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UDP-glucuronosyltransferases(UGTs) are the main phase Ⅱ metabolizing enzymes in the human body, participating in the glucuronidation of various chemicals in the body. Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) ingredients affect the activities of UGTs involved in drug metabolism, and the fluctuations in the blood concentrations of drugs metabolized by UGTs will lead to the risk of TCM-TCM or TCM-chemical drug interaction, which will cause drug safety problems and affect drug efficacy. Therefore, it is essential to explore the effect of TCM ingredients on the activities of UGTs. The recombinant human UGTs method and liver microsomal incubation method are reliable and effective, and they are thus often used to study the effects of TCM ingredients on UGTs in the liver. Studies have reported that different TCM ingredients can induce or inhibit the activities of UGTs, while the systematical review remains to be carried out. This paper reviews the effects of different ingredients and extracts of TCM and Chinese patent medicines on recombinant human UGTs or liver microsomal UGTs, aiming to provide reference for the rational and safe use of TCM in clinical practice. From the perspective of drug-drug interaction mediated by UGTs, the exacting classical drug pairs and incompatibility principles of traditional Chinese medicine were clarified, which laid the foundation for exploring new drug compatibility.

This paper aimed to investigate the effects of exercise on hepatic platelet-activating factor (PAF) metabolism in rats fed a high-fat diet. Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into control group (C), high-fat diet group (H), exercise group (EC), and high-fat diet+exercise group (EH). Serum lipids, glucose, insulin and markers of hepatic injury after a 16-week dietary and/or exercise intervention (60 min/day, 6 times/week) were measured by biochemical analysis; liver lipidomic profiles were analyzed by liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer (LC-MS). Gene and protein expression of enzymes related to PAF metabolism were determined by qPCR and Western blot respectively. The results showed that high-fat diet feeding significantly increased the levels of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and liver injury markers including purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in rats, which were decreased by exercise. Furthermore, high-fat diet feeding significantly increased the hepatic PAF content, which was also attenuated by exercise. In addition, although high-fat diet treatment resulted in an increase in the expression of both PAF synthetase (PAF-CPT and PLA2) and hydrolase (Lp-PLA2 and PAF-AH(II)), induction of PAF synthetase was much greater than that of PAF hydrolase. While exercise increased the expression of Lp-PLA2 and PAF-AH(II) and decreased the expression of PAF-CPT and PLA2, key PAF synthesizing enzymes. In conclusion, high-fat diet-induced increase in hepatic PAF content is mainly due to the increase of its pathological synthesis at the translational level. Exercise reduces hepatic PAF content in high-fat fed rats by increasing PAF hydrolysis and decreasing its synthesis.

An estimate of about 50% of new liver cancer cases worldwide occur in China every year.Surgical resection is still the major treatment choice for longer survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Blocking hepatic blood flow and reducing intraoperative bleeding ensure the success of the operation. Anatomic separation of hepatic hilar region is the precondition of hepatic inflow occlusion. The hepatic hilar plate system involves a thick layer of connective tissue covering the hepatic inflow ducts of hepatic hilar region. The descending part of hilar plate assists in reducing the anatomical difficulty of the hepatic hilar region. The "forth porta hepatis" that is hidden in the hepatic hilar plate system involves the accumulation area of "short hepatic portal veins" .The communicating branch vessels between the hepatic inflow vessels form the anatomical basis in reducing the indocyanine green fluorescence stain effect.The relatively fixed position of the hepatic portal plate is considered as a positioning marker for accurate liver resection. The intrahepatic Glisson sheath is connected with thick connective tissue of the hepatic portal panel system, and is regarded as the physical barrier in limiting the proliferation and hypertrophy of hepatocytes and continuation of hepatic portal panel system in the liver.This paper summarizes the anatomy and application of hepatic hilar plate system during hepatobiliary surgery.

Liver cancer (HCC) holds third position for cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Therefore, it is urgent to explore new strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of liver cancer. Illustrating the successful experience of other tumors on precancerous lesions, this paper puts forward the idea of advance strategy for the diagnosis and treatment through dysplastic nodules, especially high-grade dysplastic nodules, which can reduce or delay the carcinogenesis of some patients with cirrhosis. It is hoped that this measure might improve the present situation of diagnosis and treatment of liver cancer in coming days in China.

This paper explored the feasibility of using ultrasonic Nakagami statistic parameter imaging to evaluate the thermal lesion induced by microwave ablation (MWA) in porcine models. In this paper, thermal lesions were induced in livers and kidneys in 5 swines using a clinical MWA system. During this treatment progress, ultrasonic radiofrequency (RF) data were collected. The dynamic changes of Nakagami parameter in the thermal lesion were calculated, and the ultrasonic B-mode images and Nakagami images were reconstructed simultaneously. The contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) between the thermal lesion and the surrounding normal tissue was calculated over the MWA procedure. After MWA, a bright hyperechoic region appeared in the ultrasonic Nakagami image as an indicator of the thermal lesion and this bright spot enlarged with lesion development during MWA exposure. The mean value of Nakagami parameter in the liver and kidney increased from 0.78 and 0.79 before treatment to 0.91 and 0.92 after treatment, respectively. During MWA exposure, the mean values of CNR calculated from the Nakagami parameter increased from 0.49 to 1.13 in the porcine liver and increased from 0.51 to 0.85 in the kidney, which were both higher than those calculated from the B-mode images. This in vivo study on porcine models suggested that the ultrasonic Nakagami imaging may provide an alternative modality for monitoring MWA treatment.

