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Introduction: This paper is an adapted translation of recommendations on telestroke provided by the European Stroke Organization. Lack of stroke specialists determines that many European rural areas remain underserved. Use of telemedicine in stroke care has shown to be safe, increase use of evidence-based therapy and enable coverage of large areas of low population density. An aim of the study is to summarise the following recommendations of the Telestroke Committee of the European Stroke Organization on the setup of telestroke networks in Europe: Hospitals participating in telestroke networks should be chosen according to criteria that include population density, transportation distance, geographic specifics and in-hospital infrastructure and professional resources. Three hospital categories are identified to be part of a hub-and-spoke network: (1) the Telemedicine Stroke Centre (an European Stroke Organization stroke centre or equivalent with specific infrastructure and setup for network and telemedicine support), (2) the telemedicine-assisted stroke Unit (equivalent to an European Stroke Organization stroke unit but without 24 h onsite stroke expertise) and (3) the telemedicine-assisted stroke ready hospital (only covering hyperacute treatment in the emergency department and transferring all patients for further treatment).

The problem of diagnostics of congenital hearing impairment has acquired special importance in the light of new possibilities for the early rehabilitation of the patients presenting with this condition. The implementation of the programs of universal audiological screening into the clinical practice of Russia and many other countries made it possible to significantly reducethe time necessary to confirm congenital impairment of hearing and begin the rehabilitative treatment. The present paper was designed to analyze the international experience with the implementation of the programs of universal audiological screening of the newborn infants as exemplified by such countries as Great Britain, USA, Germany, and Poland. The main indicators of the quality and the efficiency of such programs are considered taking into account the results of the epidemiological studies on the prevalence of congenital hearing impairment. A total of 1.8 mln newborn infants were examined in Russia during 2013. The first stage of screening involved 96.7% of the children, and only 2.9% of them remained uncovered by the examination. As many as 5,659 children were found to present with the congenital loss of hearing,with the prevalence of this condition being 3 per 1.000 newborn infants and the prevalence of deafness 0.6 per 1.000. The principal problem to be resolved for the organization of the management of these patients, both in Russia and other countries, remains the enhancement of the availability of comprehensive diagnostic examination and the timelyreferral of the patients to such examination (if appropriate based on the results of the screening). The successful solution of this problem requires personalized recording of the screening data with the use of the commonly accepted medical information systems.

The paper dedicated to comparative gap of epidemiology data in Ukraine, Europe and North America, review of evidence-based researches of value of particular risk factors of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.

In the paper there are presented the main results of the performed study on comparative legal analysis of national legislative acts in the field of providing of children's rights for health care in institutions of various types for the delivery of recommendations for harmonization of legislation of States--members of the Eurasian Economic Community.

Analysis of polymorphism of the gene for cytochrome b (1140 bp) of 106 samples of red deer (Cervus elaphus) of Eurasia is carried out, and the phylogenetic relationships of groups throughout the entire geographic range, including North America, are reconstructed. In total, the paper describes 75 haplotypes, 33 of them for the European and 42 for the Asian part of the geographic range. Common haplotypes for these two parts of the range were not found. The genetic kinship of Asian Siberian stags and North American wapiti is confirmed. Red deer living in Yakutia are close to the Siberian stags of Altai and Tuva, whereas red deer that live in Krasnoyarsk krai and Irkutsk oblast form a separate group. Overall, the reconstructed phylogeographic structure of the species is significantly different from the accepted subspecies differentiation based on morphological characters.

The paper deals with etiopathogenetic and clinical peculiarities, and also therapeutic methods during the pathological processes in the thyroid system in the childhood. The most common of these processes is the diffuse nontoxic goiter, which results in abnormality of metabolic processes regulation in the child's growing organism and often signals to the beginning of many thyropathies.

This paper presents selected results of the studies on emerging and reemerging infections caried out in D I Ivanovsky Research Institute of Virology with special reference to comprehensive ecological, virological, and molecular-genetic analysis of the following viruses: California encephalaitis serocomplex, West Nile fever, highly virulent avian influenza A virus (H5N 1), and new pandemic influenza A vires (HIN1). Special attention is given to the role of emerging and reemerging infections at the territory of Northern Eurasia in national and world-wide epidemiological cataclysms and their prognostication for minimizing their consequences based on monitoring pathogen evolution.

