intensive care are under discussion.