The paper studies and compares the metabolic difference of active ingredients of lipid-lowering flavonoid extract of Daidai in rat livers and intestinal microsomes,in order to explore the phase Ⅰ metabolism characteristics of active ingredients in livers and intestines. UPLC-MS/MS was used to establish a quantitative analysis method for active ingredients,neohesperidin and narngin,in a phase Ⅰ metabolism incubation system of liver and intestinal microsomes. Differential centrifugation was used to make liver and intestinal microsomes of rats. A phase Ⅰ metabolism incubation system was established,and the concentrations of the residual at different incubation time points were analyzed. Graphs were plotted to calculate the metabolic elimination half-life of the main active parts,with the natural logarithm residual percentage values ln( X) at different time points as the y axis,and time t as the x axis. The metabolism characteristics of the active ingredients were compared. The established UPLC-MS/MS quantitative analysis method has a good specialization,standard curve and linear range,accuracy and precision,with a satisfactory lower quantitative limit. The method allows quantitative detection of the active ingredients in a phase Ⅰ metabolism incubation system of liver and intestinal microsomes of rats. In the rats liver microsomes incubation system,the metabolic elimination half-life of neohesperidin and narngin were( 2. 20 ± 0. 28) h and( 1. 97±0. 28) h respectively. The elimination half-life of neohesperidin was larger than that of narngin,but with no statistically significant difference. In the rats intestinal microsomes incubation system,the metabolic elimination half-lives of neohesperidin and narngin were( 3. 68±0. 54) h and( 2. 26±0. 13) h respectively. The elimination half-life of neohesperidin was larger than that of narngin,with statistically significant differences( P<0. 05). The elimination half-lives of the active ingredients in liver microsomes were smaller than those in intestinal microsomes. The experiment results showed that the active ingredients of lipid-lowering flavonoid extract of Daidai had different elimination half-lives in phase Ⅰ rats liver and intestinal microsomes incubation system. This implied that they had different metabolic characteristics in rats liver and intestine,and liver may be the main metabolism site of the active ingredients. The phaseⅠ metabolism of narngin was stronger than that of neohesperidin. The differences between their metabolic characteristics may be related to the binding sites of B-ring hydroxyl in flavonoid glycosides and the number of methoxyl group. The results provided an important experimental basis for further development and clinical application of lipid-lowering flavonoid extract preparation of Daidai.

Primary hepatocytes are widely used in drug metabolism and toxicity assessment. As the culture of primary hepatocytes in vitro is a process of dedifferentiation, hepatocytes lose normal metabolic detoxification function gradually. The mechanism of hepatocyte dedifferentiation has been not clear so far. TFs play an important role in the dedifferentiation and non-parenchymal cells can maintain the function of hepatocytes in vitro. However, the current methods cannot be used in effective identification and quantitative analysis of a large number of TFs. In this paper, the mo-culture system (only primary hepatocytes) and co-culture system (primary hepatocytes and non-parenchymal cells) were established. The cells were cultured for 24 h, 48 h, 72 h as monolayer. The changes of TFs during the culture were obtained by TOT (Transcription factor response elements on tip) transcription factor enrichment method and mass spectrometry. A total of 219 TFs were identified in three individual replicates. The result revealed that up-regulated TFs were enriched in cell proliferation, death and immune response pathways, and down-regulated TFs were involved in metabolism pathway. The establishment of such culture-TFs identification system is of great significance to reveal the mechanism of primary hepatocyte dedifferentiation and crosstalk between hepatocytes and non-parenchymal cells.

Objective: The pathogenesis of liver failure is extremely complex. In recent years, the role of chemokines in viral hepatitis has been widely concerned. A large number of studies have confirmed that the abnormal expression of chemokines is closely related to the process of viral hepatitis and other types of hepatitis. Interferon-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) is a good indicator of the specificity and sensitivity of inflammatory liver injury. In this paper, IP-10 in different types of liver injury in the pathogenesis of research progress were reviewed to provide valuable indicators for clinical diagnosis, treatment strategy and prognosis evaluation of liver injury.

Wilson disease (WD) is a rare and treatable genetic disorder. This paper describes the new advances and author's long-term experiences in the diagnosis of WD. The characteristics in clinical and routine tests are: the age of presentation can be quite broad, the WD could not be excluded based on age only; the patients usually have mild digestive symptoms but obvious chronic liver disease signs; liver function tests may reveal normal or a mild elevation in bilirubin, ALT and AST, but quite abnormal in serum albumin and prothrombin time in most patients; Coombs-negative hemolytic anemia, normal or markedly subnormal serum alkaline phosphatase (typically < 40 IU/L) are useful for the diagnosis of fulminant WD. In china, Kayser-Fleischer rings are present in 72.2% of patients at the time of diagnosis, the positive rate is significantly higher in patients with a neurological presentation (93.4%) than patients presenting with liver disease (63.3%), however, they are usually absent in children under 6 years old, occasionly present in patients with chronic cholestatic liver disease. The mean serum ceruloplamin level in WD patients is 71.1 ± 48.7 mg/L, the level is < 200 mg/L in 98.9% of patients, < 100 mg/L in about three fourths patients, < 50 mg/L in about half patients, but it may be low in 50% of patients with severe end-stage liver disease of any etiology too, and even lower than 50 mg/L in patients with nephritic syndrome. Basal 24-hour urinary copper excretion may be≥100 g at presentation in 86.7% of patients with WD, but also in 22% of Patients with certain chronic liver diseases, the sensitivity of penicillamine challenge test is lower than basal urinary copper excretion, however, the specificity is significantly higher than former (97% versus 78%). Hepatic copper determination remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of WD. We have designed a standard method for hepatic copper determination. The most useful cut-off value is 209 g/g dry wt using our method, with the sensitivity of 99.4%, and specificity of 96.1%. However, long-standing hepatic failure and or obstruction can cause heptic copper elevations into the WD area. In recent years, direct complete DNA sequencing has become easy, rapid, less expensive and commercially available. Currently reported mutation detection rate is 90%, the specificity is almost 100%. The limitation to the method has been the ability to identify all the affected alleles in suspected individuals. If no mutation is identified, the diagnosis of WD could not be excluded. None of the laboratory parameters alone allows a definite diagnosis of WD. The WD diagnostic scoring system based on a composite of key parameters helps clinicians to gauge the degree of certainty of the diagnosis: WD scores greater than 4, the diagnosis of WD is highly likely; score 0 or 1, the diagnosis is unlikely. However, the WD diagnosis could not be excluded in suspected patients who do not perform genetic test and hepatic copper determination. Patients with chronic cholestatic liver disease may have scores more than 4.