A review of studies conducted, primarily, in Europe in last 30 years that deal with influence of anthropogenic environmental pollution on functioning of reproductive and, by comparison, vegetative organs of spermatophytes is presented. In the papers considered the impacts of typical industrial and traffic pollutants (compounds of iron, zinc, copper, lead, chromium, cadmium, as well as sulfur dioxide, ozone, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) on plants via soil, water, air, and precipitation have been studied. Special attention is paid to effects of heavy metals on embryological structures and processes in staminate and pistillate reproductive spheres of plants (archesporium, meiosis, sporogenesis, gametophytogenesis, morphology and functioning of gametophyte, endospermogenesis, embryogenesis). Detrimental effects of anthropogenic pollution on reproductive sphere of spermatophytes are manifested through disorder in processes of cells fission and differentiation, abnormality in structures development at early stages of morphogenesis, broadening of anomalies spectrum, decrease in pollen fertility, derangement of seed-bearing and germination.

This paper presents data on the population dynamics of glochidia of the freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera L. (1758) (a declining species of European fauna), parasitizing on juvenile Salmonidae fishes in rivers of northern Europe. It was found that the number of glochidia parasitizing on gills of juvenile salmon and trout in explored water reservoirs are stimulated by negative binomial distribution. Estimation of the distribution parameter allows us to obtain statistically valid data on the population number of pearl mussel and to judge the stable character of interactions in the host-parasite system (balance of host specimens that are resistant and nonresistant to infection).

The paper contains consideration of the problem of compliance to treatment of arterial hypertension and ischemic heart disease. Various aspects of compliance to treatment related to patients, physicians, special features of diseases and character of drug and nondrug recommendations.

The paper describes the most important developmental stages of phthisiomorphology in chronological order, by using as an example the work of the Pathomorphology Laboratory, Central Tuberculosis Research Institute, since its organization. It also shows the stages of phthisiosurgery with the inestimable scientific and practical contribution of the works by L. K. Bogush and his followers from the formation of lung surgery to today's achievements. The authors give examples of the long-term working partnership of surgeons and morphologists in the development of these two disciplines, which was fruitful in deciding many issues of phthisiology.

The WHO has committed itself to an intensive response to the burden of malaria and, by 1999, had developed a regional strategy as to Roll Back Malaria (RBM) program in the affected countries of the European Region. This strategy is presently being implemented on the ground. Malaria was on the agenda of the recent 52nd Session of the Regional Committee for Europe; and the regional resolution "Scaling up the response to malaria in the WHO European Region" was endorsed by all member states. This paper discusses the progress with RBM in the region and the results achieved and challenges to be addressed in the years ahead.

The paper presents the results of analysis of the gene pools of several North Eurasian ethnic groups (Buryats, Evenks, Altaians, Russians, Kyrgyzes, Tuvinians, Tatars, and Ukrainians) examined using a panel of autosomal microsatellite markers (D4S397, D5S393, D7S640, D8S514, D9S161, D10S197, D11S1358, D12S364, and D13S173) mapped on different chromosomes and represented by the (CA)n dinucleotide repeats. In the group of populations examined the proportion of genetic variability at microsatellite loci explained by interpopulation differences was about 2.5%, while genetic differences between the individuals within a population accounted for 97.5% of this variability. Analysis of genetic relationships among the populations revealed substantial differences between the populations belonging to the Indo-European and Altaic linguistic families in gene diversity at microsatellite loci.

The medical-and-demographic processes as a starting point for the planning of means and resources for the short- and average-term future are forecasted in the paper on the basis of long-term peculiarities of the natural-science data and with respect for the social-and-economic crisis now underway in the country.

The approach of a country to persons with limited physical abilities is an important component of country's social-and-cultural policy. Blindness is a most severe variety of health disorders leading to social defect and social insufficiency. The role of adaptive physical culture is important within the system of the social-and-medical rehabilitation of the blind because the sedentary life mode has a negative effect on organisms of the disabled due to vision. Sports is not only a method for correcting the general somatic condition, but it is also an important social-and-physiological factor that enables the blind to comprehend their abilities as an example for others. As for our country, the information about the modern sports activities among the disabled due to vision is absolutely insufficient for the public at large. An analysis of results of examination (conducted by using the computer data base of the International Blind Sportsmen Association--IBSA) of 2386 blind and impaired vision sportsmen is presented in the paper. Data about sport disciplines and types of ophthalmic pathologies encountered among the high-class blind and impaired vision athletes from different world countries are described. The above data can be helpful in elaborating the rehabilitation programs for persons with severe disorders of the organ of vision to be used in rehabilitation centers, sport federations and clubs of the disabled as well as in other institutions dealing with rehabilitation of the disabled due to vision in our country.