The molecular connectivity index was adopted to explore the characteristics of supramolecular imprinting template of herbs distributed to liver meridian, in order to provide scientific basis for traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs) distributed to liver meridian. In this paper, with "12th five-year plan" national planning textbooks Science of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Chemistry of Traditional Chinese Medicine as the blueprint, literatures and TCMSP sub-databases in TCM pharmacology of northwest science and technology university of agriculture and forestry were retrieved to collect and summarize active constituents of TCM distributed to liver meridian, and calculate the molecular connectivity index. The average molecular connectivity index of ingredients distributed to liver meridian was 9.47, which was close to flavonoid glycosides' (9.17±2.11) and terpenes (9.30±3.62). Therefore, it is inferred that template molecule of liver meridian is similar to physicochemical property of flavonoid glycosides and terpenes, which could be best matched with imprinting template of liver meridian., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

In recent years, the proportion of traditional Chinese medicine in scientific research and its clinical use increased gradually. The research result also becomes more and more valuable, but in the process of using traditional Chinese medicine, it also needs to pay more attention. With the gradual deepening of the toxicity of traditional Chinese medicine, some traditional Chinese medicines have also been found to have the potential toxicity, with the exception of some traditional toxicity Chinese medicine. Traditional Chinese medicine in the growth, processing, processing, transportation and other aspects of pollution or deterioration will also cause the side effects to the body. Clinical practice should be based on the theory of traditional Chinese medicine to guide rational drug use and follow the symptomatic medication, the principle of proper compatibility. The constitution of the patients are different, except for a few varieties of traditional Chinese medicines are natural herbs with hepatotoxicity, liver toxicity of most of the traditional Chinese medicine has idiosyncratic features. The liver plays an important role in drug metabolism. It is easy to be damaged by drugs. Therefore, the study of traditional Chinese medicine potential liver toxicity and its toxic components has become one of the basic areas of traditional Chinese medicine research. Based on the review of the literatures, this paper summarizes the clinical classification of liver toxicity, the pathogenesis of target cell injury, and systematically summarizes the mechanism of liver toxicity and toxic mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine. This paper provided ideas for the study of potential liver toxicity of traditional Chinese medicine and protection for clinical safety of traditional Chinese medicine., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

This paper was aimed to investigate the effect of oxymatrine on fat-induced insulin resistance mice（IR）, and to explore the effects of oxymatrine on oxidative stress and on p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) pathway. ApoE-/- mice with high fat diet for 16 weeks were selected as IR animal model and randomly divided into the model group, oxymatrine 25, 50, 100 mg•kg⁻¹ group. C57BL/6J mice were selected as the normal control group. Mice were gavage for 8 weeks. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), fatty acid (FFA) and serum insulin (FINS) in the plasma were detected. Activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in liver were detected. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) content in liver cells were detected by Flow cytometry. The expression of heme oxygenase-1(HO-1), γ-glutamyl cysteine synthetase (γ-GCS) of liver was examined by Real time PCR and Western blot. The protein expression of p38MAPK, p-p38MAPK was examined by Western blot. In the study, the authors found that oxymatrine reduced the levels of FBG, TC, TG and FFA, increased SOD and GSH-Px contents, decreased MDA and ROS content. Compared with model group, HO-1, γ-GCS mRNA and protein expression significantly increased in 50, 100 mg•kg⁻¹ oxymatrine group. The expression of p-p38MAPK decreased in oxymatrine group. The results showed that oxymatrine alleviate oxidative stress in hepatic by inhibiting the phosphorylation of p38MAPK, to ameliorate fat-induced insulin resistance mice., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

In this paper, the spectrum-effect correlation analysis method was used to explore the main effective components of Tripterygium wilfordii for liver toxicity, and provide reference for promoting the quality control of T. wilfordii. Chinese medicine T.wilfordii was taken as the study object, and LC-Q-TOF-MS was used to characterize the chemical components in T. wilfordii samples from different areas, and their main components were initially identified after referring to the literature. With the normal human hepatocytes (LO2 cell line)as the carrier, acetaminophen as positive medicine, and cell inhibition rate as testing index, the simple correlation analysis and multivariate linear correlation analysis methods were used to screen the main components of T. wilfordii for liver toxicity. As a result, 10 kinds of main components were identified, and the spectrum-effect correlation analysis showed that triptolide may be the toxic component, which was consistent with previous results of traditional literature. Meanwhile it was found that tripterine and demethylzeylasteral may greatly contribute to liver toxicity in multivariate linear correlation analysis. T. wilfordii samples of different varieties or different origins showed large difference in quality, and the T. wilfordii from southwest China showed lower liver toxicity, while those from Hunan and Anhui province showed higher liver toxicity. This study will provide data support for further rational use of T. wilfordii and research on its liver toxicity ingredients., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

This paper was aimed to compare the acute toxicity of 999 Ganmaoling grain and its different ingredients, and investigate the influence of routine diet on the hepatic toxicity induced by Ganmaoling in mice, so as to provide experimental basis for the clinical safety evaluation. Mice were given a single dose of Ganmaoling grain or its different ingredients respectively by gavage, and then observed for 14 days. LD₅₀ values of Ganmaoling grain or its chemical ingredient and the maximal tolerated dose of its herb ingredient were determined. Mice were divided into starvation and diet group, a single dose of Ganmaoling grain was administered by gavage. LD₅₀ values were estimated after 14 day observation. Mice were divided into starvation and diet group. At the same time,control group was set up for each. A single dose of Ganmaoling grain was given. Serum biochemical indexes were detected, liver weight index was calculated and liver tissue morphological change was observed after 6 h. LD₅₀ values were 4.42, 0.64 g•kg⁻¹ for Ganmaoling grain group and chemical ingredient group, respectively. The maximal tolerated dose of the herb ingredient group was close to 24.24 g•kg⁻¹. The toxic symptom was basically similar in the Ganmaoling grain and the chemical ingredient group. The body weight and food intake were decreased to a certain extent in both groups. There were pathological changes of liver and heart tissue in some of the surviving animals. The animals in the Ganmaoling grain group exhibited a lighter toxicity and recovered faster than that in the chemical ingredient group. LD₅₀ values of Ganmaoling grain were 2.56, 6.93 g•kg⁻¹ for starvation and diet group respectively. TD₅₀ values were 1.29, 6.31 g•kg⁻¹ for starvation and diet group respectively. The toxicity of 999 Ganmaoling was less, which may be related to the reduction of toxicity after the combination of herb and chemical ingredients. Compared with starvation group, the values of LD₅₀ and TD₅₀ of diet group was significantly increased, and toxicity was decreased. From the point of view of safety, it is safer to use Ganmaoling in the absence of hunger or after meal. The above tests provide experimental basis for the clinical safety use of Ganmaoling., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