The paper delves into the main regularities of the distribution of fossil microorganisms in Precambrian rocks, beginning from the Archean Eon about 3.5 billion years ago and ending in the Cambrian Period about 0.5 billion years ago. The paper analyzes facial peculiarities in the lateral differentiation of microfossils in Proterozoic basins and the main stages of temporal changes in fossil cyanobacterial communities, which are based on the irreversible succession of physicochemical conditions on the Earth and the evolution of eukaryotic microorganisms and their incorporation into prokaryotic ecosystems. To gain insight into Proterozoic fossil records, modern stratified cyanobacterial mats built up from layers of prokaryotes are considered. The analysis of phosphatization, carbonatization, and silification processes in modern algal-bacterial communities suggests that analogous processes took place in Proterozoic microbiotas. A comparison of modern and Precambrian living forms confirms the inference that cyanobacterial communities are very conservative and have changed insignificantly both morphologically and physiologically during the past two billion years.

Many years' experience with complex supervision of the environmental radiation situation, the specific features of the population's physiological and health status after radiation accidents (the Chernobyl, Kyshtym and other accidents). The paper emphasized the necessity of having a knowledge of the specific features of the influence of a radiation factor (and its components) on establishing the radiation dose for the population due to the environmental peculiarities of the radiation background in different regions and abnormal zones of the Earth. The paper provides evidence for the need to apply an environmental and physiological approach to working out the standards of radiation doses for the inhabitants of post-accident polluted areas. To this end, a concept of the regional standard of exposure is proposed for different regions of the Earth with regard to the specific natural radiation background, technogenic and medical "additives" on making diagnostic and therapeutical efforts by using X-rays and radiation therapy. A new concept is offered to develop the life-support systems in the areas exposed to radiation contamination, whose main goal is to minimize radiation exposures with regard of data on each area-specific data on the regional standard of the pre-accident radiation background, technogenic background, medical additives and prediction of future radiation doses. Exposure of the population to radiation is minimized by reasonably operating its components and making special life regimens in the contaminated areas.

In natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster, two mutator systems, MR and P-M, are distributed throughout the world. Some evidence shows that these systems can be considered as one. Natural populations of D. melanogaster from Eurasia and North America are fundamentally different with regard to the P-M system. Comparison of Eurasian and North American populations with regard to the MR system was hindered by a lack of data concerning distribution and frequency of MR factors in Eurasia. In this paper, data on the MR-active chromosomes in natural populations of D. melanogaster from Russia and neighboring countries from 1977 to 1992 are presented. The frequencies of MR chromosomes in Eurasian populations were shown to be similar to those in North America. Hence, on a global scale, the MR and P-M mutator systems are expressed independently.

The reports on radiation sequels of Chernobyl disaster outside the country are scanty in the USSR. The present paper meets the lack, reporting the scale and the nature of the radioactive fall-outs outside the USSR. The analysis is made of possible radiological consequences of such fall-outs and the preventive measures taken by the governments of some European countries.

The author describes and analyzes changes in the ethnic composition of Estonia during the twentieth century. "The paper points out that ethnic composition of the urban population was changing in the period under consideration much more rapidly than the ethnic structure of the rural population." Data are from censuses conducted between 1897 and 1989. (SUMMARY IN ENG), (excerpt)

"The paper analyzes demographic aspects of famine in the Ukraine in [1932-1933] and the population losses caused by it. The study is..based on...published and new archival...information...." (SUMMARY IN ENG), (excerpt)

This paper gives an analytical review of epidemiological data about the morbidity and mortality rate of the flying personnel. It shows that the flying personnel differs from the general population in their better health condition which manifests as lower morbidity and mortality rates in every large group of disease. This better health status of the flying personnel may be a result of their adequate selection. The selection makes it difficult to identify relationships between disease and flight effects. Information about these relationships is contradictory and/or insufficient. Proper assessment of flight effects on the health condition of the flying personnel needs further controlled epidemiological investigations.