The hydrodynamic behavior of the perfusion process(cleaning)of the liver endovascular before the operation was studied to provide a theoretical guidance to the relative operations.A straight and a curved first-class vascular entity model with foreign matter and the control equations of turbulence liquid in vessel was established.With the physical parameters of a medical infusion liquid measured,an estimation method of perfusion parameters as an example,the perfusion velocity was proposed.The simulation was performed by changing technical parameters of the perfusion.Based on the control equations of turbulent liquid in vessel and the preliminarily calculated results using the vessel model,the results fitted the values of the real operation.The simulation results showed clearly the fluid dynamics behavior around the foreign matter,for example the swirling flow.The results also showed the distribution of velocity of the fluid and the wall pressure of the vessels.With the increasing velocity of the entrance perfusion,the pressure and the velocity field were increased in the two types of the vessel model.The negative wall pressure and recirculation region appeared and located in the foreign matter.Because of influence of the shape,the fluid dynamics behavior in the curved vessel model was more complicated than that in the straight vessel model.The swirling flow and the phenomenon of stagnation of the perfusion fluid were more likely to appear in the curved vessel than in the straight vessel.The most important conclusion of this paper is that the appropriate perfusion velocity can be estimated using the methods proposed in this paper.

By observing the cytotoxic effects of anthraquinones on HepG2 cell and using the precision-cut liver slices technique to authenticate the cytotoxic constituents, the paper aims to explore the material basis of Polygonum multiflorum root to cause liver toxicity. Firstly, MTT method was used to detect the effect of 11 anthraquinone derivatives on HepG2 cell. Then, the clear cytotoxic ingredients were co-cultured with rat liver slices for 6h respectively, and the liver tissue homogenate was prepared. BCA method was used to determine the content of protein in the homogenate and continuous monitoring method was used to monitor the leakage of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamine amino transpeptidase (GGT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The toxic effect of these ingredients on liver tissue was tested by calculating the leakage rate of the monitored enzymes. As a result, rhein, emodin, physcion-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and physcion-8-O-(6'-O-acetyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside showed cytotoxic effects on HepG2 cell and their IC₅₀ values were 71.07, 125.62, 242.27, 402.32 μmol•L⁻¹ respectively, but the other 7 compounds are less toxic and their IC₅₀ values can not be calculated. The precision-cut liver slices tests showed that rhein group of 400 μmol•L⁻¹ concentration significantly increased the leakage rate of ALT, AST and LDH (P<0.01), and the rhein group of 100 μmol•L⁻¹ concentration only increased the leakage rate of LDH (P<0.05). With the increase of rhein concentration, the protein content in liver slices decreased significantly (P<0.05) with a certain range of does. Emodin group of 400 μmol•L⁻¹ concentration significantly increased the leakage rate of ALT, GGT and LDH (P<0.01). Physcion-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside group of 800 μmol•L⁻¹ concentration also significantly increased the leakage rate of ALT, AST and LDH (P<0.01 or P<0.05), but the group of 200 μmol•L⁻¹ concentration only significantly increased the LDH leakage (P<0.05). Along with the increase of the concentration of physcion-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, the leakage rate of ALT, AST and LDH showed a trend of increase, but the protein content in liver slices was in decline. Furthermore, MTT reduction ability of liver slices significantly decreased (P<0.01) in the physcion-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside group of 800 μmol•L⁻¹ concentration. The results suggested that rhein, emodin and physcion-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside at high concentrations (≥400 μmol•L⁻¹) can produce some damage to the liver tissue. However, the exposure levels of these constituents are very low, so to reach the toxic concentration (400 μmol•L⁻¹ or 800 μmol•L⁻¹) an adult of 65 kg body weight will need at least a single oral 4 898 g, 339 g and 5 581 g of P.multiflorum root respectively, which is far from the statutory dose of crude P. multiflorum root (3-6 g) or its processed product (6-12 g). Therefore, the conclusion that anthraquinones are the prime constituents of the hepatotoxicity of P. multiflorum root are still not be proved., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

The experience of Professor LI Zhidao is introduced in the treatment of mental disorders by "regulating the heart and smoothing the liver". In his experience, the basic prescription includes: penetrating needling technique from Neiguan (PC 6) to Jianshi (PC 5), Ximen (PC 4), penetrating needling technique from Qiuxu (GB 40) to Zhaohai (KI 6) and penetrating needling technique at four groups of acupoints on the gallbladder meridian [Hanyan (GB 4) to Xuanlu (GB 5) and Xuanli (GB 6), Qubin (GB 7) to Shuaigu (GB 8), Shuaigu (GB 8) to Tianchong (GB 9), Tianchong (GB 9) to Fubai (GB 10) and Touqiaoyin (GB 11)]. The manipulation with respiration involved is combined with interactive needling technique so that the patients can feel the weak needling sensation at the local acupoint regions during the treatment. In the paper, the concrete clinical cases are introduced to explain this application and the satisfactory efficacy achieved. The therapeutic method provides a new approach to the clinical treatment of mental disorders.

In view of the problems of more artificial interventions and segmentation defects in existing two-dimensional segmentation methods and abnormal liver segmentation errors in three-dimensional segmentation methods, this paper presents a semi-automatic liver organ segmentation method based on the image sequence context. The method takes advantage of the existing similarity between the image sequence contexts of the prior knowledge of liver organs, and combines region growing and level set method to carry out semi-automatic segmentation of livers, along with the aid of a small amount of manual intervention to deal with liver mutation situations. The experiment results showed that the liver segmentation algorithm presented in this paper had a high precision, and a good segmentation effect on livers which have greater variability, and can meet clinical application demands quite well.

In this paper, biomarkers of liver toxicity of Triptergium wilfordii based on metabolomics was screened, and mechanism of liver toxicity was explored to provide a reference for the clinical diagnosis for liver toxicity of Triptergium wilfordii. MS method was carried on the analysis to metabolic fingerprint spectrum between treatment group and control group. The potential biomarkers were compared and screened using the multivariate statistical methods. As well, metabolic pathway would be detailed description. Combined with PCA and OPLS-DA pattern recognition analysis, 20 metabolites were selected which showed large differences between model group and blank group (VIP > 1.0). Seven possible endogenous biomarkers were analyzed and identified. They were 6-phosphate glucosamine, lysophospholipid, tryptophan, guanidine acetic acid, 3-indole propionic acid, cortisone, and ubiquinone. The level changes of above metabolites indicated that the metabolism pathways of amino acid, glucose, phospholipid and hormone were disordered. It is speculated that liver damage of T. wilfordii may be associated with the abnormal energy metabolism in citric acid cycle, amino acid metabolism in urea cycle, and glucose metabolism. It will be helpful to further research liver toxicity ingredients of Triptergium wilfordii.

Dried roots and rhizomes of Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen) are among the most commonly used traditional Chinese medicines in clinic. The material basis for its efficacy mainly includes hydrophobic tanshinones and hydrophilic salvianolic acids. The traditional effects of Danshen are "removing stasis and relieving pain, activating blood to promote menstruation, clearing heart fire and tranquilization". According to modern pharmacological studies, Danshen and its main components have cardiovascular and cerebrovascular protective effect. Recent studies showed that Danshen and its main components also demonstrated protective effects on liver injury models induced by carbon tetrachloride, D-galactosamine, acetaminophen and alcohol. In this paper, the hepatoprotective effect and mechanism of Danshen were summarized and studied.

To assess whether the Shuxuening injection influences liver function, this paper analyzes the hospital information system (HIS) data from 20 national hospitals. The patients were divided two groups: patients (5 353 cases) using Shuxuening injection acted as the exposed group, then the patients (4 863 cases) not using Shuxuening injection acted as the unexposed group. Take the abnormal changes of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase indexes as the result. Control confounding factors by stratification analysis, classic logistic regression analysis, before logistic regression based on propensity score weighting method and logistic regression based on generalized boosted models (GBM) of propensity score weighted combination of covariate adjustment. Then, the study analyzes the effects of Shuxuening injection on liver function by observing the changes of the indexes. Analysis of the impact of parenterally administered Shuxuening on ALT shows that, before logistic regression based on propensity score, then the regression is -0.232 (P value is 0.017). However, after logistic regression based on propensity score method the regression became -0.150 (P value is 0.370). Whereas, analysis of the impact of parenterally administered Shuxuening on AST shows that, before logistic regression based on propensity score, then the regression is -0.034 (P value is 0.767). However, after logistic regression based on propensity score method the regression became -0.091(P value is 0.538). Thus, propensity score method can control a large number of confounding factors, making the results more close to the clinic. Hence, based on existing electronic medical data, this study didn't find that parenterally administered Shuexuening influences ALT and AST.

Aquaporin-9 (AQP9) is a membrane-span transport protein expressed in the liver. It is located in the cytoplasm membrane of hepatic cells. In addition to water, it is also permeable to glycerol, urea, and other small solutes. Several evidences have revealed that AQP9 is involved in multiple physiological and pathological process of the liver. This paper summarized the expression of AQP9 in the liver and the effect on the physiological and pathological processes of the liver. AQP9 may be defined as a novel target for diagnosis and treatment of hepatic diseases.

In this paper, we propose a new active contour algorithm, i. e. hierarchical contextual active contour (HCAC), and apply it to automatic liver segmentation from three-dimensional CT (3D-CT) images. HCAC is a learning-based method and can be divided into two stages. At the first stage, i.e. the training stage, given a set of abdominal 3D-CT training images and the corresponding manual liver labels, we tried to establish a mapping between automatic segmentations (in each round) and manual reference segmentations via context features, and obtained a series of self-correcting classifiers. At the second stage, i.e. the segmentation stage, we firstly used the basic active contour to segment the image and subsequently used the contextual active contour (CAC) iteratively, which combines the image information and the current shape model, to improve the segmentation result. The current shape model is produced by the corresponding self-correcting classifier (the input is the previous automatic segmentation result). The proposed method was evaluated on the datasets of MICCAI 2007 liver segmentation challenge. The experimental results showed that we would get more and more accurate segmentation results by the iterative steps and the satisfied results would be obtained after about six rounds of iterations.

Since parenterally administered Shenmai directly enters the bloodstream, avoiding gastrointestinal absorption, there are concerns as to its toxicity on the liver and kidneys. Previously, the risk of toxicity to the liver and kidneys through overdose has been discussed. This paper investigates changes in liver and kidney functions as indicated by ALT, AST, Cr and Bun, obtained from hospital information system (HIS) data, when it is administered over a longer than the recommended period of 14 days. Methods applied include: column joint analysis, logistic regression, propensity score and propensity score weighting. Results indicate that a longer course of administration does not have a significant effect on the function of liver and kidneys. However, continued monitoring of the toxicity to the liver and kidneys is a long-term and important issue; further exploration through toxicology experiments and prospective clinical research is required.

Environmental pollution can cause poisoning, disease and death of organisms, and the absorption and the accumulation of different biological tissues on pollutants are different. The absorption of heavy metal elements of various biological tissues on pollutants is an important biomedical research problem. In the present paper, a laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) method was used to quantitatively analyze heavy metal elements in various tissues of some contaminated fish samples. Optimal experimental parameters were obtained in the LIBS experiments for these fish samples, calibration curves for plumbum and barium elements were fitted and the contents of heavy metal elements were determined with the external calibration approach. Experimental results showed that there was the heavy metal accumulation in fish liver mouth, and gills etc, however the heavy metal content in fish meat is very low. The proposed method can be used for the assessment studies of the influence of pollution on the organisms, and can be promoted in the biomedical fields.

The objective of the present paper is to explore the experimental changes in the content of Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, Cr, Pb and Cd in white rabbit liver with atherosclerosis disease. The method is to reproduce white rabbit liver with atherosclerosis disease by a high-fat diet, and then measure the Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, Cr, Pb and Cd content with atomic absorption spectrometry. Results show that the Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, Cr, Pb and Cd contents in the fodders of the normal group are 137.6, 362.3, 14.39, 9.599 mg x kg(-1) and 159.3, 355.0, 290.0 microg x kg(-1), and 86.09, 277.1, 11.07, 5.366 mg x kg(-1) and 115.2, 286.0, 210.5 microg x kg(-1), in high-adipose group. It was concluded that Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, Cr, Pb and Cd contents in white rabbit liver decline, which may have something to do with the intake of foods and the abnormalities of lipoprotein metabolism.

By adopting two-factor central composite design (CCD) and response surface methodology (RSM), this paper studied the synergistic effects of water temperature (16-37 degrees C) and salinity (0-18) on the specific growth rate (SGR) and liver superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities of juvenile GIFT Oreochromis niloticus. Water temperature and salinity had significant linear and quadratic effects on the SGR (P < 0.05), respectively. With increasing water temperature or salinity, the SGR decreased after an initial increase. There existed significant synergistic effects between water temperature and salinity (P < 0.05). The SGR was higher at 16-20 degrees C and salinity 9-10, at 27-32 degrees C and salinity 3-5, and at 35-37 degrees C and in freshwater. The SOD and CAT activities were higher at 28-30 degrees C and salinity 6-8. The linear of temperature and quadratic of salinity had significant effects on the two enzymes (P < 0.05), and there was a significant synergistic effect on CAT activity. High temperature and high salinity were not favorable to the expression of SOD and CAT activities. The coefficients of determination of quadratic regression equations for SGR, SOD and CAT activities reached to 0. 954, 0. 831, and 0. 942 (P < 0. 05), respectively, and could be used for prediction. The growth and antioxidant enzyme activities were more affected by water temperature than by water salinity. In the culture practice of 0. niloticus, it would be necessary to optimize culture environment and reduce oxidative stress to promote the growth and disease-resistance of the tilapia.

The liver sample of mouse under different conditions is investigated in this paper, and the three-dimensional vessel system of mouse liver is established. The experiments were performed at X-ray imaging and biomedical application beamline (BL13W1) of Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF). The results show that dry liver sample has the best imaging quality. By the approach of filter back projection (FBP), the tomography images are obtained. The vessel tree is reconstructed by the use of surface rendering. It reveals that in-line phase contrast imaging technique has the ability to visualize structures inside mouse liver and has the potential to be used in liver imaging in the future.

This paper is aimed to study the metabolic kinetics of nicousamide in rat liver microsomes and cytosol and to identify the major metabolite and drug metabolizing enzymes involved in the metabolism of nicousamide in rat and human liver microsomes by selective inhibitors in vitro. The concentration of nicousamide was determined by HPLC-UV method. The metabolite of nicousamide in rat and human liver microsomes was isolated and identified by LC-MS/MS. The major metabolite of nicousamide in rat and human liver microsomes was identified to be 3-(3'-carboxy-4'-hydroxy-anilino-carbo-)-6-amino-7-hydroxy-8-methyl-coumarin (M1). The metabolite of nicousamide in rat plasma, urine, bile and liver was consistent with M1. The metabolism of nicousamide can be catalyzed by several reductases, including CYP450 reductases, cytochrome b5 reductases and CYP2C6 in rat liver microsomes, as well as xanthine oxidase and DT-diaphorase in rat liver cytosol.

This paper described the preparation and liver targeting traits of new solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) containing floxuridinyl dibutyrate (FUDRB) modified with beta-D-galactosides (G2). FUDRB-SLN and FUDRB-G2SLN were prepared by thin layer ultrasonic technique. Transmission electron microscopy micrograph analysis demonstrated that the particle sizes of FUDRB-SLN and FUDRB-G2SLN were (137.5 +/- 11.1) nm and (95.0 +/- 10.7) nm. Drug loading were 9.64% and 8.56%, and entrapment efficiency were 99.81% and 96.23%, respectively. The concentrations of floxuridine (FUDR) in serum and some organs (liver, kidney and lung) were determined by RP-HPLC after iv administration of SLN. FUDR release was confirmed, and a significant enrichment of SLN modified with G2 was observed in liver with G2 complex (targeting rates of SLN-G2 was 8.28 for liver) in comparison with FUDR-sol (targeting rate was 2.56). FUDR could be detected in liver in mice at 480 min after iv administration of FUDRB-G2SLN. These results suggested that incorporation of G2 (4%-5%, g/g) into SLN enhanced the liver targeting-ability of FUDRB. SLN containing G2 could be a useful drug carrier system for liver targeting.

Study of total protein metabolism can not explain the protein turnover of individual organ or tissue, so it may be necessary to study the tissue protein metabolism. In this paper, reviewed the principle, main methods and development of stable isotopic technique in the study of tissue protein metabolism were reviewed, and with the introduction of advantages and limitations of each method were introduced.

The biological safety of degradable products is a key point in biological evaluation of biodegradable materials. This paper deals with an investigation of the influence of PGLA degradable products on physiologic function of liver and kidney by detecting the "before-after change" of some biochemical indexes with the use of self-control method. PGLA materials of different sizes were implanted into the subcutaneous tissue of Wistar rats and New Zealand rabbits respectively. Also for the purpose of group comparison, only surgical operation was performed on other animal at the same site (control group). The concentrations of urea nitrogen, uric creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), carbamide (Cr) and serum glutamio pyruvic transaminase (GPT) were measured before and after implantation (from 2 w to 10 w). The results showed the values of urea nitrogen and uric creatinine were significantly increased at 2-3 weeks after implantation (P < 0.01). After 2 weeks of implantation, the concentration of GPT was slightly decreased (P < 0.05). The BUN and Cr were remarkably increased (P < 0.01). But at the 4th week, all the values returned to normal and kept stable thenceforth. All the biochemical indexes in the control animal exhibited no abnormal change after operation. These results indicated: (1) There are no permanent harmful effects of PGLA degradable products on the function of liver and kidney; (2) By means of self-control and measurements of some biochemical indexes in the blood or urea, the method is suitable for evaluating the biological safety of degradable products; (3) The method has the advantages for evaluating the bioaccept ability of degradable products during the life period, it is objective and sensitive, the number of animal can be decreased, the process of dynamic change in vivo can be observed directly, and the effect of degradable products on physical function can be evaluated. Therefore, the method can provide a new approach for biological evaluation of biodegradable materials.

Fraxinellone, the major component of Cortex Dictamni, is naturally degraded limonids compound. Fraxinellone has significant anti-inflammatory activity in acute liver injury model. However, the low solubility and permeability of fraxinellone limited its potential application and even therapeutic effects. The aim of the paper is to increase oral bioavailability of fraxinellone, thus improving its hepatoprotection effect in vivo. We evaluated the effects of different pH values and different solubilizer (PEG 6000, PVP K30, HP-beta-CD, F68 and SDS) on the solubility of fraxinellone. The results showed that HP-beta-CD increased solubility of fraxinellone up to 155 times compared to that of water. More than 2. 1 mg mL1 fraxinellone can be resolved when adding 20% HP-beta-CD. Mouse acute liver injury model induced hy CCl4 was used to evaluate in vivo activity of fraxinellone with or without HP-beta-CD. The result shows that the hepatoprotective activity of fraxinellone in 20% HP-beta-CD solution has been significantly improved compared with that of fraxinellone solution without HP-beta-CD: the former inhibited 59 percent the increase of enzyme activity of ALT in liver, while the latter only inhibited 20 percent. A LC-MS/MS method was also developed to determine the oral bioavailability of fraxinellone. Fraxinellone solution with or without HP-betaCD were administered intra-gastrically to rats, and it was found that the bioavailahility of fraxinellone with HP-beta-CD was 23%, while only 5% without HP-beta-CD. The result showed that HP-beta-CD can significantly increase the solubility and permeability of fraxinellone, and improve bioavailability 3. 5 fold in vivo acute liver injury model as well as administration.

With electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique, this paper studied the free radicals generation and oxidative stress in Carassius auratus liver after 4, 8, 12, 24 and 72 hours of 2, 4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) intraperitoneal injection. The results showed that 2,4,6-TCP significantly promoted the generation of free radicals in C. auratus liver. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities were induced significantly, while catalase (CAT) activity was inhibited, and glutathione (GSH) content had little difference with the control. A significant increase was observed in the contents of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and malondialdehyde (MDA).

Glutathione transferases (GST; EC2. 5. 1. 18) is an important detoxification enzyme which catalyze the conjugation of glutathione to a large variety of endogenous and exogenous electrophilic compounds to protect the functions of body. In the present paper, three dimensional fluorescence spectra were obtained, through which the authors could identify the fluorescence spectra of peptide bond, Tyr and Trp residue. The authors compared aromatic amino-acid residue fluorescence spectra in GST with dissociative to know red or blue shift of the fluorescence peak. The authors also studied the peptide bond and Trp residue fluorescence spectra at various pH, which suggested the change in GST surface and surface hydrophobicity, and the microenviroment change of aromatic amino-acid residue in enzyme.

This paper approached the feasibility of using the xanthine oxidase (XOD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities and malonyldialdehyde (MDA) content in Boleophthalmus pectinirostris liver as the indicators of Cd2+ toxic effects on this marine fish. Three concentrations of cadmium chloride (0.05, 0.5 and 5 mg Cd2+ x L(-1)) were enacted. The results showed that in treatment 0.05 mg Cd2+ x L(-1), the XOD and SOD activities in B. pectinirostris liver increased with time and reached the maximum on the 10th day, while in treatments 0.5 and 5 mg Cd2+ x L(-1), they increased significantly or extremely significantly, compared with the control. The CAT activity in treatments 0.05 and 5 mg Cd2+ x L(-1) decreased significantly within 12 hours, but recovered then in treatment 0.05 mg Cd2+ x L(-1). After moved into clean seawater for 5 days, the CAT activity increased extremely significantly in treatments 0. 5 and 5 mg Cd2+ x L(-1), but reversed in treatment 0.05 mg Cd2+ x L(-1). As a product of antioxidation and oxidation, the content of MDA in treatments 0.5 and 5 mg Cd2+ x L(-1) decreased extremely significantly after recovered for 5 days. It was suggested that the XOD and SOD activities in B. pectinirostris liver could be used as a biomarker of Cd2+ pollution, while the CAT activity and MDA content in this marine fish liver were not sensitive to Cd2+ stress.

Heat shock factor binding protein 1 (HSBP1), a recently discovered protein, weakens and blocks transcription of the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) gene when binding to HSF1, but HSBP1 can promote cell growth, cell development and cell differentiation when binding to HSF2. Partial hepatectomy (PH) in rat creates injury stimulation and induces liver regeneration. How does hsbp1 coordinate two processes sequently is extremely interesting. This paper, based on cloning the full-length cDNA of hsbpl in rat, applied in situ hybridration and Rat Genome 230 2.0 Array to analyze hsbp1, hsf1, hsf2 and hsp70 expression in liver after PH and sham-operation. The results indicated that the hsbp1 expression level was down-regulated meaningfully at 0.5-2h and up-regulated meaningfully at 8-16h after sham-operation, while hsf2 expression level did not meaningfully change at 0-144h after sham-operation. hsbp1 expression level was up-regulated meaningfully at 6h and 66-144h,and hsf1 at 8-16h, hsf2 at 2-16h, hsp70 at 0.5-24h after PH. Our data suggested that up-regulated expression of the hsp70 at 0.5-12h after sham-operation was controlled by intracellular HSF1, and then controlled by hsbp1 down-regulated at 0.5-2h and hsf1 up-regulated at 8-16h. In the early phase of liver regeneration in rats, hsbp1 and hsf2 expression levels were up-regulated, which promoted cell proliferation through HSBP1 and HSF2 up-regulating,upa activating,c-jun enhancing, intracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, activating the hepatocyte-like growth factor (HGF) etc. In the late phase of liver regeneration (66-144h), hsbp1 expression level was up-regulated, which promoted reconstruction of liver structure and recovery of liver function through HSBP1 inhibiting hsp70 expression, up-regulating genes related to growth, development, differentiation. In conclusion, down-regulating of hsbp1 contributed to interaction between HSF1 and HSE,increased hsp70 expression and enhanced anti-injured capacity of liver and rats. HSBP1 and HSF2 activated the genes related to growth, development, differentiation and then promoted liver regeneration in rats.

In this paper, the Peleg Method is used to calculate the fractal dimension of 5 normal images and 5 schistosomial fibrosis images in order to extract the texture features of B-Scan liver images based on a fractal model. The result indicates that this fractal dimension could be an effective parameter to distinguish the pathologic changes of the disease.

In the present paper, microwave digestion technique was used to determine Ca, Zn, Cu, Mg and Fe in rat liver by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The effect of microwave digestion condition on the analysis results was examined and the best analysis condition of FAAS was selected. Compared to traditional wet methods, the experimental result showed that the method is rapid, sample digestion is complete, the blank value is low, and the measurement result is satisfactory. Applied to the determination of trace elements in rat liver, the method proved to be selective with satisfactory recovery of 96%-103% andrelative standard deviation of 1.0%-2.6%.

Mercury is one of the important pollutants that threaten people health greatly in environment. The purpose of this paper was to determine mercury distribution and mercury binding proteins in different tissues of rat fed orally with mercuric chloride by ICP-MS and SEC-UV-ICP-MS. The result showed that liver and kidney induced large amount of metallothioneins that was found to bind to mercury, copper and zinc after mercury intake in stomach and intestines. The metallothioneins induced may be prior to combine the mercury so that it would decrease mercury binding with the other proteins that would disable their normal function.

By using ICP-MS method, this paper determined the accumulation of La in mice liver after the mice being fed with La(NO3)3 water solution for thirty days, and through in vitro experiment, studied the effect of La(NO3)3 on the micronucleus rate of mice bone marrow cells and the cleavage action of La(NO3)3 on genome DNA to investigate the genetic toxicity of La. The results showed that when the treated concentration was 1000, 500, 300 and 50 microg x ml(-1), the amount of La in mice liver reached 1.46, 0.558, 0.529 and 0.083 microg x g(-1), respectively. Compared with control, the La amount in disposed groups' mice livers increased with increasing La(NO3)3 concentration in water (r = 0.980). T-test results showed that there existed significant differences in 1000, 500 and 300 microg x ml(-1) disposed groups when compared with the control (P < 0.05). The micronucleus rate of mice bone marrow cells increased with increasing La(NO3)3 concentration in water (r = 0.853). The in vitro experiments showed that La(NO3)3 could make DNA cleaved. It could be concluded that that La might be accumulated in organisms, and could induce the damage of genetic material in cells.

Oval cells are small cells with scant cytoplasm and ovoid-shaped nuclei. These cells, probably deriving from the bone marrow or the cell population associated with the bone marrow, are activated hepatic stem cell. The morphological characteristic of the hepatic stem cells is similar to the oval cells and its biochemistry marker is c-kit/CD45/TRE19. In this paper, the knowledge about the hepatic stem cells and their functions responsible for liver development, liver regeneration, carcinogenesis and relation to other cell are reviewed.

Death receptors induce apoptosis by intracellular signaling transmission and relate to body growth, development, disease and death. This paper reviews the structural character of death receptors, and the mechanisms by which apoptosis is induced. The biology and pathobiology of these death receptors in liver are discussed as well.

In this paper, the models of 36-4-4 SISPH and 4-36-36-36 SISPH were used to analyze the changes of activity and content of ACP, AKP, HSC70/HSP68 and PCNA in rat liver. The results showed that the activities of 140 kD ACP and AKP in SISPH were increased following the increase of SISPH number of times, but that of 160 kD ACP and AKP were decreased following the increase of SISPH number of times. The content of PCNA in 4-36-36-36 SISPH were more than that in 36-4-4 SISPH, in contrast for HSC70/HSP68 in these two models. Therefore, the content and activities of ACP, AKP, HSC70/HSP68 and PCNA could be strongly effected by SISPH number of times and SISPH methods. Its mechanisms and physiological significance were discussed.

The liver moves in response to impulses arising from the main blood vessels. The hardness of the liver may be reflected by this kind of movement. The M-mode ultrasound technique is used in this paper to detect the information of livers' motion. The motion envelope of the liver excited by the abdominal aorta is extracted using the correlation technique. Several feature parameters, such as the amplitude, the standard deviation and Fourier harmonics, are extracted from this envelope. The values of parameters were calculated from 19 normal livers and 11 patients' livers, from which the criterion was obtained to decide whether the liver was normal.

Based on the texture analysis of B-Scan image fractal model, this paper presents the liver clinical B-Scan images and their fractal characteristics. It describes the semi-fractal characteristics of B-Scan images and calculates the fractal dimension(D) of the liver B-scan images of 10 normal persons, 3 patients with cancer of the liver, and 3 patients with cirrhosis of the liver. The results indicate that Fractal Dimension (D) is an important parameter in differentiating some diseases. On the basis of the influence of Fractal Dimension (D) and scale (epsilon), this paper suggests the texture classified parameter S. The experiment results indicate that the parameter S can be used to differentiate diseases efficiently.

Based on the previous research about the feature of liver ultrasonic images, this paper presents a new analysis method of multifractal spectrum alpha-f(alpha). Using a series of partition Hausdorff dimension f(q) this paper describes the sophisticated fractal characteristics of the ultrasonic images in the different section of the growing process and the multi-fractal spectrum alpha-f(alpha) acts as the new parameter of the ultrasonic issue characterization. Using the neural network it has catalogued and recognized the tissue diseases, caring out ultrasonic tissue characterization. Apparently, this method has practical significance.

Ultrasonic Backscattered Signal(UBSS) from tissues is fundamentally a statistical signal. The statistics of UBSS provide information relating to the number, mean spacing and the scattering cross sections of the scatterers constituting the tissue. Mean scatterer spacing(MSS) is an important parameter for describing the biological tissues microstructural features and tissues ultrasonic scattering characteristics. This paper reviews the methods of MSS estimation as well as ultrasonic imaging based on the scatterer spacing.